1. Introduction to Kinematics
2. Methods of Describing Fluid Motion
a). Lagrangian Method
b). Eulerian Method
3. Flow Patterns
- Stream Line
- Path Line
- Streak Line
- Streak Tube
4. Classification of Fluid Flow
a). Steady and Unsteady Flow
b). Uniform and Non-Uniform Flow
c). Laminar and Turbulent Flow
d). Rotational and Irrotational Flow
e). Compressible and Incompressible Flow
f). Ideal and Real Flow
g). One, Two and Three Dimensional Flow
5. Rate of Flow (Discharge) and Continuity Equation
6. Continuity Equation in Three Dimensions
7. Velocity and Acceleration
8. Stream and Velocity Potential Functions
1. Introduction to Kinematics
2. Methods of Describing Fluid Motion
a). Lagrangian Method
b). Eulerian Method
3. Flow Patterns
- Stream Line
- Path Line
- Streak Line
- Streak Tube
4. Classification of Fluid Flow
a). Steady and Unsteady Flow
b). Uniform and Non-Uniform Flow
c). Laminar and Turbulent Flow
d). Rotational and Irrotational Flow
e). Compressible and Incompressible Flow
f). Ideal and Real Flow
g). One, Two and Three Dimensional Flow
5. Rate of Flow (Discharge) and Continuity Equation
6. Continuity Equation in Three Dimensions
7. Velocity and Acceleration
8. Stream and Velocity Potential Functions
A fluid is a state of matter in which its molecules move freely and do not bear a constant relationship in space to other molecules.
In physics, fluid flow has all kinds of aspects: steady or unsteady, compressible or incompressible, viscous or non-viscous, and rotational or irrotational to name a few. Some of these characteristics reflect properties of the liquid itself, and others focus on how the fluid is moving.
Fluids are :-
Liquid : blood, i.v. infusions)
Gas : O2 , N2O)
Vapour (transition from liquid to gas) : N2O (under compression in cylinder), volatile inhalational agents (halothane, isoflurane, etc)
Sublimate (transition from solid to gas bypassing liquid state) : Dry ice (solid CO2), iodine
Reynolds number and geometry concept, Momentum integral equations, Boundary layer equations, Flow over a flat plate, Flow over cylinder, Pipe flow, fully developed laminar pipe flow, turbulent pipe flow, Losses in pipe flow
Properties of Fluids, Fluid Static, Buoyancy and Dimensional AnalysisSatish Taji
The presentation includes a brief view of the basic properties of a fluid, fluid statics, Pascal's law, hydrostatic law, fluid classification, pressure measurement devices (manometers and mechanical gauges), hydrostatic forces on different surfaces, buoyancy and metacentric height, and dimensional analysis.
In engineering and science, dimensional analysis is the analysis of the relationships between different physical quantities by identifying their fundamental dimensions (such as length, mass, time, and electric charge) and units of measure (such as miles vs. kilometers, or pounds vs. kilograms vs. grams) and tracking these dimensions as calculations or comparisons are performed.
Dimensional analysis is one of the important topic of the fluid mechanics. It is useful for transferring data from one system to other system and also useful in reducing complexity of the equation.
A fluid is a state of matter in which its molecules move freely and do not bear a constant relationship in space to other molecules.
In physics, fluid flow has all kinds of aspects: steady or unsteady, compressible or incompressible, viscous or non-viscous, and rotational or irrotational to name a few. Some of these characteristics reflect properties of the liquid itself, and others focus on how the fluid is moving.
