Units and dimensions- Properties of fluids- mass density, specific weight, specific volume,
specific gravity, viscosity, compressibility, vapor pressure, surface tension and capillarity. Flow
characteristics – concept of control volume - application of continuity equation, energy
equation and momentum equation.
In engineering and science, dimensional analysis is the analysis of the relationships between different physical quantities by identifying their fundamental dimensions (such as length, mass, time, and electric charge) and units of measure (such as miles vs. kilometers, or pounds vs. kilograms vs. grams) and tracking these dimensions as calculations or comparisons are performed.
In engineering and science, dimensional analysis is the analysis of the relationships between different physical quantities by identifying their fundamental dimensions (such as length, mass, time, and electric charge) and units of measure (such as miles vs. kilometers, or pounds vs. kilograms vs. grams) and tracking these dimensions as calculations or comparisons are performed.
Topics:
1. Introduction to Fluid Dynamics
2. Surface and Body Forces
3. Equations of Motion
- Reynold’s Equation
- Navier-Stokes Equation
- Euler’s Equation
- Bernoulli’s Equation
- Bernoulli’s Equation for Real Fluid
4. Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation
5. The Momentum Equation
6. Application of Momentum Equations
- Force exerted by flowing fluid on pipe bend
- Force exerted by the nozzle on the water
7. Measurement of Flow Rate
a). Venturimeter
b). Orifice Meter
c). Pitot Tube
8. Measurement of Flow Rate in Open Channels
a) Notches
b) Weirs
1. Introduction to Kinematics
2. Methods of Describing Fluid Motion
a). Lagrangian Method
b). Eulerian Method
3. Flow Patterns
- Stream Line
- Path Line
- Streak Line
- Streak Tube
4. Classification of Fluid Flow
a). Steady and Unsteady Flow
b). Uniform and Non-Uniform Flow
c). Laminar and Turbulent Flow
d). Rotational and Irrotational Flow
e). Compressible and Incompressible Flow
f). Ideal and Real Flow
g). One, Two and Three Dimensional Flow
5. Rate of Flow (Discharge) and Continuity Equation
6. Continuity Equation in Three Dimensions
7. Velocity and Acceleration
8. Stream and Velocity Potential Functions
Dimensional analysis Similarity laws Model laws R A Shah
Rayleigh's method- Theory and Examples
Buckingham Pi Theorem- Theory and Examples
Model and Similitude
Forces on Fluid
Dimensionless Numbers
Model laws
Distorted models
UNIT I FLUID POWER PRINICIPLES AND HYDRAULIC PUMPS 9
Introduction to Fluid power – Advantages and Applications – Fluid power systems – Types of fluids
- Properties of fluids and selection – Basics of Hydraulics – Pascal’s Law – Principles of flow - Friction loss – Work, Power and Torqu
Topics:
1. Introduction to Fluid Dynamics
2. Surface and Body Forces
3. Equations of Motion
- Reynold’s Equation
- Navier-Stokes Equation
- Euler’s Equation
- Bernoulli’s Equation
- Bernoulli’s Equation for Real Fluid
4. Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation
5. The Momentum Equation
6. Application of Momentum Equations
- Force exerted by flowing fluid on pipe bend
- Force exerted by the nozzle on the water
7. Measurement of Flow Rate
a). Venturimeter
b). Orifice Meter
c). Pitot Tube
8. Measurement of Flow Rate in Open Channels
a) Notches
b) Weirs
1. Introduction to Kinematics
2. Methods of Describing Fluid Motion
a). Lagrangian Method
b). Eulerian Method
3. Flow Patterns
- Stream Line
- Path Line
- Streak Line
- Streak Tube
4. Classification of Fluid Flow
a). Steady and Unsteady Flow
b). Uniform and Non-Uniform Flow
c). Laminar and Turbulent Flow
d). Rotational and Irrotational Flow
e). Compressible and Incompressible Flow
f). Ideal and Real Flow
g). One, Two and Three Dimensional Flow
5. Rate of Flow (Discharge) and Continuity Equation
6. Continuity Equation in Three Dimensions
7. Velocity and Acceleration
8. Stream and Velocity Potential Functions
Dimensional analysis Similarity laws Model laws R A Shah
Rayleigh's method- Theory and Examples
Buckingham Pi Theorem- Theory and Examples
Model and Similitude
Forces on Fluid
Dimensionless Numbers
Model laws
Distorted models
UNIT I FLUID POWER PRINICIPLES AND HYDRAULIC PUMPS 9
Introduction to Fluid power – Advantages and Applications – Fluid power systems – Types of fluids
- Properties of fluids and selection – Basics of Hydraulics – Pascal’s Law – Principles of flow - Friction loss – Work, Power and Torqu
FMM- UNIT I FLUID PROPERTIES AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICSKarthik R
Units and dimensions- Properties of fluids- mass density, specific weight, specific volume, specific gravity, viscosity, compressibility, vapor pressure, surface tension and capillarity. Flow characteristics – concept of control volume - application of continuity equation, energy equation and momentum equation.
