1. Introduction to Kinematics
2. Methods of Describing Fluid Motion
a). Lagrangian Method
b). Eulerian Method
3. Flow Patterns
- Stream Line
- Path Line
- Streak Line
- Streak Tube
4. Classification of Fluid Flow
a). Steady and Unsteady Flow
b). Uniform and Non-Uniform Flow
c). Laminar and Turbulent Flow
d). Rotational and Irrotational Flow
e). Compressible and Incompressible Flow
f). Ideal and Real Flow
g). One, Two and Three Dimensional Flow
5. Rate of Flow (Discharge) and Continuity Equation
6. Continuity Equation in Three Dimensions
7. Velocity and Acceleration
8. Stream and Velocity Potential Functions
PLEASE NOTE THIS IS PART-1
By Referring or said Learning This Presentation You Can Clear Your Basics Fundamental Doubts about Fluid Mechanics. In this Presentation You Will Learn about Fluid Pressure, Pressure at Point, Pascal's Law, Types Of Pressure and Pressure Measurements.
1. Introduction to Kinematics
2. Methods of Describing Fluid Motion
a). Lagrangian Method
b). Eulerian Method
3. Flow Patterns
- Stream Line
- Path Line
- Streak Line
- Streak Tube
4. Classification of Fluid Flow
a). Steady and Unsteady Flow
b). Uniform and Non-Uniform Flow
c). Laminar and Turbulent Flow
d). Rotational and Irrotational Flow
e). Compressible and Incompressible Flow
f). Ideal and Real Flow
g). One, Two and Three Dimensional Flow
5. Rate of Flow (Discharge) and Continuity Equation
6. Continuity Equation in Three Dimensions
7. Velocity and Acceleration
8. Stream and Velocity Potential Functions
PLEASE NOTE THIS IS PART-1
By Referring or said Learning This Presentation You Can Clear Your Basics Fundamental Doubts about Fluid Mechanics. In this Presentation You Will Learn about Fluid Pressure, Pressure at Point, Pascal's Law, Types Of Pressure and Pressure Measurements.
Properties of Fluids, Fluid Static, Buoyancy and Dimensional AnalysisSatish Taji
The presentation includes a brief view of the basic properties of a fluid, fluid statics, Pascal's law, hydrostatic law, fluid classification, pressure measurement devices (manometers and mechanical gauges), hydrostatic forces on different surfaces, buoyancy and metacentric height, and dimensional analysis.
Pressure and Pressure head is one of the major branch in Fluid Mechanics Engineering. It includes Pascal's and Hydro static law, which are the basic of Fluid Mechanics.
Reynolds number and geometry concept, Momentum integral equations, Boundary layer equations, Flow over a flat plate, Flow over cylinder, Pipe flow, fully developed laminar pipe flow, turbulent pipe flow, Losses in pipe flow
Properties of Fluids, Fluid Static, Buoyancy and Dimensional AnalysisSatish Taji
The presentation includes a brief view of the basic properties of a fluid, fluid statics, Pascal's law, hydrostatic law, fluid classification, pressure measurement devices (manometers and mechanical gauges), hydrostatic forces on different surfaces, buoyancy and metacentric height, and dimensional analysis.
Pressure and Pressure head is one of the major branch in Fluid Mechanics Engineering. It includes Pascal's and Hydro static law, which are the basic of Fluid Mechanics.
Reynolds number and geometry concept, Momentum integral equations, Boundary layer equations, Flow over a flat plate, Flow over cylinder, Pipe flow, fully developed laminar pipe flow, turbulent pipe flow, Losses in pipe flow
1.Hydrological Cycle
2.Hydrology
3.Sources of water
4.Watershed development
5.Uses or requirement of water
6.Need for conservation of water
7.Dams
8.Weir & Barrage
9.Rainwater Harvesting
10.Flood control Measures
Guad2D is a two-dimensional hydraulic simulation model designed to analyse freshet waves caused by rain or the gradual or spontaneous destruction of dams and flood walls in large water deposits.
A complex number is a number that can be expressed in the form a + bi, where a and b are real numbers and i is the imaginary unit, satisfying the equation i2 = −1.[1] In this expression, a is the real part and b is the imaginary part of the complex number. If {\displaystyle z=a+bi} {\displaystyle z=a+bi}, then {\displaystyle \Re z=a,\quad \Im z=b.} {\displaystyle \Re z=a,\quad \Im z=b.}
Complex numbers extend the concept of the one-dimensional number line to the two-dimensional complex plane by using the horizontal axis for the real part and the vertical axis for the imaginary part. The complex number a + bi can be identified with the point (a, b) in the complex plane. A complex number whose real part is zero is said to be purely imaginary, whereas a complex number whose imaginary part is zero is a real number. In this way, the complex numbers are a field extension of the ordinary real numbers, in order to solve problems that cannot be solved with real numbers alone.
