1.Hydrological Cycle
2.Hydrology
3.Sources of water
4.Watershed development
5.Uses or requirement of water
6.Need for conservation of water
7.Dams
8.Weir & Barrage
9.Rainwater Harvesting
10.Flood control Measures
Reservoirs are artificial lakes or dams used to store water. They are created through dam construction in river valleys or excavation. Reservoirs store water for uses like irrigation, drinking water, hydroelectric power, and flood control. The storage capacity and zones of a reservoir, including dead storage, conservation, and flood control zones, determine how much water can be supplied over time periods ranging from daily to yearly. Hydrological investigations study runoff patterns and flood risks to inform reservoir planning and design.
This document provides guidelines for the construction and maintenance of borewells and tubewells in India. It discusses key aspects of borewell design such as site selection, trial boring, sampling of water for quality testing, and minimum distance requirements. Common shortcomings in current design and construction practices are also outlined, such as improper sizing of screens and filter media. The document emphasizes the importance of proper planning, design, and testing to ensure borewells are constructed efficiently and provide safe drinking water.
Dams can be classified in several ways:
1. According to use - storage dams store water, diversion dams divert water into canals, and detention dams control floods.
2. According to hydraulic design - overflow dams allow water over the crest, while non-overflow dams keep water below the top.
3. According to material - rigid dams use materials like concrete that don't deform, while non-rigid earth and rockfill dams settle and deform more.
4. According to structural behavior - examples include gravity, arch, buttress, earthen, and rockfill dams.
This document discusses different types of dams. It describes dams as barriers that restrict water flow and lists their main purposes as flood control and water storage. The document then summarizes the main types of dams as arch dams, gravity dams, embankment dams, and barrage dams. It also differentiates dams based on their material, size, and structure. In conclusion, it states that while dams have been used for thousands of years to provide water, they can also have significant negative environmental impacts.
Dams are solid barriers constructed across rivers to store flowing water for uses like drinking water, irrigation, hydropower, flood control and recreation. The main purposes of dams worldwide are irrigation (48.6%), hydropower (17.4%), and water supply (12.7%). A dam has a dam body, reservoir, spillway, intake structures and may include a sluiceway or diversion facilities. Dams are classified by size, height, and structural design, with the main types being gravity dams, arch dams, buttress dams, embankment dams and composite dams. While dams provide benefits like food and energy, they can also cause issues like flooding, disruption of ecosystems and communities.
An aquifer is an underground layer of permeable rock or sediment that contains water. Aquifers can be confined or unconfined. A confined aquifer is separated from the surface by an impermeable layer, while an unconfined aquifer allows water to seep directly from the surface above. Natural recharge of unconfined aquifers occurs through downward percolation of excess water, while confined aquifers recharge where the aquifer reaches the surface. Infiltration galleries are underground tunnels constructed with holes to intercept groundwater flowing towards lakes or rivers and collect it for extraction.
The document discusses various methods of artificial groundwater recharging including (1) spreading method, (2) injection well method, and (3) river bank filtration method. It also covers subsurface drainage system layouts such as natural system, grid iron system, herringbone system, and double main system. Measures to prevent waterlogging like drainage systems, reducing irrigation intensity, and introducing crop rotation are also summarized.
Dams serve several purposes such as generating hydroelectric power, providing water for irrigation and domestic consumption, and controlling floods and droughts. The document discusses the types of dams including gravity dams, earth dams, arch dams, and buttress dams. It also outlines both the benefits of dams such as water supply and flood control, as well as the environmental impacts including effects on fish, soil erosion, disease spread, and displacement of people. Examples of major dams in India are provided such as the Tehri Dam, Sardar Sarovar Dam, Nagarjuna Sagar Dam, and Bhakra Dam.
Reservoirs are artificial lakes or dams used to store water. They are created through dam construction in river valleys or excavation. Reservoirs store water for uses like irrigation, drinking water, hydroelectric power, and flood control. The storage capacity and zones of a reservoir, including dead storage, conservation, and flood control zones, determine how much water can be supplied over time periods ranging from daily to yearly. Hydrological investigations study runoff patterns and flood risks to inform reservoir planning and design.
This document provides guidelines for the construction and maintenance of borewells and tubewells in India. It discusses key aspects of borewell design such as site selection, trial boring, sampling of water for quality testing, and minimum distance requirements. Common shortcomings in current design and construction practices are also outlined, such as improper sizing of screens and filter media. The document emphasizes the importance of proper planning, design, and testing to ensure borewells are constructed efficiently and provide safe drinking water.
Dams can be classified in several ways:
1. According to use - storage dams store water, diversion dams divert water into canals, and detention dams control floods.
2. According to hydraulic design - overflow dams allow water over the crest, while non-overflow dams keep water below the top.
3. According to material - rigid dams use materials like concrete that don't deform, while non-rigid earth and rockfill dams settle and deform more.
4. According to structural behavior - examples include gravity, arch, buttress, earthen, and rockfill dams.
This document discusses different types of dams. It describes dams as barriers that restrict water flow and lists their main purposes as flood control and water storage. The document then summarizes the main types of dams as arch dams, gravity dams, embankment dams, and barrage dams. It also differentiates dams based on their material, size, and structure. In conclusion, it states that while dams have been used for thousands of years to provide water, they can also have significant negative environmental impacts.
Dams are solid barriers constructed across rivers to store flowing water for uses like drinking water, irrigation, hydropower, flood control and recreation. The main purposes of dams worldwide are irrigation (48.6%), hydropower (17.4%), and water supply (12.7%). A dam has a dam body, reservoir, spillway, intake structures and may include a sluiceway or diversion facilities. Dams are classified by size, height, and structural design, with the main types being gravity dams, arch dams, buttress dams, embankment dams and composite dams. While dams provide benefits like food and energy, they can also cause issues like flooding, disruption of ecosystems and communities.
An aquifer is an underground layer of permeable rock or sediment that contains water. Aquifers can be confined or unconfined. A confined aquifer is separated from the surface by an impermeable layer, while an unconfined aquifer allows water to seep directly from the surface above. Natural recharge of unconfined aquifers occurs through downward percolation of excess water, while confined aquifers recharge where the aquifer reaches the surface. Infiltration galleries are underground tunnels constructed with holes to intercept groundwater flowing towards lakes or rivers and collect it for extraction.
The document discusses various methods of artificial groundwater recharging including (1) spreading method, (2) injection well method, and (3) river bank filtration method. It also covers subsurface drainage system layouts such as natural system, grid iron system, herringbone system, and double main system. Measures to prevent waterlogging like drainage systems, reducing irrigation intensity, and introducing crop rotation are also summarized.
Dams serve several purposes such as generating hydroelectric power, providing water for irrigation and domestic consumption, and controlling floods and droughts. The document discusses the types of dams including gravity dams, earth dams, arch dams, and buttress dams. It also outlines both the benefits of dams such as water supply and flood control, as well as the environmental impacts including effects on fish, soil erosion, disease spread, and displacement of people. Examples of major dams in India are provided such as the Tehri Dam, Sardar Sarovar Dam, Nagarjuna Sagar Dam, and Bhakra Dam.