Unit 3 introduction to fluid mechanics as per AKTU KME101TVivek Singh Chauhan
strictly following syllabus of KME 101T of AKTU for first yr 2021
fluid properties, bernoulli's equation with proof and numericals , pumps, turbine , hydraulic lift, continuity equation
FMM- UNIT I FLUID PROPERTIES AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICSKarthik R
Units and dimensions- Properties of fluids- mass density, specific weight, specific volume, specific gravity, viscosity, compressibility, vapor pressure, surface tension and capillarity. Flow characteristics – concept of control volume - application of continuity equation, energy equation and momentum equation.
Hydraulic consists of the application of fluid mechanics to water flowing in an isolated environment (pipe, pump) or in an open channel (river, lake, ocean). Civil engineers are primarily concerned with open channel flow, which is governed by the interdependent interaction between the water and the channel. Applications include the design of hydraulic structures, such as sewage conduits, dams and breakwaters, the management of waterways, such as erosion protection and flood protection, and environmental management, such as prediction of the mixing and transport of pollutants in surface water.
Centre lathe, constructional features, specification, operations – taper turning methods, thread cutting methods, special attachments, machining time and power estimation. Capstan and turret lathes- tool layout – automatic lathes: semi automatic – single spindle : Swiss type, automatic screw type – multi spindle:
Centre lathe, constructional features, specification, operations – taper turning methods, thread
cutting methods, special attachments, machining time and power estimation. Capstan and turret
lathes- tool layout – automatic lathes: semi automatic – single spindle : Swiss type, automatic
screw type – multi spindle:
UNIT III SHAPER, MILLING AND GEAR CUTTING MACHINESKarthik R
Shaper - Types of operations. Drilling ,reaming, boring, Tapping. Milling operations-types of milling
cutter. Gear cutting – forming and generation principle and construction of gear milling ,hobbing
and gear shaping processes –finishing of gears.
Mechanics of chip formation, single point cutting tool, forces in machining, Types of chip, cutting
tools– nomenclature, orthogonal metal cutting, thermal aspects, cutting tool materials, tool wear,
tool life, surface finish, cutting fluids and Machinability
Law of toothed gearing – Involutes and cycloidal tooth profiles –Spur Gear terminology and
definitions –Gear tooth action – contact ratio – Interference and undercutting. Helical, Bevel, Worm, Rack and Pinion gears
Law of toothed gearing – Involutes and cycloidal tooth profiles –Spur Gear terminology and
definitions –Gear tooth action – contact ratio – Interference and undercutting. Helical, Bevel, Worm, Rack and Pinion gears
Law of toothed gearing – Involutes and cycloidal tooth profiles –Spur Gear terminology and
definitions –Gear tooth action – contact ratio – Interference and undercutting. Helical, Bevel, Worm, Rack and Pinion gears
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.
