1) First aid involves providing immediate care to sick or injured people until full medical treatment is available. It aims to preserve life, prevent worsening of conditions, and promote recovery.
2) The roles of a first aider include managing incidents, assessing casualties, arranging emergency help, providing appropriate first aid treatments, documenting details, and handing over care.
3) When providing first aid, it is important to control bleeding, treat for shock, check for fractures or spinal injuries, and seek medical help for serious conditions.
Basic first aid for beginners other than medical person who would like to know basics of first aid to help in their community in case of accidents and related cases
This presentation is designed to cover some of the principles of Basic Life Support & First Aid as of January 2012. This includes things such as;
- DRABCD
- Care for Bleeding
- Care for Shock
- First Aid for Sprains & Strains
- Care for dislocations and fractures
- Poisoning
- Burns
- Diabetic Emergencies
It is not comprehensive, but is designed to refresh those who have had any previous experience in Basic Life Support. In saying that being able to apply some of these skills is useful for anyone.
This is the latest version of the presentation.
Basic first aid for beginners other than medical person who would like to know basics of first aid to help in their community in case of accidents and related cases
This presentation is designed to cover some of the principles of Basic Life Support & First Aid as of January 2012. This includes things such as;
- DRABCD
- Care for Bleeding
- Care for Shock
- First Aid for Sprains & Strains
- Care for dislocations and fractures
- Poisoning
- Burns
- Diabetic Emergencies
It is not comprehensive, but is designed to refresh those who have had any previous experience in Basic Life Support. In saying that being able to apply some of these skills is useful for anyone.
This is the latest version of the presentation.
This series of blog has been prepared by the author (Shahadat Hossain Shaki) for the partial
fulfilment of his master’s program course ―Key Debates in Environmental Governance‖, which has been supervised by Prof. Dr. Maria Kaika.
Blog Link: http://environmentalgovernance.wordpress.com/author/shshakil/
Author can be contacted for further query and suggestions at : shshakil.buet@gmail.com
This series of blog has been prepared by the author (Shahadat Hossain Shaki) for the partial
fulfilment of his master’s program course ―Key Debates in Environmental Governance‖, which has been supervised by Prof. Dr. Maria Kaika.
Blog Link: http://environmentalgovernance.wordpress.com/author/shshakil/
Author can be contacted for further query and suggestions at : shshakil.buet@gmail.com
Facilitator Guide for Community-based Health and First Aid-Vol2Ochir Consulting Ltd
The goal of community-based health and first aid (CBHFA) is the creation of a healthy community. Growing a healthy community is a lifelong process, one that requires persistence and constant nurturing. Therefore, the CBHFA commitment is a long-term engagement.
CBHFA is an integrated community-based approach in which Red Cross Red Crescent volunteers work with their communities in disease prevention, health promotion, first aid and disaster preparedness and response. With this integrated approach, different aspects of vulnerability are identified and addressed. The community is at the centre of the process.
This Facilitator Guide is written for CBHFA in action facilitators. It is a resource to assist you in preparing CBHFA in action volunteers for the important work they will perform in their own communities.
Bandaging and Splinting & Slings; Techniques and Types (Health Subject)Jewel Jem
A short report about bandaging, types of bandages, bandaging techniques and even Splinting & Slings, types of splinting & slings, splinting & Splints techniques
first aid emergency total content 8.4.22.pptxanjalatchi
First aid is the first and immediate assistance given to any person with either a minor or serious illness or injury, with care provided to preserve life, prevent the condition from worsening, or to promote recovery until medical services arrive. First aid is generally performed by someone with basic medical training
FIRST AID
First aid is the provision of immediate care to a victim with an injury or illness, usually effected by a lay person, and performed within a limited skill range.
•First aid is normally performed until the injury or illness is satisfactorily dealt with (such as in the case of small cuts, minor bruises, and blisters) or until the next level of care, such as a paramedic or doctor, arrives.