Topics:
1. Reservoir Classification
2. Investigations
3. Selection of Site for Reservoir
4. Zones of Storage
5. Storage Capacity and Yield
6. Mass Inflow Curve & Demand Curve
7. Calculation of Reservoir Capacity
8. Reservoir Sedimentations
9. Life of Reservoir
10. Selection of Dam
The document discusses different types of dams including gravity dams, arch dams, and earth dams. It describes the key forces acting on dams like water pressure, weight, and uplift pressure. Important factors for selecting dam sites are discussed such as topography, construction feasibility, economics, and environment. Common causes of dam failure include substandard construction, spillway design errors, geological changes, extreme weather, and poor maintenance. In conclusion, dams are primarily built for irrigation, hydroelectric power, water supply, and flood control, so studying their design concepts is important for safe utilization.
Dams are structures built across waterways to impound water for purposes like flood control, irrigation, and hydroelectric power generation. However, dams can have negative environmental impacts by altering natural habitats and blocking fish migration. The document discusses classifications of dams and examines cases of dam removal in Michigan to restore river ecosystems and address public safety issues caused by aging infrastructure.
This document discusses hydraulic structures and dams. It defines hydraulics as dealing with mechanical properties of fluids and hydraulic structures as structures submerged or partially submerged in water that disrupt natural water flow. Dams are introduced as uniquely complex structures that demonstrate load response and interaction with hydrology and geology. Dams are classified as embankment or concrete and described in more detail. Embankment dams include earth-fill and rock-fill while concrete dams include arch, gravity, and buttress designs. Site selection factors and potential failure modes are outlined.
A hydraulic structure may be defined as any structure which is designed to handle water in any way
This includes the retention, conveyance, control, regulation and dissipation of the energy of water
Such water handling structures are required in many fields of civil engineering
The principal ones being water supply and conservation, hydroelectric power, irrigation and drainage, navigation, flood control, fish, wildlife service’s and certain aspects of highway engineering. Various equations, based on continuity, energy, and momentum principles, may be used
To calculate the most suitable length, width, shape, elevation and orientation of the structure.
The application of these basic principles to the practical problem of the design of hydraulic structures is called hydraulic design
Designed and constructed for managing and utilizing water resources to the best advantage of the human being and environment
GROUND WATER RECHARGE TECHNIQUES BY CH.APPARAO (Research Associate, ARS, ATP)Apparao Chodisetti
Ground water recharge is the process whereby the amount of water present in or flowing through the interstices of the sub-soil increases by natural or artificial means. Rainfall is the principal source for replenishment of recharge of ground water. Other sources include recharge from rivers, streams, irrigation water etc. An unconfined aquifer is recharged directly by local rainfall, rivers, and lakes, and the rate of recharge will be influenced by the permeability of overlying rocks and soils. A confined aquifer, on the other hand, is characterized by an overlying bed that is impermeable, and local rainfall does not influence the aquifer. It is normally recharged from lakes, rivers, and rainfall that may occur at distances ranging from a few kilometers to thousands of kilometers.
Dams are constructed across rivers to create reservoirs for various purposes like irrigation, hydropower, flood control, and water supply. They are built in narrow valleys with good foundation. Dams can be classified based on their function, hydraulic design, materials of construction, rigidity, and structural action. Common types include gravity dams, embankment dams, arch dams, and buttress dams. Spillways provide controlled release of water from reservoirs to prevent overtopping of dams.
Reservoir sedimentation causes and mitigationPramoda Raj
This document discusses reservoir sedimentation, its causes, and mitigation strategies. It outlines that geological investigations of the dam site are essential. Elements of sediment management include reducing sediment inflow, routing sediments, sediment removal, providing large storage volumes, and sediment placement. Methods to control sedimentation involve check dams, afforestation, desilting reservoirs during summer, and storing clean water while discharging sediment-laden flows. India's water storage reservoirs are significantly losing capacity due to sediment deposition.
This document discusses reservoir sedimentation, including its causes and mitigation strategies. It notes that geological investigation of the land, hydrology, hydrogeology, and geology are essential for planning dams and reservoirs. Several methods to control sedimentation are described, such as reducing sediment inflow, routing sediments, sediment removal, providing large storage volumes, and sediment placement. Afforestation, check dams, and operating reservoirs to discharge sediment during floods while retaining water during dry seasons can also help address the problem. Desilting of reservoirs in India needs to be prioritized, as silt deposits have reduced water storage capacity by 30-40% in major dams.
This document discusses different types of water resources including surface water and groundwater. It provides details on reservoirs, including definitions, classifications, and factors to consider when selecting sites. Reservoirs can be used for storage, flood control, or multiple purposes. The document also describes components of water diversion structures like barrages and weirs, as well as methods for extracting groundwater like dug wells, tube wells, and bore wells.
Water Resources Engineering types of wells with figures Denish Jangid Open we...Denish Jangid
Water Resources Engineering types of wells with figuresOpen wells (Dug wells) Tube wells Wells and Tube Wells Irrigation in India Merit & Wells with Impervious lining CLASSIFICATION OF OPEN WELL BASED ON TYPE
OF Lining
Well with pervious lining : These type of wells are suitable in coarse formations these are constructed by masonry of dry bricks or stones without any binding materials. So the water supply enters from the wall of well therefore the flow is radial. Such wells are provided with bottom plug so the flow is not combination of radial and spherical.well with pervious lining CLASSIFICATION OF TUBE WELL BASED ON SUPPLY SYSTEM Strainer type tube well Cavity tube well
Slotted Type Tube well
This document discusses artificial groundwater recharge. It begins by defining groundwater and artificial recharge. It then discusses the importance of artificial recharge due to issues like groundwater depletion and drinking water shortages. The document outlines various methods of artificial recharge like spreading methods, recharge shafts, injection wells, and induced recharge. It discusses advantages like increased groundwater availability and disadvantages like potential contamination. Finally, it stresses the importance of groundwater resources and provides recommendations like developing affordable recharge technologies.
The document discusses reservoir planning and provides details about various investigations required for reservoir planning. It outlines the main purposes of reservoirs which include water supply, irrigation, flood control, fish culture, hydropower generation, sedimentation control and navigation. It describes the key investigations needed such as engineering surveys, geological surveys and hydrological surveys to evaluate site selection, storage capacity, soil conditions and water flow. The document provides examples of existing reservoirs in India and references used to gather information.
Introduction, Term related to reservoir planning (Yield, Reservoir planning and operation curves, Reservoir storage, Reservoir clearance), Investigation for reservoir planning, Significance of mass curve and demand curves, Applications of mass-curve and demand curves, Fixation of reservoir capacity from annual inflow and outflow, Fixation of reservoir capacity.
This document provides an overview of reservoir planning and surveys. It discusses the different types of reservoirs and surveys conducted in reservoir planning, including reconnaissance, preliminary, and detailed surveys. Key steps in reservoir planning include engineering, hydrological, and geological surveys to identify suitable dam sites and storage capacity. Control levels like top bund level, high flood level, and full tank level are also discussed. Factors affecting silting and methods to control silting are outlined. The document provides details on various stages of reservoir planning and development.