Fluids are :-
Liquid : blood, i.v. infusions)
Gas : O2 , N2O)
Vapour (transition from liquid to gas) : N2O (under compression in cylinder), volatile inhalational agents (halothane, isoflurane, etc)
Sublimate (transition from solid to gas bypassing liquid state) : Dry ice (solid CO2), iodine
Reynolds number and geometry concept, Momentum integral equations, Boundary layer equations, Flow over a flat plate, Flow over cylinder, Pipe flow, fully developed laminar pipe flow, turbulent pipe flow, Losses in pipe flow
Properties of Fluids, Fluid Static, Buoyancy and Dimensional AnalysisSatish Taji
The presentation includes a brief view of the basic properties of a fluid, fluid statics, Pascal's law, hydrostatic law, fluid classification, pressure measurement devices (manometers and mechanical gauges), hydrostatic forces on different surfaces, buoyancy and metacentric height, and dimensional analysis.
In engineering and science, dimensional analysis is the analysis of the relationships between different physical quantities by identifying their fundamental dimensions (such as length, mass, time, and electric charge) and units of measure (such as miles vs. kilometers, or pounds vs. kilograms vs. grams) and tracking these dimensions as calculations or comparisons are performed.
Dimensional analysis is one of the important topic of the fluid mechanics. It is useful for transferring data from one system to other system and also useful in reducing complexity of the equation.
Introduction to FLUID MECHANICS and its applicationkyunsoosilva14
Introduction to FLUID MECHANICS and its application.
Understand the basic concepts of Fluid Mechanics.
Recognize the various types of fluid flow problems encountered in practice.
Model engineering problems and solve them in a systematic manner.
Have a working knowledge of accuracy, precision, and significant digits, and recognize the importance of dimensional homogeneity in engineering calculations.
Mechanics: The oldest physical science that deals with both stationary and moving bodies under the influence of forces.
Statics: The branch of mechanics that
deals with bodies at rest.
Dynamics: The branch that deals with
bodies in motion.
Fluid mechanics: The science that deals with the behavior of fluids at rest (fluid statics) or in motion (fluid dynamics), and the interaction of fluids with solids or other fluids at the boundaries.
Fluid dynamics: Fluid mechanics is also referred to as fluid dynamics by considering fluids at rest as a special case of motion with zero velocity.
Hydrodynamics: The study of the motion of fluids that can be approximated as incompressible (such as liquids, especially water, and gases at low speeds).
Hydraulics: A subcategory of hydrodynamics, which deals with liquid flows in pipes and open channels.
Gas dynamics: Deals with the flow of fluids that undergo significant density changes, such as the flow of gases through nozzles at high speeds.
Aerodynamics: Deals with the flow of gases (especially air) over bodies such as aircraft, rockets, and automobiles at high or low speeds.
Meteorology, oceanography, and hydrology: Deal with naturally occurring flows.
Stress: Force per unit area.
Normal stress: The normal component of a force acting on a surface per unit area.
Shear stress: The tangential component of a force acting on a surface per unit area.
Pressure: The normal stress in a fluid at rest.
Zero shear stress: A fluid at rest is at a state of zero shear stress.
When the walls are removed or a liquid container is tilted, a shear develops as the liquid moves to re-establish a horizontal free surface.
The normal stress and shear stress at
the surface of a fluid element. For
fluids at rest, the shear stress is zero
and pressure is the only normal stress.
In a liquid, groups of molecules can move relative to each other, but the volume remains relatively constant because of the strong cohesive forces between the molecules. As a result, a liquid takes the shape of the container it is in, and it forms a free surface in a larger container in a gravitational field.
A gas expands until it encounters the walls of the container and fills the entire available space. This is because the gas molecules are widely spaced, and the cohesive forces between them are very small. Unlike liquids, a gas in an open container cannot form a free surface.
Laminar flow: The highly ordered fluid motion characterized by smooth layers of fluid. The flow of high-viscosity fluids such as oils at low velocities is typically laminar in flow.
ME 438 is a course taught by Dr. Bilal Siddiqui at DHA Suffa University. This set of lectures deals with review of vector calculus, fluid mechanics, circulation, source/sink method, introduction to computational aerodynamics with source panel method and calculation of lift.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
5. Born:287 BC.
Died: c. 212 BC (aged around 75)
Fields: Mathematics,
Physics,
Engineering
Astronomy
Inventor
Archimedes
5
6. Archimedes' principle
“Whenever a body is immersed wholly or partially in a fluid, it is
buoyed up (i.e. lifted up) by a force equal to the weight of the
fluid displaced by the body.”