POWER SHOVEL
Power Shovel are used primarily to excavate earth and load into tractor or truck
DRAGLINE
The dragline is operation of dragging the bucket against the material to be dug.
BACK HOES
Excavating machine of power shovel group
CLAM SHELLS
•The name of machine is derived from shape of its bucket that of shell fish with hinged double shell, which can be opened into two parts.
TRENCHING MACHINES
•Trenching machines can excavate in all type of soil except rocks
SAIF ALDIN ALI MADIN
سيف الدين علي ماضي
S96aif@gmail.com
After insulating limited distance between jet hole and main
channel and find:
1. The static pressure distribution the along channel.
2. The velocity distribution on the section different dimensions.
3. The secondary flow rate discharge
4. The friction force F
Fluid mechanics is a science in study the fluid of liquids and gases in the cases of silence and movement and the forces acting on them can be divided materials found in nature into two branches.
FMM- UNIT I FLUID PROPERTIES AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICSKarthik R
Units and dimensions- Properties of fluids- mass density, specific weight, specific volume,
specific gravity, viscosity, compressibility, vapor pressure, surface tension and capillarity. Flow
characteristics – concept of control volume - application of continuity equation, energy
equation and momentum equation.
Surveying is an important part of Civil engineering. Various part like theodolite, plane table surveying, computation of area and volume are useful for all university examination and other competitive examination
Surveying is an important part of Civil engineering. Various part like theodolite, plane table surveying, computation of area and volume are useful for all university examination and other competitive examination
Surveying is an important part of Civil engineering. Various part like theodolite, plane table surveying, computation of area and volume are useful for all university examination and other competitive examination
FERRY
•A FERRY IS A BOAT OR SHIP USED TO CARRY PASSENGERS AND SOMETIMES VEHICLES & CARGO AS WELL ACROSS THE WATER.
•Other names water bus or water taxi.
•Depend on Length of route, passenger or vehicle capacity, speed requirement and water condition.
Types of ferries
1. Double-ended
2. Hydrofoil
3. Hovercraft
4. Catamaran
5. Ro-ro
6. Cruiseferry
Cargo Handling Equipment's
•Cranes
•Fork-lift Trucks
•Mechanical Trucks
•Tractors & Trailors
•Dock locomotives
•Piling & Stacking Machines
•Conveyors & Elevators
•Pneumatic Handling Equipment's
•Oil handling equipment
Aposteris any piece of printed paper designed to be attached to a wall or vertical surface.
Types of poster designs
•Propaganda and political posters
•Movie posters
•Travel posters
•Event posters
•Educational posters.
Guidelines
•Important information should be readable from about 10 feet away
•Title is short and draws interest
•Word count of about 300 to 800 words
•Text is clear and to the point
•Use of bullets, numbering, and headlines make it easy to read
•Effective use of graphics, colour and fonts
•Consistent and clean layout
•Includes acknowledgments, your name and institutional affiliation
Study MaterialUseful for All Civil Engineering Exams
1.The main reinforcement in a heel of cantilever retaining wall is placed atTop of heel slab.
2.Which of the following oxide component is maximum in OPC cement Calcium.
3.According to IS:456, the partial safety ˠffor imposed load for the deflection check for load combination DL+IL shall be 1.0
4.The compressive strength of cement mortar is generally tested on 70.7mm Cubes
5.Product of AE is called Axial Rigidity.
6.If the diameter of circular column is d its kernel will have diameter d/4.
Tall Structures
Usually structure or building having height more than 80m is considered as a tall structure.
Generally tall structure may be defined as one that because of its height it is affected by lateral.
Classification: 1. Multi storeyedresidential building.
2. Multi storeyedcommercial building.
3. Tall chimneys.
4. Transmission Towers
5. Cooling towers
Prestressed Concrete
•Prestressis defined as a method of applying pre-compression to control the stresses resulting due to external loads below the neutral axis of the beam tension developed due to external load which is more than the permissible limits of the plain concrete.
Demolition
•The action or process of destroying(demolishing)the building or other structures.
•In congested area, in particular, the quality of demolition technique becomes an essential element which determines the success of revitalization of city.
•In addition to efficiency in demolition, strategies must be adopted to avoid noise, vibration and dust which affect the surrounding environment and there must be efficient disposal of waste products
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
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2. Fluid :-
When a body or matter flows from one place to another
point on application of shear force is called fluid.