The document discusses underground dams, including their design, classification, construction methods, and modeling. Underground dams store groundwater by creating an impermeable barrier underground rather than a surface reservoir. They are classified based on purpose (e.g. storage, saltwater intrusion prevention), construction method (e.g. grouting, sheet piles), reservoir type (fully subsurface, partially surface), and material. Numerical groundwater models are used to analyze flow and design underground dams.
This document provides an overview of dams and rivers, including:
1) An introduction to dams, their purposes of irrigation, hydropower, flood control, and more.
2) Reasons for building dams such as power generation, irrigation, flood control, drinking water, recreation, and transportation.
3) Details on ancient dams from around the world dating back to 3000 BC.
4) The different parts of a dam including the heel, crest, parapet wall, toe, abutments, conduits, cutoffs, galleries, diversion tunnels, and spillways.
5) The main types of dams classified by structure, use, and material including arch dams, gravity dams, buttress dams
This document describes different types of ponds. There are three basic types: sunken ponds, which are below the surrounding land level and fed by groundwater; barrage ponds, which are created by building dams across valleys; and diversion ponds, which are fed indirectly from other water sources through canals. Ponds can also be classified by their construction materials as earthen, walled, or lined. Their construction method determines if they are dug out, use embankments, or are cut and fill types. Earthen ponds constructed solely with soil materials are the most common.
1) The document discusses various topics related to water resource engineering including embankment dams and gravity dams. It covers suitable sites for embankment dams, types of embankment dams, materials used in earthen dams, and causes of embankment dam failures.
2) Needs for dam construction include drinking water, flood control, irrigation, hydroelectric power and more. Embankment dams are built from soil, rock fill, or a composite. Types include earth dams, rock-fill dams, and composite dams.
3) Causes of embankment dam failures include hydraulic failures from overtopping, seepage failures from piping, and structural failures from shear stresses or earthquakes
This document discusses different types of subsurface waters and their origins. It defines four main types: 1) Meteoric waters which occur near the surface and are involved in the hydrological cycle. 2) Formation waters (connate waters) which are trapped in sedimentary basins and have evolved over time through water-rock interactions. 3) Juvenile waters of igneous or metamorphic origin. 4) Mixed waters. It also discusses settings of earth's water, how water moves between settings like oceans, lakes, rivers, atmosphere, and groundwater, and reduction potential as a measure of water quality.
Topics:
1. Reservoir Classification
2. Investigations
3. Selection of Site for Reservoir
4. Zones of Storage
5. Storage Capacity and Yield
6. Mass Inflow Curve & Demand Curve
7. Calculation of Reservoir Capacity
8. Reservoir Sedimentations
9. Life of Reservoir
10. Selection of Dam
The document discusses different types of dams including gravity dams, arch dams, and earth dams. It describes the key forces acting on dams like water pressure, weight, and uplift pressure. Important factors for selecting dam sites are discussed such as topography, construction feasibility, economics, and environment. Common causes of dam failure include substandard construction, spillway design errors, geological changes, extreme weather, and poor maintenance. In conclusion, dams are primarily built for irrigation, hydroelectric power, water supply, and flood control, so studying their design concepts is important for safe utilization.
Dams are structures built across waterways to impound water for purposes like flood control, irrigation, and hydroelectric power generation. However, dams can have negative environmental impacts by altering natural habitats and blocking fish migration. The document discusses classifications of dams and examines cases of dam removal in Michigan to restore river ecosystems and address public safety issues caused by aging infrastructure.
This document discusses hydraulic structures and dams. It defines hydraulics as dealing with mechanical properties of fluids and hydraulic structures as structures submerged or partially submerged in water that disrupt natural water flow. Dams are introduced as uniquely complex structures that demonstrate load response and interaction with hydrology and geology. Dams are classified as embankment or concrete and described in more detail. Embankment dams include earth-fill and rock-fill while concrete dams include arch, gravity, and buttress designs. Site selection factors and potential failure modes are outlined.
A hydraulic structure may be defined as any structure which is designed to handle water in any way
This includes the retention, conveyance, control, regulation and dissipation of the energy of water
Such water handling structures are required in many fields of civil engineering
The principal ones being water supply and conservation, hydroelectric power, irrigation and drainage, navigation, flood control, fish, wildlife service’s and certain aspects of highway engineering. Various equations, based on continuity, energy, and momentum principles, may be used
To calculate the most suitable length, width, shape, elevation and orientation of the structure.
The application of these basic principles to the practical problem of the design of hydraulic structures is called hydraulic design
Designed and constructed for managing and utilizing water resources to the best advantage of the human being and environment
GROUND WATER RECHARGE TECHNIQUES BY CH.APPARAO (Research Associate, ARS, ATP)Apparao Chodisetti
Ground water recharge is the process whereby the amount of water present in or flowing through the interstices of the sub-soil increases by natural or artificial means. Rainfall is the principal source for replenishment of recharge of ground water. Other sources include recharge from rivers, streams, irrigation water etc. An unconfined aquifer is recharged directly by local rainfall, rivers, and lakes, and the rate of recharge will be influenced by the permeability of overlying rocks and soils. A confined aquifer, on the other hand, is characterized by an overlying bed that is impermeable, and local rainfall does not influence the aquifer. It is normally recharged from lakes, rivers, and rainfall that may occur at distances ranging from a few kilometers to thousands of kilometers.
Dams are constructed across rivers to create reservoirs for various purposes like irrigation, hydropower, flood control, and water supply. They are built in narrow valleys with good foundation. Dams can be classified based on their function, hydraulic design, materials of construction, rigidity, and structural action. Common types include gravity dams, embankment dams, arch dams, and buttress dams. Spillways provide controlled release of water from reservoirs to prevent overtopping of dams.
Reservoir sedimentation causes and mitigationPramoda Raj
This document discusses reservoir sedimentation, its causes, and mitigation strategies. It outlines that geological investigations of the dam site are essential. Elements of sediment management include reducing sediment inflow, routing sediments, sediment removal, providing large storage volumes, and sediment placement. Methods to control sedimentation involve check dams, afforestation, desilting reservoirs during summer, and storing clean water while discharging sediment-laden flows. India's water storage reservoirs are significantly losing capacity due to sediment deposition.
This document discusses reservoir sedimentation, including its causes and mitigation strategies. It notes that geological investigation of the land, hydrology, hydrogeology, and geology are essential for planning dams and reservoirs. Several methods to control sedimentation are described, such as reducing sediment inflow, routing sediments, sediment removal, providing large storage volumes, and sediment placement. Afforestation, check dams, and operating reservoirs to discharge sediment during floods while retaining water during dry seasons can also help address the problem. Desilting of reservoirs in India needs to be prioritized, as silt deposits have reduced water storage capacity by 30-40% in major dams.
This document discusses different types of water resources including surface water and groundwater. It provides details on reservoirs, including definitions, classifications, and factors to consider when selecting sites. Reservoirs can be used for storage, flood control, or multiple purposes. The document also describes components of water diversion structures like barrages and weirs, as well as methods for extracting groundwater like dug wells, tube wells, and bore wells.