6
7. ■ “The tendency of a fluid to uplift a submerged body,
because of the up-thrust of the fluid, is known as force of
buoyancy or simply buoyancy.”
■ The buoyant force acts vertically upward through the centroid of the
displaced volume and can be defined mathematically by Archimedes’
principle.
■ Buoyancy = weight of displaced fluid
dfd VF
7
8. Whenever a body is placed over a liquid, either it sinks down
or floats on the liquid.
Two forces involve are:
1. Gravitational Force
2. Up-thrust of the liquid
If Gravitation force is more than Upthrust, body will sink.
If Upthrust is more than Gravitation force, body will float.
Buoyancy
8
10. The center of buoyancy is the center of area of the immersed
section. Centre of buoyancy always act vertically upward.
10
11. ■ Whenever a body , floating in a liquid, is given a small angular displacement, is
starts oscillating about some point . This point , about which the body starts
oscillating, is called metacenter.
11
13. ■ The metacentric height (GM) is a measurement of the initial
static stability of a floating body. It is calculated as the distance
between the center of gravity of a ship and its metacenter.
■ The distance between center of gravity of a floating body and
the metacenter is called metacentric height.
Some values of metacentric height:
– Merchant Ships = upto 1.0m
– Sailing Ships = upto 1.5m
– Battle Ships = upto 2.0m
– River Craft = upto 3.5m
13
15. Considering a ship floating freely in water. Let the ship be given a
clockwise rotation through a small angle q (in radians) as shown in Fig.
The immersed section has now changed from acde to acd1e1.
15
16. ■ The original center of buoyancy B has now changed to a new position B1. It
may be noted that the triangular wedge ocn has gone under water. Since the
volume of water displaced remains the same, therefore the two triangular
wedges must have equal areas.
■ A little consideration will show, that as the triangular wedge oam has come
out of water, thus decreasing the force of buoyancy on the left, therefore it
tends to rotate the vessel in an anti-clockwise direction.
■ Similarly, as the triangular wedge ocn has gone under water, thus increasing
the force of buoyancy on the right, therefore it again tends to rotate the vessel
in an anticlockwise direction.
16
17. ■ It is thus obvious, that these forces of buoyancy will form a couple, which
will tend to rotate vessel in anticlockwise direction about O. If the angle
(q), through which the body is given rotation, is extremely small, then the
ship may be assumed to rotate about M (i.e., metacentre).
■ Let l =length of ship
b=breadth of ship
q=Very small angle through
which the ship is rotated
V=Volume of water displaced by the ship
17
18. From the geometry of the figure, we find that
am=cn=bq/2
Volume of wedge of water aom
= ½ (b/2 x am)xl
= ½ (b/2 x bq/2)l (am = bq/2)
=b2ql/8
Weight of this wedge of water
= b2ql/8 (=sp. Wt. of water)
And arm L.R. of the couple = 2/3 b
Moment of the restoring couple
= ( b2ql/8) x (2/3 b) = b3ql/12 …(i)
18
19. --And moment of the disturbing force
= V x BB1…(ii)
--Equating these two moments (i & ii),
b3ql/12 = x V x BB1
--Substituting values of:
lb3/12 = I
BB1 = BM x q in the above equation,
. I . q x V (BM x q)
BM = I/V
BM= Moment of inertia of the plan/ Volume of water displaced
19
20. Now metacentric height,
GM= BM BG
+ve sign is to be used if G is lower than B and,
–ve sign is to be used if G is higher than B.
