The document discusses various aspects of water resources, including the hydrological cycle, sources of water, and the importance of watershed development and water conservation. It details the processes involved in water management, including the classification of dams and water conservation measures for domestic, industrial, and agricultural purposes. Additionally, it outlines techniques like rainwater harvesting and flood control measures to enhance water availability and sustainability.

1. WATER RESOURCES
Presented By,
Sujith Velloor S
Lecturer
Civil Department
Engineering College
Tuwa

2. 1. Hydrological Cycle
2. Hydrology
3. Sources of water
4. Watershed development
5. Uses or requirement of water
6. Need for conservation of water
7. Dams
8. Weir & Barrage
9. Rainwater Harvesting
10.Flood control Measures
Content

3. HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE

4. HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
Hydrologic cycle is the process of transfer of moisture from
atmosphere to earth in the form of precipitation(rain, snow,
etc..) and evaporation of water back to atmosphere
The water from the surface sources like stream and rivers to
oceans and lakes etc. converts to vapour by evaporation due
to heat(sun)
This vapor is again condensed due to sudden fall of
temperature and pressure. Thus Cloud are formed. These clouds
again cause the precipitation(i.e. Rainfall)
Some part of water may percolate through porous soil and
enter into ground. These is infiltration or percolation. The flow of
water below ground surface is known as ground water flow

5. HYDROLOGY
Hydrology is science deal with occurrence, distribution & movement of water
on earth, including that in atmosphere and below surface of the earth
Points included
1. Measurement of rainfall
2. Estimate surface runoff
3. Estimate filtration
4. Estimate evaporation and transpiration
5. Flood forecasting
6. Study of Ground water sources
Applications
1. Selection the site for reservoir
2. Determine Peak flow of river
3. Flood Control
4. Available for navigation
5. Source of water supply in city/town

6. SOURCES OF WATER
A.Surface Water Sources
B. Subsurface Water Sources
C.Well classification
A. Surface Water Sources
Water on land or on surface of earth is
termed as Surface water
Surface water is available from one
of the following sources
1. Stream 2. Rivers 3. Tanks. 4. Lakes
5. Storage Reservoirs

7. B. SUBSURFACE WATER SOURCES
The water is available below below ground level from any point
but saturated strata.
They are mainly divided in two groups
1. Wells 2. Percolation Tanks
Any saturated strata having ability
to transmit stored water can
developed for withdrawal 0f water
.It must have capacity to transmit
water at reasonable rate This type of
saturated stratum is termed as
Aquifer.

9. C. WELL CLASSIFICATION
Well are classified based in diameter Classified into major two groups
(a)Dug well or Open well (b) Tube well

10. TUBE WELL
The size of opening
is very small in
comparison to
open well. A tube
well is long partly
slotted pipe sunk
into ground with
strainer

11. WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT
Watershed development in broad sense implies
conservation and development of land rainfall water
and vegetation resource of area for maximum benefits of
people
The comprehensive development of watershed so as to
make productive use of all its natural resource and also
protect them is termed as watershed development

12. COMPONENTS
1. Conserving soil and water
2. Growing greenery
3. Control desertification
4. Mitigate affects of drought on crops
5. Improving ability of land to hold water
OBJECTIVES
1. Water management
2. Soil and land Management
3. Human resource Development
4. Crop Management
5. Livestock Management
6. Rural energy Management
7. Afforestation

13. USES OF REQUIREMENTS OF WATER
Water Requirement for different Uses
Consumptive
uses
Partial
Consumptive
uses
Non consumptive
uses
Irrigation Domestic uses
Fire water
Institutional Need
Industrial Need
Thermal Power Generation
Hydro Electric Power Plant
Inland Navigation
Pollution Control
Recreational uses

14. NEED FOR CONSERVATION OF WATER
There are several reason which will stress that there is immediate
need for conservation of water
1. Variation in Rainfall
2. Area of water storage
3. Uncertainty of Precipitation
4. Future Needs

15. MEASURES FOR WATER CONSERVATION
1. Domestic Conservation
2. Industrial Conservation
3. Agricultural Conservation
DOMESTIC CONSERVATION
1. Verify your home leak free
2. Turn off water while brushing teeth
3. Keep overflow valve in overhead tank
4. Use sprinkler irrigation in your garden
5. Use waste water in flush
6. Save water using mug rather thain running water

16. INDUSTRIAL CONSERVATION
1. Install waste water treatment Plant in factory For treating waste water
2. Reuse cooling water for gardening or irrigation
3. Develop new plant which require less water
4. Check efficiency of water equipment on regular basis
AGRICULTURAL CONSERVATION
1. By Constructing structure like check dam
2. Avoid excess irrigation
3. Improve methods of irrigation like drip and sprinkler irrigation
4. Conventional flooding method of irrigation
5. Water meter should be installed to control the uses of water
6. Create awareness among farmer about the importance of water

17. DAMS
A dam is a hydraulic structure constructed across a river
or natural stream to create a reservoir for improving water
CLASSIFICATION OF DAMS
According to
uses
According to
hydraulic
structure
According to
Materials
According to
Structural
Behavior
1. Storage Dam
(Gravity Dam, Earthen
dam, Rock fill & Arch Dam)
2. Diversion Dam
(Weir & Barrage)
3. Detention Dam
(Debris dam)
1. Overflow
dams
2. Non overflow
dams
1.Rigid Dams
2.Non Rigid Dams
1.Gravity dam
2.Arch dam
3. Buttress dam
4. Earthen dam
5. Rock fill dam

18. According to Structural Behavior

19. 1. GRAVITY DAM
A gravity dam is a dam constructed
from concrete or stone masonry
and designed to hold back water
by utilizing the weight of the
material alone to resist the
horizontal pressure of water pushing
against it. Gravity dams are
designed so that each section of
the dam is stable, independent of
any other dam section.

20. 2. ARCH DAM
An arch dam is curved in
plan with its convexity
upstream side.
Arch dam transfer water
pressure & other force to
abutment by arch action
An arch dam is quite suitable
for narrow canyons with
strong banks which are
capable of resting the trust
produced by arch action

21. 3.BUTTRESS DAM
A buttress dam consist of number of
buttress or pier dividing the space.
To retain water between buttress, panels
are constructed of horizontal arches or flat
slabs.
Types of buttress dam
1. Deck type buttress dam
2. Multiple arch type buttress dam
3. Multiple dome type buttress dam
4. Bulk head type buttress dam

22. 4. EARTHEN DAM
Earth fill dam, also called Earth
Dam, or Embankment Dam.
Dam built up by compacting
successive layers of earth, using
the most impervious materials to
form a core and placing more
permeable substances on the
upstream and downstream sides.
A dam built of soil materials (sand,
loam, clay, and so on), with a
trapezoidal or nearly trapezoidal
cross section.

23. 5. ROCK FILL DAM
Rock-fill dams are embankments of
compacted free-draining granular earth
with an impervious zone.
The earth utilized often contains a high
percentage of large particles hence the
term rock-fill.

24. WEIR & BARRAGE
1. WEIR
2. BARRAGE

26. RAIN WATER HARVESTING
It is a technique of collecting rainwater
and store it by construction Special
Storage structure
Objectives
1.It checks runoff and avoid floods
2. Help in raising ground water table
3. Help in meeting increasing demands of
water
Methods
1.Roof water storage
2. Check dam
3.Field ponds
4.Percolation tanks
5. Culvert plugging

27. FLOOD CONTROL MEASURES

28. THANK YOU