Water Resources Engineering types of wells with figures Denish Jangid Open we...Denish Jangid
Water Resources Engineering types of wells with figuresOpen wells (Dug wells) Tube wells Wells and Tube Wells Irrigation in India Merit & Wells with Impervious lining CLASSIFICATION OF OPEN WELL BASED ON TYPE
OF Lining
Well with pervious lining : These type of wells are suitable in coarse formations these are constructed by masonry of dry bricks or stones without any binding materials. So the water supply enters from the wall of well therefore the flow is radial. Such wells are provided with bottom plug so the flow is not combination of radial and spherical.well with pervious lining CLASSIFICATION OF TUBE WELL BASED ON SUPPLY SYSTEM Strainer type tube well Cavity tube well
Slotted Type Tube well
This document discusses artificial groundwater recharge. It begins by defining groundwater and artificial recharge. It then discusses the importance of artificial recharge due to issues like groundwater depletion and drinking water shortages. The document outlines various methods of artificial recharge like spreading methods, recharge shafts, injection wells, and induced recharge. It discusses advantages like increased groundwater availability and disadvantages like potential contamination. Finally, it stresses the importance of groundwater resources and provides recommendations like developing affordable recharge technologies.
The document discusses reservoir planning and provides details about various investigations required for reservoir planning. It outlines the main purposes of reservoirs which include water supply, irrigation, flood control, fish culture, hydropower generation, sedimentation control and navigation. It describes the key investigations needed such as engineering surveys, geological surveys and hydrological surveys to evaluate site selection, storage capacity, soil conditions and water flow. The document provides examples of existing reservoirs in India and references used to gather information.
Introduction, Term related to reservoir planning (Yield, Reservoir planning and operation curves, Reservoir storage, Reservoir clearance), Investigation for reservoir planning, Significance of mass curve and demand curves, Applications of mass-curve and demand curves, Fixation of reservoir capacity from annual inflow and outflow, Fixation of reservoir capacity.
This document provides an overview of reservoir planning and surveys. It discusses the different types of reservoirs and surveys conducted in reservoir planning, including reconnaissance, preliminary, and detailed surveys. Key steps in reservoir planning include engineering, hydrological, and geological surveys to identify suitable dam sites and storage capacity. Control levels like top bund level, high flood level, and full tank level are also discussed. Factors affecting silting and methods to control silting are outlined. The document provides details on various stages of reservoir planning and development.
The document discusses underground dams, including their design, classification, construction methods, and modeling. Underground dams store groundwater by creating an impermeable barrier underground rather than a surface reservoir. They are classified based on purpose (e.g. storage, saltwater intrusion prevention), construction method (e.g. grouting, sheet piles), reservoir type (fully subsurface, partially surface), and material. Numerical groundwater models are used to analyze flow and design underground dams.
This document provides an overview of dams and rivers, including:
1) An introduction to dams, their purposes of irrigation, hydropower, flood control, and more.
2) Reasons for building dams such as power generation, irrigation, flood control, drinking water, recreation, and transportation.
3) Details on ancient dams from around the world dating back to 3000 BC.
4) The different parts of a dam including the heel, crest, parapet wall, toe, abutments, conduits, cutoffs, galleries, diversion tunnels, and spillways.
5) The main types of dams classified by structure, use, and material including arch dams, gravity dams, buttress dams
This document describes different types of ponds. There are three basic types: sunken ponds, which are below the surrounding land level and fed by groundwater; barrage ponds, which are created by building dams across valleys; and diversion ponds, which are fed indirectly from other water sources through canals. Ponds can also be classified by their construction materials as earthen, walled, or lined. Their construction method determines if they are dug out, use embankments, or are cut and fill types. Earthen ponds constructed solely with soil materials are the most common.
1) The document discusses various topics related to water resource engineering including embankment dams and gravity dams. It covers suitable sites for embankment dams, types of embankment dams, materials used in earthen dams, and causes of embankment dam failures.
2) Needs for dam construction include drinking water, flood control, irrigation, hydroelectric power and more. Embankment dams are built from soil, rock fill, or a composite. Types include earth dams, rock-fill dams, and composite dams.
3) Causes of embankment dam failures include hydraulic failures from overtopping, seepage failures from piping, and structural failures from shear stresses or earthquakes
This document discusses different types of subsurface waters and their origins. It defines four main types: 1) Meteoric waters which occur near the surface and are involved in the hydrological cycle. 2) Formation waters (connate waters) which are trapped in sedimentary basins and have evolved over time through water-rock interactions. 3) Juvenile waters of igneous or metamorphic origin. 4) Mixed waters. It also discusses settings of earth's water, how water moves between settings like oceans, lakes, rivers, atmosphere, and groundwater, and reduction potential as a measure of water quality.
POWER SHOVEL
Power Shovel are used primarily to excavate earth and load into tractor or truck
DRAGLINE
The dragline is operation of dragging the bucket against the material to be dug.
BACK HOES
Excavating machine of power shovel group
CLAM SHELLS
•The name of machine is derived from shape of its bucket that of shell fish with hinged double shell, which can be opened into two parts.
TRENCHING MACHINES
•Trenching machines can excavate in all type of soil except rocks
1. The document discusses various types of excavating equipment used in construction projects, including their applications and basic parts.
2. Equipment described include power shovels, backhoes, draglines, clam shells, and trenching machines.
3. The efficient use of appropriate excavating equipment can contribute to cost savings, quality, safety, and timely completion of construction projects.
This document provides an overview of environmental engineering and water quality topics. It discusses various water sources including surface sources like rivers, lakes, and streams, and subsurface sources like wells and aquifers. Water quality parameters that are tested are described, including physical parameters like turbidity, color and odor, and chemical parameters like pH, hardness, dissolved solids, and nitrogen content. Microbiological quality indicators like E. coli are also mentioned. Standards for drinking water quality are outlined.
Earthen dams are constructed using natural materials like clay, sand, gravel and rock. They are designed based on principles of soil mechanics. There are two main types - homogeneous and zoned. Zoned dams have an impervious core and outer shells. Components include the core, shells, rock toe, pitching, berms and drains. Stability requires the seepage line be within the downstream slope with minimum 2m cover. Common causes of failure are hydraulic (overtopping, erosion), seepage (piping through core or foundations) and structural issues like cracking. Proper design and construction can prevent these failures.
This document discusses the selection of construction equipment. It begins by outlining the importance of efficiently using labor, materials, and equipment for good project management. The selection of equipment type and size can impact productivity. The document then covers types of earthmoving, concreting, and hoisting equipment and factors to consider for selection like site conditions, output requirements, and economic considerations. Selection depends on balancing multiple technical and cost factors for optimal results.
The document discusses various sources of water supply. It describes the water cycle and explains that all water sources originate from rainfall. Water sources are classified as surface sources, which include rivers, streams, lakes, and oceans, and subsurface sources like groundwater, springs, and wells. The suitability of different sources depends on factors like quantity, quality, reliability, and costs. Surface water often requires more treatment than groundwater but may be more readily available. Choosing the best source involves considering location, quantity, quality, and costs to meet a community's water demands.