20
21. ■ A body is said to be equilibrium, when it remains in a steady
state, while floating in a liquid. There are three condition of
equilibrium of a floating body:
1. Stable equilibrium
2. Unstable equilibrium, &
3. Newtral equilibrium
21
22. Stableequilibrium
■ A body is said to be in equilibrium, if it
returns back to its original position, when
given a small angular displacement.
Metacentre above the C.G.
22
23. Unstable equilibrium
■ A body is said to be in unequilibrium, if it does not
returns back to its original position and heels further
away, when given small angular displacement. This
happens metacentre below the C.G.
23
24. Newtral equilibrium
■ A body is said to be in newtral equilibrium, if it occupies a new
position and remains at rest in the new position, when given a
small angular displacement. This happens when the metacentre
coincides with the center of gravity of the floating body.
24
25. Discharge
■ The quantity of a liquid ,flowing per second through a
section of a pipe is known as discharge or rate of
discharge.
Discharge =Area * Average velocity
Q=AV
25
26. Equation of continuity of liquid flow
■ If an incompressible liquid is continuously flowing through a pipe or channel( whose
cross-section area may or may not be constant) the quantity of liquid passing per
second is the same at all sections.
That is,
Q1=Q2=Q3=…………
Where,
Q=av
a= cross- section area of pipe at section
v= velocity of the liquid.
26
28. Types of Flows in a Pipe
■ The type of a flow of a liquid depends upon the manner in
which the particles unite & move . Though there are many
types of flows, yet the following are important from the subject
point of view.
28
29. UniformFlow
■ A flow ,in which the
velocities of liquid
particles at all sections
of a pipe or channel are
equal, is called a
uniform flow. this term is
generally applied to flow
in channels.
29
30. Non Uniform Flow
■ A flow ,in which the velocities of liquid particles at all
sections of a pipe or channel are not equal, is called a non-
uniform flow.
30
31. Streamline Flow
■ A flow ,in which each liquid
particle has a definite path &
the paths of individual particles
do not cross each other , is
called a streamline flow . It is
also called a laminar flow.
31
32. Turbulent Flow
■ A flow ,in which each liquid particle does not have a definite
path & the paths of individual particles also cross each other ,
is called a turbulent Flow.
32
33. Steady Flow
■ A flow , in which the quality of liquid flowing per second is
constant , is called a steady flow . A steady flow may be
uniform or non- uniform.
33
34. Unsteady Flow
■A flow , in which the quality
of liquid flowing per second
is not constant, is called a
unsteady flow.
34
35. Compressible Flow
■ A flow , in which the volume of a fluid and its density
changes during the flow , is called a compressible flow .All the
gases are , generally, considered to have compressible flows.
35
36. Incompressible Flow
■ A flow , in which the volume of a flowing fluid and its density does
not change during the flow , is called a un compressible flow .All the
liquids are , generally, considered to have incompressible flows.
36
37. Rotational Flow
■ A flow , in which the fluid particles also rotate ( i.e., have some angular
velocity ) about their own axes while flowing, is called a rotational flow .
In a rotational ,if a match stick is thrown on the surface of the moving
fluid ,it will rotate about its axis…
37
38. Irrotational Flow
■ A flow , in which the fluid particles do not rotate about their own axes
and retain their original orientations ,is called an irrotational flow. In an
irrotational flow , if a match stick is thrown on the surface of the moving
fluid , it does not rotate about its axis but its original orientation.
38
39. One-dimensional Flow
■ A flow , in which the streamlines of its moving particles may be represented by straight
line, is called one-dimensional flow. It is because of the reason that a straight streamline,
being a mathematical line, possesses one dimension only i.e. either x-x 0r y-y or z-z
direction.
39
40. Two-dimensional Flow
■ A flow ,whose streamlines may be
represented by a curve , is called a
two dimensional flow .It is because
of the reason that a curved
streamline will be along any two
mutually perpendicular directions.
40
41. Three-dimensional
■ A flow ,whose streamlines may be represented in space i.e.
along three mutually perpendicular directions , is called three-
dimensional flow.
41