FMM- UNIT I FLUID PROPERTIES AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS
1. FLUID MECHANICS
Fluid mechanics is that branch of science which deals
with the behavior of fluids (liquids or gases) at rest as
well as in motion.
This branch of science deals with the static,
kinematics and dynamic aspects of fluids.
The study of fluids at rest is called fluid statics.
The study of fluids in motion, where pressure forces
are not considered, is called fluid kinematics.
The pressure forces are also considered for the fluids
in motion, that branch of science is called fluid
dynamics.
3. SYLLABUS
Units and dimensions- Properties of fluids- mass
density, specific weight, specific volume, specific
gravity, viscosity, compressibility, vapor pressure,
surface tension and capillarity. Flow
characteristics– concept of control volume -
application of continuity equation, energy
equation and momentum equation.
4. DEFINE FLUID
A fluid (or) liquid, which is capable of flowing.
It has no own shape, but confirms to the shape of
the containing vessels.
A fluid is a substance that
continually deforms under an applied shear stress
Liquids are like water, milk, air, steam.
MATTER EXISTS IN TWO STATES:
solids and the fluids.
fluids state being commonly divided into the
liquid and gaseous states.
5. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SOLIDS
AND FLUIDS
A solid is generally own shape and change in volume
under pure compressive load.
It resistance to change in shape without a change in
volume under the application of tangential forces.
The spacing and latitude of motion of molecules are
very small in solids, large in a liquid and extremely
large in gas.
The intermolecular bonds are very strong in solids,
weak in liquids and very weak in gases.
Solids are very compact and rigid. Solids materials
are steel, wood, plastics etc.
6.
7.
8. UNITS AND DIMENSIONS
The word dimensions are used to describe basic concepts like mass,
length, time, temperature and force. Units are the means of expressing
the value of the dimension quantitatively or numerically.
All physical quantities are measured by units.
There are two types of units:
(i). Fundamental units.
(ii). Derived units.
FUNDAMENTAL UNITS.
All physical quantities are expressed the following :
1.Length(L)
2.Mass(M)
3.Time(T)
DERIVED UNITS.
Derived units are expressed in terms of fundamental units, this are area,
velocity, pressure etc.
9. SYSTEM OF UNITS
CGS Units
The fundamental units of length, mass and time are taken as
centimeter, gram and second respectively.
FPS Units
The fundamental units of length, mass and time are taken as
feet, pound and second respectively.
MKS Units
In this system, the fundamental units of length, mass and time
are taken as meter, kilogram, and seconds respectively.
The MKS units are called as gravitational units or engineers
units.
SI Units
This system has six basic units, two supplementary units and
twenty seven derived units.
10. S.I Six Basic Units
Quantity SI Unit Dimension
Length Metre, m L
Mass Kilogram, kg M
Time Second, s T
Temperature Kelvin, K
Current Ampere, A I
Luminosity Candela Cd
11. Two Supplementary Units
One is for measuring the plane angle called
radian(rad).
Another for measuring solid angle called
stearadian(Sr).
12. Derived Units
Quantity SI Unit
Volume m3
Area m2
velocity m/s
Discharge m3 /s
acceleration m/s2
force N
Torque, energy,
work
Joule J (or) N m
power Watt W
pressure ( or stress) N/m2
density kg /m3
Dynamic viscosity N s/m2
surface tension N/m
Kinematic viscosity m2/s
13. Thermal conductivity W/mK
Specific heat J/kgK
Entropy J/K
Momentum Kg-m/s
Weight density N/m3
Frequency Hz
Angular velocity Rad/s
Angular acceleration Rad/s2
14. DIFFERENT TYPES OF FLUIDS
Basically the fluids are classified into 5 types
and these are
1. Ideal fluid
2. Real fluid
3. Newtonian fluid
4. Non-Newtonian fluid, and
5. Ideal plastic fluid
15.
16. Ideal Fluid
A fluid which is incompressed and have no viscosity falls in the category of ideal
fluid.
Ideal fluid is not found in actual practice but it is an imaginary fluid because all
the fluid that exist in the environment have some viscosity. there in no ideal fluid in
reality.