This document discusses groundwater resource management. It defines key terms related to groundwater such as aquifer, aquiclude, and porosity. It describes different sources of groundwater including wells, springs, and infiltration galleries. It also discusses different types of aquifers and wells, including unconfined and confined aquifers, and open, deep, strainer, and cavity wells. The document outlines various methods for artificial groundwater recharge including flooding, basins, channels, pits, tanks, and check dams to increase water supply.
This document provides an overview of irrigation engineering in India. It defines irrigation engineering and discusses the necessity of irrigation given India's diverse climate and rainfall patterns. It then summarizes the history of irrigation development in India from ancient times to post-independence. The document also covers major, medium, and minor irrigation projects; water requirements of crops; principal crops in India; methods of irrigation including surface, subsurface and sprinkler; canals; tube well irrigation; dams; and issues like waterlogging and their remedial measures.
Rainwater harvesting is a technique to collect and store rainwater runoff from rooftops, land surfaces or rock catchments. It has been used since ancient times to provide drinking water, water for livestock and irrigation. It involves three steps - catchment, conveyance and storage. Rainwater can be stored in tanks, wells, check dams or percolation tanks to recharge groundwater. Benefits include improving water resources, raising groundwater levels and mitigating droughts and floods.
This document summarizes key information about water resources. It discusses various sources of water including surface water sources like ponds, lakes, rivers, reservoirs, and rainwater as well as groundwater sources like wells, springs, and infiltration galleries. It also outlines major uses of water for consumptive purposes like irrigation, and non-consumptive purposes like hydroelectric power. Overuse of water resources is mentioned as a threat, with agriculture being the largest consumer and issues arising from overdrawing surface and groundwater supplies.
The document discusses various topics related to groundwater and surface water systems. It explains that groundwater and surface water are connected, with pumping wells able to cause interference between cones of depression. It notes that extraction should not exceed recharge to avoid water mining and subsidence, and that recharge zones need protection. The hyporheic zone of water exchange between surface and groundwater is also described. Rainwater harvesting and the water cycle are briefly covered.
Reserviors its purpose and there main functions and usesammar gulzar
1. A reservoir is an area developed by a water body due to construction of a dam. Reservoirs serve purposes like irrigation, water supply, hydroelectric power, flood control, and recreation.
2. Reservoirs are classified based on their purpose as storage, flood control, retarding, detention, distribution, and multipurpose reservoirs. Geological and hydrological investigations are conducted to select suitable reservoir sites.
3. Key factors in reservoir design and operation include the full reservoir level, minimum pool level, live storage, dead storage, safe yield, and sediment management to control siltation over the reservoir's lifetime.
This document provides an overview of irrigation engineering. It discusses the definition and necessity of irrigation due to insufficient rainfall. The benefits of irrigation include increased crop yields and economic development, while ill effects can include rising water tables and loss of land. It then covers the history and development of irrigation in India, including the construction of canals and reservoirs. It also classifies irrigation projects and systems, such as major, medium and minor projects, as well as lift and flow irrigation systems. The document concludes by explaining soil water relationships, including water holding capacities, moisture content, and soil water constants like field capacity and wilting point.
FINAL PPT (HYDROLOGY) WATER HARVESTING.pptxKRIPABHARDWAJ1
The document discusses water harvesting techniques. It describes short term runoff harvesting techniques like contour bunds, semicircular hoops, and trapezoidal bunds which involve constructing earthen structures to collect and store surface runoff. Long term techniques include dugout ponds, silt detention dams, and percolation dams for underground storage. The document also covers benefits like increased production and income, as well as constraints like reliance on rainfall variability and potential negative environmental impacts.
EARTHEN DAM
-PURPOSES OF DAM
-MATERIAL USED FOR EARTHEN DAM
-TYPES OF EARTHEN DAMS
-TYPICAL SECTION OF EARTHEN DAM
-SEEPAGE IN EARTHEN DAMS
-TYPES OF FAILURE IN EARTHEN DAMS
Water resources engineering is concerned with controlling water quantity, quality, timing and distribution to meet human and environmental needs. It includes the disciplines of hydrodynamics, hydraulics, and hydrology. Water resources include surface water, groundwater, oceans, rivers, lakes, glaciers and snowfields. Water circulates through the hydrologic cycle of precipitation, runoff, storage, and evapotranspiration. Water resources development through engineering intervention is needed to meet uneven human demand, but must be done sustainably to ensure future generations' access to water without compromising environmental quality.
chapter 4 part 1 ( engineering geology).pptxIsmailKatun1
Dams are constructed across rivers to store water and control floods, while also generating hydroelectric power, supplying water for irrigation and domestic use, and reducing flood risk. An ideal dam has several key components, including a heel and toe that anchor the structure, a spillway to release excess water, galleries for inspection and repair, a sluice way to drain debris, and abutments on hillsides to support the dam. Proper planning is needed when constructing dams to balance their benefits with environmental impacts.
This document contains the syllabus for the course CE8603 - Irrigation Engineering taught by A.Leema Margret, Assistant Professor at Ramco Institute of Technology, Rajapalayam. The syllabus is divided into 5 units that cover topics like crop water requirement, irrigation methods, diversion and impounding structures, canal irrigation, and water management in irrigation. Key terms discussed in Unit 1 include duty of water, delta, base period, evapotranspiration, and factors affecting duty of water. Surface irrigation methods like flow irrigation and sub-surface irrigation are also introduced.
Alternate wetting and drying (AWD) is an irrigation practice for rice that saves water and reduces greenhouse gas emissions while maintaining yields. It involves periodically drying and re-flooding rice fields. In Bangladesh, boro rice is fully irrigated while aman rice is partly irrigated. Research shows AWD can save 15-30% of the estimated 3,000-5,000 liters of water needed to produce one kilogram of rice, without lowering yields. The practice involves irrigating until the water table is 20cm below ground, then allowing the field to partially dry before re-flooding. This technique is being validated in Bangladesh and could help conserve irrigation water and reduce environmental impacts.
Basics of Water supply and sanitation Engineering kajol panchal
This document provides an introduction to the topics of water supply and sanitary engineering. It discusses key terminology like water supply engineering, sanitary engineering, and public health engineering. It also covers important concepts like sources of water, including surface water sources like rivers and lakes as well as groundwater sources like wells and springs. The document emphasizes the importance of water and discusses factors to consider for water quality, quantity, and selection of sources. It provides an overview of the components of a water supply scheme and the benefits they provide. Finally, it outlines the duties of public health engineers in planning, designing, operating, and maintaining water and sanitary systems.
This document provides an overview of drainage, including its importance, benefits, and classification. It discusses two main types of drains: surface drains and subsurface drains. Surface drains include storm water drains, seepage drains, and storm-cum-seepage drains. Subsurface drains are further divided into relief drains, carrier drains, and intercepting drains. The document also provides details on the design of surface and subsurface drains, including considerations for capacity, velocity, alignment, and depth of installation.
The document discusses water supply and drainage systems for site planning. It describes various natural and man-made sources for water supply, including surface water sources like rivers, lakes and reservoirs, as well as groundwater sources like wells, springs and aquifers. It also discusses storm drainage systems, including surface drainage methods using swales, sloping planes and gutters, as well as subsurface drainage systems using gravel-filled ditches, perforated drain pipes and fabricated collectors like area drains and catch basins. The document emphasizes designing drainage systems to remove excess rainwater while preventing flooding and erosion.