•First aid is an emergency aid or treatment given to someone injured, suddenly ill, etc., before regular medical services arrive or can be reached.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
2. Definitions of ‘first aid’
“Help given to a
sick or injured
person until full
medical treatment
is available”
3. So what does this mean?
First aid can be anything from putting on a
plaster to saving someone’s life
You don’t need formal first aid training to
help someone in need
4. The aims of first aid
Broadly, there are three main aims when administering
first aid:
●Preserve life
●Prevent worsening of the condition (if possible)
●Promote recovery
For example, applying a plaster is preventing the
condition (a cut) from worsening by stopping infection!
These aims are known as the ‘three Ps’
5. Roles of a first aider
● Manage the incident and ensure the continuing safety of themselves,
bystanders and the casualty
● Assess casualties and find out the nature & cause of their injuries
● Arrange for further medical help or other emergency services to attend
(e.g: the fire service)
● If trained, prioritize casualties based upon medical need
● Provide appropriate first aid treatment as trained
● If able, make notes/observations of casualties
● Fill out any paperwork as required
● Provide a handover when further medical help arrives
6. Calling for emergency help
Ensure you know which number to call!
Give clear, precise information about
●The location of the incident
●The number of casualties / people involved
●The nature of their injuries
●In some cases, their age
●Any hazards at the incident (e.g: spilt fuel, fire, electricity)
If the area is remote/difficult to access, consider sending
someone to meet the emergency services
7. Managing an incident
Always be aware of potential dangers at an incident (e.g:
traffic, fire, electricity). Never put yourself or other
bystanders in danger
YOU are the most important person
If the incident is too dangerous to approach, stay back
and call for emergency help
9. Initial Assessment of the scene
• Goal of the initial assessment:
– Visually determine whether there are life-threatening or
other serious problems that require quick care.
– Determine if victim is conscious - by tap and shout. Check
for ABC as indicated:
• A = Airway Open? – Head-tilt/Chin-lift.
• B = Breathing? – Look, listen, and feel.
• C = Circulation? – Check for signs of circulation.
Note: These step-by-step initial assessment should not be
changed. It takes less than a minute to complete, unless first aid
is required at any point.
• Breathing
• Bleeding
• Shock
• Burn
• Choking
• Heart Attack
• Fractures
10. Victim Assessment Sequence
– If victim is responsive
• Ask them what injuries or difficulties they are
experiencing.
• Check and provide first aid for these complaints as well
as others that may be involved.
– If victim is not responsive (Unconscious or
incoherent).
• Observe for obvious signs of injury or illness:
– Check from head to toe
• Provide first aid/CPR for injuries or illness observed.
11.
12. HYPERTHERMIA & HYPOTHERMIA
Hyperthermia:
Body temperature above 38 degrees
Above 42 degrees=FATAL
Hypothermia:
Body temperature below 36 degrees
Below 26 degrees=FATAL
Normal body Temperature=37 degree Celsius
13. HYPERTHERMIA
Due to loss of fluid(by sweating) & salt
3 problems:
1.Heat Cramps
2. Heat Exhaustion
3.Heat Stroke/Sun Stroke
14. Heat Cramps:
Signs & symptoms:
1. Muscle pain: in legs & lower abdomen
2. Skin: pale and moist
3. Breathing: Rapid & shallow
Treatment:
1. Move the casualty to a cool place
2. Give a cold salty drink
3. Stretch the muscle: when it is relaxed
4. Monitor the temperature
NB:DO NOT massage or rub the cramping muscle-it worsens
the pain
15. Heat Exhaustion
Signs & symptoms:
1. Light headedness & faintness
2. There may be vomiting and diarrhea
3. Pulse: rapid and weak
Treatment:
1. Remove as much clothing as possible
2. Treat for shock: lay down and raise legs
3. Wet the skin & fan with a towel