Real Fluid
A fluid which has at least some viscosity is called real fluid.
Actually all the fluids existing or present in the environment are called real fluids..
Newtonian Fluid
If a real fluid obeys the Newton's law of viscosity (i.e the shear stress is directly
proportional to the shear strain) then it is known as the Newtonian fluid.
Example: water, kerosene
Non-Newtonian Fluid
If real fluid does not obeys the Newton's law of viscosity then it is called Non-
Newtonian fluid.
Example: paint, toothpaste
Ideal Plastic Fluid
A fluid having the value of shear stress more than the yield value and shear stress
is proportional to the shear strain (velocity gradient) is known as ideal plastic fluid.
17. PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
Density (or) Mass Density:(ρ)
Density or mass density of a fluid is defined as the ratio
of the mass of a fluid to its volume.
Thus mass per unit volume of a fluid is called density.
ρ = Mass of fluid / Volume of fluid
Its units ,kg/m3
Temperature increase with density decrease
Pressure increase with density increase
To estimate the density from characteristic gas equation
of Pv = mRT (R= 287J/kgK (or) 0.287 KJ/kg)
Water = 1000 kg/m3, Mercury = 13600 kg/m3, Air = 1.23
kg/m3, Paraffin Oil = 800 kg/m3.
(at pressure =1.013 N/m2, and Temperature = 288.15 K.)
18. Specific weight or weight density:(w)
Specific weight or weight density of a fluid is the ratio
between the weight of a fluid to its volume.
The weight per unit volume of a fluid is called Specific
weight or weight density
It various from place to place because of acceleration due
to gravity changing from place to place.
Specific weight, w = Weight of fluid / Volume of fluid
w = ρg (w=W/V = mg/V = ρg)
Its units, N/m3
Temperature increase with specific weight decrease
Pressure increase with specific weight increase
Water =9810 N/m3, Mercury = 132943 N/m3, Air =12.07
N/m3, Paraffin Oil =7851 N/m3
19. Specific Volume:(v)
Specific volume of a fluid is defined as the
volume of a fluid occupied by a unit mass or
volume per unit mass of a fluid.
v = Volume of fluid / Mass of fluid
= 1/ ρ
Its units, m3/kg
20. Specific Gravity (or) Relative Density :(S)
Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the density
of a fluid to density of a standard fluid.
S = density of a fluid / density of a standard fluid.
Specific gravity of mercury is 13.6
21. Viscosity
Viscosity is the property of a fluid, due to cohesion and interaction between
molecules, which offers resistance to sheer deformation.
Different fluids deform at different rates under the same shear stress.
Fluid with a high viscosity such as syrup, deforms more slowly than fluid with a
low viscosity such as water.
Shear stress,
22. Viscosity is defined as the property of a fluid which offers resistance to the
movement of one layer of fluid over adjacent layer of the fluid.
When two layers of a fluid, a distance ‘dy’ apart, move one over the other at different
velocities, say u and u+du.
The viscosity together with relative velocity causes a shear stress acting between the
fluid layers.
The top layer causes a shear stress on the adjacent lower layer while the lower layer
causes a shear stress on the adjacent top layer.
This shear stress is proportional to the rate of change of velocity with respect to y.
23. Dynamic Viscosity (µ):
Its defined as the Shear stress(τ), required causing
unit rate of shear deformation(du/dy).
µ = τ /(du/dy).
Its units, N-s/m2 (or) kg/m-s (or) poise
Kinematic Viscosity (ν):
Its defined as the ratio of dynamic viscosity to mass
density.
Its units, m2/s (or) stoke
25. VAPORIZATION:
• A change from the liquid state to the gaseous state is known as
vaporization.
VAPOUR PRESSURE:
• The liquid is kept in closed vessel.
• The vaporization take place, the molecules escapes from the free
surface of the liquid.
• This vapour molecules occupies the space b/w free liquid surface
and the top of the vessel.
• These accumulated vapours exert a pressure on the liquid surface.