Fluid
Liquid (e.g. Water, Oil, Petrol) Gas
Compressible Fluid Incompressible Fluid
(Due to change in pressure
volume of fluid changes
e.g gas)
(Due to change in pressure
volume of fluid does not
change. e.g. All liquid)
3. Properties of fluids:-
1. Density or Mass
density.
2. Specific weight.
3. Specific Volume.
4. Specific Gravity.
5. Surface Tension
6. Vapor Pressure
7. Elasticity
8. Compressibility
9. Capillarity
4. Properties of fluids:-
Mass Density:- Mass Density is defined as ratio of mass of fluid to
its Volume.
Mass Density(Density)= Mass of fluid (m)
Volume of fluid(V)
Specific Weight :- Specific Weight is defined as ratio of weight of
fluid to its Volume
Specific Weight (Weight Density)= weight of fluid (W) (W=mg)
volume of fluid(V)
5. Properties of fluids:-
Specific Gravity:- Specific gravity is defined as ratio of weight density of
fluid to weight density of standard fluid.
Specific Gravity= Weight Density of Liquid
Weight Density of Water
Specific Volume:- Volume per unit mass of fluid is called Specific
Volume
Specific Volume= Volume of fluid (V)
Mass of fluid (M)
6. Properties of fluids:-
Surface tension:- Tensile force acting on free surface of
liquid per unit length is called Surface Tension.
S.I unit is N/m OR N/mm.
Vapor Pressure:- Vapor Pressure is defined as pressure
exerted by vapor of liquid formed at free surface of
liquid at a particular temperature in a close container
7. Properties of fluids:-
Elasticity:- Elasticity is ratio of change in pressure to the
corresponding volumetric strain.
Elasticity or Bulk Modules(k) = -dp
dv/v
Compressibility:- The reciprocal of bulk Modules of
elasticity is called Compressibility.
Compressibility= 1/K
8. Properties of fluids:-
Capillarity:- Capillarity is defined as phenomenon of rise
or fall of liquid in small tube , when the tube is held
vertically in liquid.
The rise of liquid surface is known as Capillary Rise while
fall of liquid surface is known as Capillary fall (Capillary
depression)
It is expressed in terms of mm or cm
9. Types of fluids:-
1. Ideal fluid
2. Real fluid
3. Newtonian fluid
4. Non – Newtonian fluid
5. Ideal Plastic fluid.
6. Thixo Tropic Fluid.
10. Types of fluids:-
Ideal fluid :- A fluid which is incompressible and is
having no viscosity no surface tension is known as an
ideal fluid.
Ideal fluid is an imaginary fluid.
Real fluid :- A fluid which is compressible has viscosity
and surface tension is known as Real fluid
All fluid in practice are real fluid e.g. water, petrol,
kerosene etc.
11. Types of fluids:-
Newtonian fluid:- A real fluid in which shear stress is
directly proportional to ratio of shear strain (velocity
gradient) is known as Newtonian fluid.
Non-Newtonian fluid:- A real fluid in which shear stress is
not proportional to shear strain (velocity gradient) is
known as Non-Newtonian fluid.
12. Types of fluids:-
Ideal Plastic Fluid:- A fluid in which shear stress is more
than yield value and shear stress is proportional to rate
of shear strain
Thixo Tropic Fluid:- A thixo tropic fluid is a non-Newtonian
fluid which has a non-linear relationship between shear
stress and rate of shear strain, beyond an initial yield
stress.
13. Energy Equation The first law of thermodynamics for a system: that the heat QH added to a
system minus the work W done by the system depends only upon the initial
and final states of the system - the internal energy E
or by the above Eq.:
The work done by the system on its surroundings:
the work Wpr done by pressure forces on the moving boundaries
the work Ws done by shear forces such as the torque exerted on a
rotating shaft.
The work done by pressure forces in time δt is
Fluid Dynamics:-
14. By use of the definitions of the work terms
In the absence of nuclear, electrical, magnetic, and surface-tension
effects, the internal energy e of a pure substance is the sum of potential,
kinetic, and "intrinsic" energies. The intrinsic energy u per unit mass
is due to molecular spacing and forces (dependent upon p, ρ, or T):
Fluid dynamics
15. Euler's Equation of Motion Along a Streamline
In addition to the continuity equation: other general controlling equations - Euler's
equation.
In this section Euler's equation is derived in differential form
The first law of thermodynamics is then developed for steady flow, and some of the
interrelations of the equations are explored, including an introduction to the second
law of thermodynamics. Here it is restricted to flow along a streamline.
Two derivations of Euler's equation of motion are presented
The first one is developed by use of the control volume for a small cylindrical
element of fluid with axis align a streamline. This approach to a differential
equation usually requires both the linear-momentum and the continuity
equations to be utilized.