This document discusses modern equipment used in survey work, including EDM, total stations, auto levels, digital levels, remote sensing systems, and GPS. It provides details on how each tool works and its uses and benefits. EDM uses electromagnetic signals to measure distances, total stations integrate distance and angle measurement with data recording, auto levels automate leveling tasks, and digital levels use digital imaging to read staffs. Remote sensing involves analyzing data from sensors to learn about areas without contact, and GPS utilizes signals from satellites to determine location globally.
The document discusses types of errors that can occur in measurement including mistakes, systematic errors, and accidental errors. It defines key terms related to observations and errors such as direct observations, indirect observations, conditioned quantities, true values, most probable values, true errors, and residual errors. The document also covers laws of weights that describe how the weights of means and sums are determined. It introduces the principle of least squares and the law of accidental errors, explaining how probable errors are computed for different types of observations.
This document is a scanned copy of a letter from the Department of Homeland Security informing an individual that their application for an extension of their nonimmigrant status has been denied. The letter states that the individual failed to maintain their status and that they are required to depart the United States within 33 days of the notification date. Failure to depart will result in the individual being placed in removal proceedings.
This document outlines the terms and conditions for a rental agreement between John Doe and Jane Smith for the property located at 123 Main St. It specifies the monthly rental rate of $1,000 due on the 1st of each month, the security deposit of $500, allows for pets with an additional $100 fee, and holds both parties accountable for repairs and damages that may occur during the lease period.
This document outlines the key details of a home sale located at 123 Main St from the seller John Doe to the buyer Jane Smith. The three bedroom, two bathroom home was sold for $250,000 with the transaction closing on May 15th, 2022. John and Jane both signed the contract agreeing to the terms of the sale for the property located at 123 Main St.
Water treatment involves two main processes: physical removal of solids and chemical disinfection. Coagulation uses chemicals like alum to form particles that attract dirt and contaminants. This causes the particles to become heavy and sink during sedimentation. Filtration then removes any remaining small particles by passing the water through layers of sand and charcoal. Finally, chlorine or another disinfectant is added to kill microorganisms and make the water safe for drinking.
Pile foundations are used when a simple spread foundation is not possible due to deep, compressible, or waterlogged soil that cannot provide adequate bearing capacity. Piles transfer structural loads deep into the ground to stronger soil or bedrock layers. There are several types of piles that differ in material (wood, concrete, steel, etc.) and installation method (driven, cast-in-place, precast, etc.). Common pile types include H-beam steel piles, concrete-filled tube piles, precast concrete piles, and timber piles. Pile foundations allow buildings and structures to be supported in difficult soil conditions.
This document discusses the design of various units used in wastewater treatment plants. It covers the types of treatment which include physical, chemical, and biological processes. It then describes the functions of specific treatment units like screens, grit chambers, clarifiers, trickling filters, and digesters. The document provides design criteria and parameters for units like bar screens, grit chambers, primary sedimentation tanks, and aerated grit chambers. It discusses factors like peak flows, detention times, velocities, dimensions, and loading rates that are considered in the design of these units.
This document discusses different biological unit processes used in waste water treatment. Aerobic processes, like trickling filtration and activated sludge, use microorganisms to break down dissolved organic matter in the presence of oxygen. Anaerobic processes, like sludge digestion, occur without oxygen. Trickling filtration involves waste water flowing over a bed of media to form a microbial film. Activated sludge suspends microbes in air-injected mixed liquor. Sludge digestion breaks down sludge in the absence of oxygen.
Temporary formwork is used in construction to support fresh concrete until it cures. There are different types of formwork materials including timber, steel, aluminum, fiberglass, and plywood. Factors like strength, rigidity, cost, and number of reuses vary between each type. Formwork design involves sheets, studs, ties, and other components configured for walls, beams, slabs, columns, and decks based on the structural element. Slipforming is a specialized technique where formwork is continuously lifted as concrete is placed, allowing vertical structures like chimneys to be built without side forms. This method was used to rapidly construct tall building cores and highway pavement.
This short document expresses gratitude to the reader and encourages them to stay engaged by liking, sharing, and subscribing to further content. In a few short words, it aims to foster an ongoing relationship between creator and audience.
This short document expresses gratitude to the reader and encourages them to stay engaged by liking, sharing, and subscribing to further content. In a few short words, it aims to foster an ongoing relationship between creator and audience.
1. The document discusses two methods for determining the required balancing storage capacity of a distribution system: the mass curve method and hydrograph method.
2. The mass curve method involves plotting cumulative water demand against time to create a demand curve, and cumulative supply against time to create a supply line, and determining the maximum difference between them.
3. The hydrograph method involves plotting hourly water demand over 24 hours to create a demand hydrograph, assuming uniform pumping at the mean hourly rate, and measuring the area between the curves to determine required storage.
Surveying is an important part of Civil engineering. Various part like theodolite, plane table surveying, computation of area and volume are useful for all university examination and other competitive examination
Surveying is an important part of Civil engineering. Various part like theodolite, plane table surveying, computation of area and volume are useful for all university examination and other competitive examination
Surveying is an important part of Civil engineering. Various part like theodolite, plane table surveying, computation of area and volume are useful for all university examination and other competitive examination
FERRY
•A FERRY IS A BOAT OR SHIP USED TO CARRY PASSENGERS AND SOMETIMES VEHICLES & CARGO AS WELL ACROSS THE WATER.
•Other names water bus or water taxi.
•Depend on Length of route, passenger or vehicle capacity, speed requirement and water condition.
Types of ferries
1. Double-ended
2. Hydrofoil
3. Hovercraft
4. Catamaran
5. Ro-ro
6. Cruiseferry
Cargo Handling Equipment's
•Cranes
•Fork-lift Trucks
•Mechanical Trucks
•Tractors & Trailors
•Dock locomotives
•Piling & Stacking Machines
•Conveyors & Elevators
•Pneumatic Handling Equipment's
•Oil handling equipment
Aposteris any piece of printed paper designed to be attached to a wall or vertical surface.
Types of poster designs
•Propaganda and political posters
•Movie posters
•Travel posters
•Event posters
•Educational posters.
Guidelines
•Important information should be readable from about 10 feet away
•Title is short and draws interest
•Word count of about 300 to 800 words
•Text is clear and to the point
•Use of bullets, numbering, and headlines make it easy to read
•Effective use of graphics, colour and fonts
•Consistent and clean layout
•Includes acknowledgments, your name and institutional affiliation
Study MaterialUseful for All Civil Engineering Exams
1.The main reinforcement in a heel of cantilever retaining wall is placed atTop of heel slab.
2.Which of the following oxide component is maximum in OPC cement Calcium.
3.According to IS:456, the partial safety ˠffor imposed load for the deflection check for load combination DL+IL shall be 1.0
4.The compressive strength of cement mortar is generally tested on 70.7mm Cubes
5.Product of AE is called Axial Rigidity.
6.If the diameter of circular column is d its kernel will have diameter d/4.
Tall Structures
Usually structure or building having height more than 80m is considered as a tall structure.