• This pressure is called the vapour pressure of the liquid.
• Water vapour pressure is 2337N/m2 at 200C, but 101325N/m2 at
1000C.
26. SURFACE TENSION
Surface tension is defined as the tensile force acting on the surface of a
liquid in contact with a gas or on the surface between two immiscible
liquids such that the contact surface behaves like a membrane under
tension.
Due to molecules attraction, liquids have properties of cohesion and
adhesion.
Cohesion is due to the force of attraction b/w molecular of same liquid.
This force is very small.
Adhesion is due to the force of attraction b/w the molecules of two
different liquid.
The molecules of the liquid and molecules of solid surface
27.
28. BULK MODULUS
It define as the ratio of change in pressure to the rate of
change of volume is called as bulk modulus of the material.
Bulk modulus (K) = (change in pressure) /
(volumetric strain)
K = -(dp/(dV/V))
Volumetric strain is the change in volume divided by the
original volume. (dV/V)
Negative sign for dV indicates the volume decreases as
pressure increases.
K = dp/(dρ/ρ) [dV/V = - dρ/ρ]
Typical values of Bulk Modulus:
• K = 2.05 x 109 N/m2 for water
• K = 1.62 x 109 N/m2 for oil.
29. COMPRESSIBILITY
The compressibility of a fluid is the reduction of the volume of the
fluid due to an external pressure acting on it.
A compressible fluid will reduce (or) change in volume in the
presence of external pressure.
Compressibility is the reciprocal of the bulk modulus of elasticity, K
which is defined as the ratio of compressive stress to volumetric
strain.
Compressibility is given by = 1/K
Its unit in N/m2
In nature all the fluids are compressible. Gases are highly
compressible but liquid s are not highly compressible.
Relationship b/w bulk modulus (K) and Pressure(P) for a gas
The relationship b/w bulk modulus of elasticity(K) and Pressure for
a gas for two different processes of compression are as:
(i). Isothermal process.
(ii). Isentropic (or) adiabatic process.
30. CAPILLARITY
Capillarity is defined as a phenomenon of rise or fall of a
liquid surface relative to the adjacent general level of liquid in
a small tube, when the tube is held vertically in the liquid
Capillarity occurs because of intermolecular forces b/w the
liquid and surrounding solid surface. And due to pressure of
cohesion and adhesion which cause the liquid work against
gravity
It is expressed in terms of cm or mm of liquid.
Its value depends upon the specific weight of the liquid,
diameter of the tube and surface tension of the liquid.
31. CAPILLARY RISE
If the glass tube is inserted vertically in a liquid, say water. The liquid
will rise in the tube above the level of the liquid surface is known as
capillary rise
σ = Surface tension of liquid.
θ = Angle of contact b/w liquid and glass tube.
The Weight of liquid of height h in the tube = (Area of tube x h) x ρ x g
= (π/4 x d2 x h) x ρ x g ------------------------- (i)
Vertical component of the surface tensile force = (σ x Circumference) x cos θ
= σ x πd x cos θ ------------------------------- (ii)
Equating equation (i) & (ii)
(π/4 x d2 x h) x ρ x g = σ x πd x cos θ
h = σ x πd x cos θ / (π/4 x d2) x ρ x g
h = 4 σ cos θ / ρ x g x d
32. CAPILLARY DEPRESSION
If the glass tube is dipped vertically in a liquid, say mercury. The level of
mercury in the tube will be lower than the general level of the outside
liquid.
Two forces are acting on the mercury inside the tube.
First one is due to surface tension acting in the down ward direction
and equal to σ x πd x cos θ --------- (i)
Second force is due to hydrostatic force acting upward and is equal to
intensity of pressure at a depth ‘h’ x Area
= p x (π/4 x d2 ) = ρg x h x (π/4 x d2 ) -------------- (ii)
• Equating equation (i) & (ii)
• σ x πd x cos θ = ρ x g x h x (π/4 x d2 )
• h = 4 σ cos θ / ρ x g x d