The second approach uses Eq. (5), which is Newton's second law of motion in the
form force equals mass times acceleration.
Fluid dynamics
16. Figure 3.8 Application of continuity and momentum to flow through a control volume in the
S direction
Fluid dynamics
17. Fig. 3.8: a prismatic control volume of very small size, with cross-sectional area δA and length
δs
Fluid velocity is along the streamline s. By assuming that the viscosity is zero (the flow is
frictionless), the only forces acting on the control volume in the x direction are the end forces
and the gravity force. The momentum equation [Eq․(8)] is applied to the control volume for
the s component. (1)
The forces acting are as follows, since as s increases, the vertical coordinate increases in such a
manner that cosθ=∂z/∂s. (2)
The net efflux of s momentum must consider flow through the cylindrical surface , as well as
flow through the end faces (Fig. 3.8c).
(3)
Fluid dynamics
18. To determine the value of m·t , the continuity equation (1) is applied to the control volume (Flg.).
Substituting Eqs. (3.5.2) and Eq. (3.5.5) into equation (3.5.1)
(4)
(5)
Two assumptions : (1) that the flow is along a streamline and (2) that the flow is
frictionless. If the flow is also steady, Eq․(3.5.6)
(6)
Now s is the only independent variable, and total differentials may replace the partials,
(7)
(8)
Fluid dynamics
19. The Bernoulli Equation
Integration of equation (3.5.8) for constant density yields the Bernoulli equation (1)
The constant of integration (the Bernoulli constant) varies from one
streamline to another but remains constant along a streamline in steady,
frictionless, incompressible flow
Each term has the dimensions of the units metre-newtons per kilogram:
Therefore, Eq. (3.6.1) is energy per unit mass. When it is divided by g,
(3.6.2)
Multiplying equation (3.6.1) by ρ gives
(3.6.3)
Fluid dynamics
20. Each of the terms of Bernoulli's equation may be interpreted as a form
of energy.
Eq. (3.6.1): the first term is potential energy per unit mass. Fig. 3.9: the
work needed to lift W newtons a distance z metres is WZ. The mass of
W newtons is W/g kg the potential energy, in metre-newtons per
kilogram, is
The next term, v2/2: kinetic energy of a particle of mass is δm v2/2; to
place this on a unit mass basis, divide by δm v2/2 is metre-newtons
per kilogram kinetic energy
Fluid dynamics
21. The last term, p/ρ: the flow work or flow energy per unit mass
Flow work is net work done by the fluid element on its surroundings while it is flowing
Fig. 3.10: imagine a turbine consisting of a vanes unit that rotates as fluid passes through
it, exerting a torque on its shaft. For a small rotation the pressure drop across a vane
times the exposed area of vane is a force on the rotor. When multiplied by the distance
from center of force to axis of the rotor, a torque is obtained. Elemental work done is p
δA ds by ρ δA ds units of mass of flowing fluid the work per unit mass is p/ρ
The three energy terms in Eq (3.6.1) are referred to as available energy
By applying Eq. (3.6.2) to two points on a streamline,
(3.6.4)
Fluid dynamics
23. Kinetic-Energy Correction Factor
In dealing with flow situations in open- or closed-channel flow, the so-
called one-dimensional form of analysis is frequently used
The whole flow is considered to be one large stream tube with
average velocity V at each cross section.
The kinetic energy per unit mass given by V2/2, however, is not the
average of v2/2 taken over the cross section
It is necessary to compute a correction factor α for V2/2, so that αV2/2
is the he average kinetic energy per unit mass passing the section
Fluid dynamics
25. Fig. 3.18: the kinetic energy passing the cross section per unit time is
in which ρv δA is the mass per unit time passing δA and v2/2ρ is the kinetic energy per unit mass.
Equating this to the kinetic energy per unit time passing the section, in terms of αV2/2
By solving for α, the kinetic-energy correction factor,
The energy equation (3.10.1) becomes
For laminar flow in a pipe, α=2
For turbulent flow in a pipe, α varies from about 1.01 to 1.10 and is usually neglected except for precise
work.
Fluid dynamics
26. All the terms in the energy equation (3.10.1) except the term losses are available energy
for real fluids flowing through a system, the available energy decreases in the downstream
direction
it is available to do work, as in passing through a water turbine
A plot showing the available energy along a stream tube portrays the energy grade line
A plot of the two terms z+p/γ along a stream tube portrays the piezometric head, or hydraulic grade
line
The energy grade line always slopes downward in real-fluid flow, except at a pump or other source
of energy
Reductions in energy grade line are also referred to as head losses
Fluid dynamics