Generally tall structure may be defined as one that because of its height it is affected by lateral.
Classification: 1. Multi storeyedresidential building.
2. Multi storeyedcommercial building.
3. Tall chimneys.
4. Transmission Towers
5. Cooling towers
Prestressed Concrete
•Prestressis defined as a method of applying pre-compression to control the stresses resulting due to external loads below the neutral axis of the beam tension developed due to external load which is more than the permissible limits of the plain concrete.
Demolition
•The action or process of destroying(demolishing)the building or other structures.
•In congested area, in particular, the quality of demolition technique becomes an essential element which determines the success of revitalization of city.
•In addition to efficiency in demolition, strategies must be adopted to avoid noise, vibration and dust which affect the surrounding environment and there must be efficient disposal of waste products
Accident detection system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The Rapid growth of technology and infrastructure has made our lives easier. The
advent of technology has also increased the traffic hazards and the road accidents take place
frequently which causes huge loss of life and property because of the poor emergency facilities.
Many lives could have been saved if emergency service could get accident information and
reach in time. Our project will provide an optimum solution to this draw back. A piezo electric
sensor can be used as a crash or rollover detector of the vehicle during and after a crash. With
signals from a piezo electric sensor, a severe accident can be recognized. According to this
project when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately piezo electric sensor will detect the
signal or if a car rolls over. Then with the help of GSM module and GPS module, the location
will be sent to the emergency contact. Then after conforming the location necessary action will
be taken. If the person meets with a small accident or if there is no serious threat to anyone’s
life, then the alert message can be terminated by the driver by a switch provided in order to
avoid wasting the valuable time of the medical rescue team.
Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation w...IJCNCJournal
Paper Title
Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation with Hybrid Beam Forming Power Transfer in WSN-IoT Applications
Authors
Reginald Jude Sixtus J and Tamilarasi Muthu, Puducherry Technological University, India
Abstract
Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) helps to overcome various difficulties in future technology wireless communications. NOMA, when utilized with millimeter wave multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, channel estimation becomes extremely difficult. For reaping the benefits of the NOMA and mm-Wave combination, effective channel estimation is required. In this paper, we propose an enhanced particle swarm optimization based long short-term memory estimator network (PSOLSTMEstNet), which is a neural network model that can be employed to forecast the bandwidth required in the mm-Wave MIMO network. The prime advantage of the LSTM is that it has the capability of dynamically adapting to the functioning pattern of fluctuating channel state. The LSTM stage with adaptive coding and modulation enhances the BER.PSO algorithm is employed to optimize input weights of LSTM network. The modified algorithm splits the power by channel condition of every single user. Participants will be first sorted into distinct groups depending upon respective channel conditions, using a hybrid beamforming approach. The network characteristics are fine-estimated using PSO-LSTMEstNet after a rough approximation of channels parameters derived from the received data.
Keywords
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Bit Error Rate (BER), mm-Wave, MIMO, NOMA, deep learning, optimization.
Volume URL: https://airccse.org/journal/ijc2022.html
Abstract URL:https://aircconline.com/abstract/ijcnc/v14n5/14522cnc05.html
Pdf URL: https://aircconline.com/ijcnc/V14N5/14522cnc05.pdf
#scopuspublication #scopusindexed #callforpapers #researchpapers #cfp #researchers #phdstudent #researchScholar #journalpaper #submission #journalsubmission #WBAN #requirements #tailoredtreatment #MACstrategy #enhancedefficiency #protrcal #computing #analysis #wirelessbodyareanetworks #wirelessnetworks
#adhocnetwork #VANETs #OLSRrouting #routing #MPR #nderesidualenergy #korea #cognitiveradionetworks #radionetworks #rendezvoussequence
Here's where you can reach us : ijcnc@airccse.org or ijcnc@aircconline.com
Blood finder application project report (1).pdfKamal Acharya
Blood Finder is an emergency time app where a user can search for the blood banks as
well as the registered blood donors around Mumbai. This application also provide an
opportunity for the user of this application to become a registered donor for this user have
to enroll for the donor request from the application itself. If the admin wish to make user
a registered donor, with some of the formalities with the organization it can be done.
Specialization of this application is that the user will not have to register on sign-in for
searching the blood banks and blood donors it can be just done by installing the
application to the mobile.
The purpose of making this application is to save the user’s time for searching blood of
needed blood group during the time of the emergency.
This is an android application developed in Java and XML with the connectivity of
SQLite database. This application will provide most of basic functionality required for an
emergency time application. All the details of Blood banks and Blood donors are stored
in the database i.e. SQLite.
This application allowed the user to get all the information regarding blood banks and
blood donors such as Name, Number, Address, Blood Group, rather than searching it on
the different websites and wasting the precious time. This application is effective and
user friendly.
ELS: 2.4.1 POWER ELECTRONICS Course objectives: This course will enable stude...Kuvempu University
Introduction - Applications of Power Electronics, Power Semiconductor Devices, Control Characteristics of Power Devices, types of Power Electronic Circuits. Power Transistors: Power BJTs: Steady state characteristics. Power MOSFETs: device operation, switching characteristics, IGBTs: device operation, output and transfer characteristics.
Thyristors - Introduction, Principle of Operation of SCR, Static Anode- Cathode Characteristics of SCR, Two transistor model of SCR, Gate Characteristics of SCR, Turn-ON Methods, Turn-OFF Mechanism, Turn-OFF Methods: Natural and Forced Commutation – Class A and Class B types, Gate Trigger Circuit: Resistance Firing Circuit, Resistance capacitance firing circuit.
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.
Supermarket Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Supermarket management is a stand-alone J2EE using Eclipse Juno program.
This project contains all the necessary required information about maintaining
the supermarket billing system.
The core idea of this project to minimize the paper work and centralize the
data. Here all the communication is taken in secure manner. That is, in this
application the information will be stored in client itself. For further security the
data base is stored in the back-end oracle and so no intruders can access it.
Impartiality as per ISO /IEC 17025:2017 StandardMuhammadJazib15
This document provides basic guidelines for imparitallity requirement of ISO 17025. It defines in detial how it is met and wiudhwdih jdhsjdhwudjwkdbjwkdddddddddddkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwioiiiiiiiiiiiii uwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwhe wiqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq gbbbbbbbbbbbbb owdjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj widhi owqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq uwdhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhwqiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiw0pooooojjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj whhhhhhhhhhh wheeeeeeee wihieiiiiii wihe
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We have designed & manufacture the Lubi Valves LBF series type of Butterfly Valves for General Utility Water applications as well as for HVAC applications.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Advances (AIAD 2024)GiselleginaGloria
3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Advances (AIAD 2024) will act as a major forum for the presentation of innovative ideas, approaches, developments, and research projects in the area advanced Artificial Intelligence. It will also serve to facilitate the exchange of information between researchers and industry professionals to discuss the latest issues and advancement in the research area. Core areas of AI and advanced multi-disciplinary and its applications will be covered during the conferences.
