Surveying

1. Modern equipment's

2. Introduction
Modern equipment's in Survey Work:
EDM: Electronic Distance Measurement.
Auto level.
Digital level.
Total station.
Remote Sensing System
 GPS: Global Positioning System.

3. EDM
Measurement of distance is accomplished with a modulated
microwave or infrared carrier signal, generated by a small solid-
state emitter within the instrument's optical path, and bounced off
of the object to be measured.
The modulation pattern in the returning signal is read and
interpreted by the on board computer in the EDM.
The distance is determined by emitting and receiving multiple
frequencies, and determining the integer number of wavelengths
to the target for each frequency.

4. EDM

5. Principle Of EDM
The general principle involves sending a modulated Electro-
magnetic (EM) beam from one transmitter at the master station to
a reflector at the remote station and receiving it back at the master
station.
The instrument measures slope distance between transmitter and
receiver by modulating the continuous carrier wave at different
frequencies, and then measuring the phase difference at the master
station between the outgoing and the incoming signals.

6. Operation With EDM
Measurement with EDM involves four basic steps:
(a) Set up
(b) Aim
(c) Measure
(d) Record

7. Auto Level
Now most commonly used levelling instruments are – Auto level.
It has a auto level compensator and corrects automatically if
instrument goes out of level within it’s range.
Advantages
Survey work can be done fast,
Less chances of error,
Magnification available is more,
Range is more,
Image is erect so less chances of error.

8. AUTO LEVEL

9. Digital level
They are not popular instead auto levels are more extensively
used.
The Trimble DiNi Digital Level Determine accurate height
information 60% faster than with automatic levelling
Eliminate errors and reduce rework with digital readings
Transfer data to the office easily
Measure to a field of just 30 cm

10. Recently electronic digital levels have evolved as a result of
development in electronics and digital image processing.
Digital levels use electronic image processing to evaluate the
special bar-coded staff reading.
 This bar-coded pattern is converted into elevation and distance
values using a digital image matching procedure within the
instrument.

11. Digital level

12. Total Station
A total station integrates the functions of a theodolite for
measuring angles, an EDM for measuring distances, digital data
and a data recorder.
Examples of total stations are the Sokkia Set4C and the
Geodimeter 400 series.
All total stations have similar constructional features regardless
of their age or level of technology, and all perform basically the
same functions.

13. TOTAL STATION
Components

15. Uses
Angle measurement
Distance measurement
Provision of control surveys
 Contour and detail mapping
 Setting out and construction work

16. CTS BergerT S CST/berger 56-CST302R-RTCST302R 2
Second Electronic ReflectorlessT S
Geomax Zoom90 2″
RoboticT S
Leica Builder 206 (6″)
ReflectorlessT S
LeicaTS06plus 2″
R500T S
LeicaTS06plus 1″
R500T S
Maple MPE-825R
ReflectorlessT S
Maple Reflectorless 2″T S

17. Nikon NPL-322 (5″)
ReflectorlessT S
DTM-322 2″ Nikon T S Nivo 5.M Dual Face
Nikon T S
NWI NTS02T S
NWI NTS02BT S Sokkia Cygnus KS-102PS
Reflectorless (2-Second)T S South NTS-365 5″T S
GPT-3205N (5″) Reflectorless
TopconT S

18. Remote Sensing System
Science and art of obtaining information about an object, area, or
phenomenon through the analysis of data acquired by a device
that is not in contact with the object, area, or phenomenon under
investigation
A typical remote sensing system consists of the following sub-
systems:
(a) scene
(b) sensor
(c) processing (ground) segment
The electro-magnetic (EM) energy forms the fundamental
component of a RS system

20. Global Positioning System
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based satellite
navigation system that provides location and time information in
all weather conditions, anywhere on or near the Earth where there
is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites.
A global navigation satellite system consisting of positioning
satellites and their associated ground stations.
The system provides critical capabilities to military, civil and
commercial users around the world.
It is maintained by the US government and is freely accessible to
anyone with a GPS receiver.

21. Application of GPS

22. How it Works?

23. Thank You
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