Open Channel Flow: fluid flow with a free surfaceIndrajeet sahu
Open Channel Flow: This topic focuses on fluid flow with a free surface, such as in rivers, canals, and drainage ditches. Key concepts include the classification of flow types (steady vs. unsteady, uniform vs. non-uniform), hydraulic radius, flow resistance, Manning's equation, critical flow conditions, and energy and momentum principles. It also covers flow measurement techniques, gradually varied flow analysis, and the design of open channels. Understanding these principles is vital for effective water resource management and engineering applications.
2. 1. Hydrological Cycle
2. Hydrology
3. Sources of water
4. Watershed development
5. Uses or requirement of water
6. Need for conservation of water
7. Dams
8. Weir & Barrage
9. Rainwater Harvesting
10.Flood control Measures
Content
4. HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
Hydrologic cycle is the process of transfer of moisture from
atmosphere to earth in the form of precipitation(rain, snow,
etc..) and evaporation of water back to atmosphere
The water from the surface sources like stream and rivers to
oceans and lakes etc. converts to vapour by evaporation due
to heat(sun)
This vapor is again condensed due to sudden fall of
temperature and pressure. Thus Cloud are formed. These clouds
again cause the precipitation(i.e. Rainfall)
Some part of water may percolate through porous soil and
enter into ground. These is infiltration or percolation. The flow of
water below ground surface is known as ground water flow
5. HYDROLOGY
Hydrology is science deal with occurrence, distribution & movement of water
on earth, including that in atmosphere and below surface of the earth
Points included
1. Measurement of rainfall
2. Estimate surface runoff
3. Estimate filtration
4. Estimate evaporation and transpiration
5. Flood forecasting
6. Study of Ground water sources
Applications
1. Selection the site for reservoir
2. Determine Peak flow of river
3. Flood Control
4. Available for navigation
5. Source of water supply in city/town
6. SOURCES OF WATER
A.Surface Water Sources
B. Subsurface Water Sources
C.Well classification
A. Surface Water Sources
Water on land or on surface of earth is
termed as Surface water
Surface water is available from one
of the following sources
1. Stream 2. Rivers 3. Tanks. 4. Lakes
5. Storage Reservoirs
7. B. SUBSURFACE WATER SOURCES
The water is available below below ground level from any point
but saturated strata.
They are mainly divided in two groups
1. Wells 2. Percolation Tanks
Any saturated strata having ability
to transmit stored water can
developed for withdrawal 0f water
.It must have capacity to transmit
water at reasonable rate This type of
saturated stratum is termed as
Aquifer.
8.
9. C. WELL CLASSIFICATION
Well are classified based in diameter Classified into major two groups
(a)Dug well or Open well (b) Tube well
10. TUBE WELL
The size of opening
is very small in
comparison to
open well. A tube
well is long partly
slotted pipe sunk
into ground with
strainer
11. WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT
Watershed development in broad sense implies
conservation and development of land rainfall water
and vegetation resource of area for maximum benefits of
people
The comprehensive development of watershed so as to
make productive use of all its natural resource and also
protect them is termed as watershed development
12. COMPONENTS
1. Conserving soil and water
2. Growing greenery
3. Control desertification
4. Mitigate affects of drought on crops
5. Improving ability of land to hold water
OBJECTIVES
1. Water management
2. Soil and land Management
3. Human resource Development
4. Crop Management
5. Livestock Management
6. Rural energy Management
7. Afforestation
13. USES OF REQUIREMENTS OF WATER
Water Requirement for different Uses
Consumptive
uses
Partial
Consumptive
uses
Non consumptive
uses
Irrigation Domestic uses
Fire water
Institutional Need
Industrial Need
Thermal Power Generation
Hydro Electric Power Plant
Inland Navigation
Pollution Control
Recreational uses
14. NEED FOR CONSERVATION OF WATER
There are several reason which will stress that there is immediate
need for conservation of water
1. Variation in Rainfall
2. Area of water storage
3. Uncertainty of Precipitation
4. Future Needs
15. MEASURES FOR WATER CONSERVATION
1. Domestic Conservation
2. Industrial Conservation
3. Agricultural Conservation
DOMESTIC CONSERVATION
1. Verify your home leak free
2. Turn off water while brushing teeth
3. Keep overflow valve in overhead tank
4. Use sprinkler irrigation in your garden
5. Use waste water in flush
6. Save water using mug rather thain running water
16. INDUSTRIAL CONSERVATION
1. Install waste water treatment Plant in factory For treating waste water
2. Reuse cooling water for gardening or irrigation
3. Develop new plant which require less water
4. Check efficiency of water equipment on regular basis
AGRICULTURAL CONSERVATION
1. By Constructing structure like check dam
2. Avoid excess irrigation
3. Improve methods of irrigation like drip and sprinkler irrigation
4. Conventional flooding method of irrigation
5. Water meter should be installed to control the uses of water
6. Create awareness among farmer about the importance of water
17. DAMS
A dam is a hydraulic structure constructed across a river
or natural stream to create a reservoir for improving water
CLASSIFICATION OF DAMS
According to
uses
According to
hydraulic
structure
According to
Materials
According to
Structural
Behavior
1. Storage Dam
(Gravity Dam, Earthen
dam, Rock fill & Arch Dam)
2. Diversion Dam
(Weir & Barrage)
3. Detention Dam
(Debris dam)
1. Overflow
dams
2. Non overflow
dams
1.Rigid Dams
2.Non Rigid Dams
1.Gravity dam
2.Arch dam
3. Buttress dam
4. Earthen dam
5. Rock fill dam
19. 1. GRAVITY DAM
A gravity dam is a dam constructed
from concrete or stone masonry
and designed to hold back water
by utilizing the weight of the
material alone to resist the
horizontal pressure of water pushing
against it. Gravity dams are
designed so that each section of
the dam is stable, independent of
any other dam section.
20. 2. ARCH DAM
An arch dam is curved in
plan with its convexity
upstream side.
Arch dam transfer water
pressure & other force to
abutment by arch action
An arch dam is quite suitable
for narrow canyons with
strong banks which are
capable of resting the trust
produced by arch action
21. 3.BUTTRESS DAM
A buttress dam consist of number of
buttress or pier dividing the space.
To retain water between buttress, panels
are constructed of horizontal arches or flat
slabs.
Types of buttress dam
1. Deck type buttress dam
2. Multiple arch type buttress dam
3. Multiple dome type buttress dam
4. Bulk head type buttress dam
22. 4. EARTHEN DAM
Earth fill dam, also called Earth
Dam, or Embankment Dam.
Dam built up by compacting
successive layers of earth, using
the most impervious materials to
form a core and placing more
permeable substances on the
upstream and downstream sides.
A dam built of soil materials (sand,
loam, clay, and so on), with a
trapezoidal or nearly trapezoidal
cross section.
23. 5. ROCK FILL DAM
Rock-fill dams are embankments of
compacted free-draining granular earth
with an impervious zone.
The earth utilized often contains a high
percentage of large particles hence the
term rock-fill.
26. RAIN WATER HARVESTING
It is a technique of collecting rainwater
and store it by construction Special
Storage structure
Objectives
1.It checks runoff and avoid floods
2. Help in raising ground water table
3. Help in meeting increasing demands of
water
Methods
1.Roof water storage
2. Check dam
3.Field ponds
4.Percolation tanks
5. Culvert plugging