NB:DO NOT over cool
16. Heat Stroke
Signs & symptoms:
1. Headache and dizziness
2. Level of consciousness decreases rapidly
3. Skin hot, flushed & dry
4. Deep breathing
5. Convulsions may occur
Treatment:
1. Urgent medical attention
17. HYPOTHERMIA
36
35
33
32
30
29
28
26
Shivering, cold hands & feet------------------------numbness in limbs
Changes in mood-------------------slower to understand and respond
Confusion, abnormal behavior---------------------------shivering stops
Clumsy, stumbling, falling--------------slurred speech, blurred vision
Decreased level of consciousness---------------muscles become rigid
Unconscious--------------------------------shallow breathing, weak pulse
Cold, bluish color----------------------------------------------enlarged pupils
Death from heart failure-------------------------------------(((ONE HOUR)))
18. Hypothermia-Treatment
1. Prevent Heat Loss & Improve body temperature
2. Warming must be done slowly
3. Ignore pleas of “Leave me alone----I am OK”-
This is very common
4. Get casualty to dry shelter
5. Dry the skin
6. Use blankets: warm head and trunk first—limbs
later
7. Treat for shock and watch casualty all the time
NB:DO NOT use artificial heat---can stop heart
20. First aid for minor wounds
> Wear gloves if available
> Clean the wound thoroughly with antiseptic wipes or
saline
> Do not remove any embedded objects (e.g: glass) –
seek medical advice
> Cover the wound using a clean dressing (plaster, non-
adherent pad etc.)
> Seek medical advice if there are any signs of infection –
redness, swelling or the area is warm to the touch
21. Basic First Aid for Wounds
A break in the skin’s surface that results in external
bleeding and may allow bacteria to enter the body
that can cause infection
• Abrasion
• Laceration
• Incisions
• Punctures
• Avulsion
• Amputation
22. Basic First Aid for Wounds Cont.
• What to Do???????????:
– Wear gloves (if possible) and expose wound
– Control bleeding
– Clean wounds
• To prevent infection
• Wash shallow wound gently with soap and water
• Wash from the center out / Irrigate with water
– Severe wound?
• Clean only after bleeding has stopped
23. Basic First Aid for Wounds Cont.
• Wounds Care
– Remove small objects that do not flush out by
irrigation with sterile tweezers.
– If bleeding restarts, apply direct pressure.
– Use roller bandages (or tape dressing to the body)
– Keep dressings dry and clean
– Change the dressing daily, or more often if it gets
wet or dirty.
24. Basic First Aid for Wounds Cont.
• Signs of Wound Infection:
– Swelling, and redness around the wound
– A sensation of warmth
– Throbbing pain
– Fever / chills
– Swollen lymph nodes
– Red streaks
• Tetanus (lock jaw), should receive injection in first 72
hours.
25. REMEMBER: PEEP
PEEP is a way of remembering what to do if
someone is bleeding.
P: Position the casualty in a position of rest
E: Elevate above the level of the heart
E: Expose & examine the wound
P: Pressure. Apply direct pressure.
26. What not to do
Do not apply a tourniquet
unless specifically trained
to do so
Do not attempt to wash
out a major wound – your
aim is to control the
bleeding
27. Dressings and Bandages
• The purpose of a dressing is to:
– Control bleeding
– Prevent infection and contamination
– Absorb blood and fluid drainage
– Protect the wound from further injury
• What to Do:
– Always wear gloves (if possible)
– Use a dressing large enough to extend beyond the
wound’s edges.
– Cover the dressing with bandages.
29. Bleeding Control
• Control Methods For External Bleeding:
– Direct pressure stops most bleeding.
• Wear gloves (if possible)
• Place a gauze pad or a clean cloth over wound
– Elevating injured part to help reduce blood flow.
• Combine with direct pressure over the wound (this will
allow you to attend to other injuries or victims).
– If bleeding continues, apply pressure
at a pressure point to slow blood flow.
• Pressure point locations:
– Brachial (Top of elbow)
– Femoral (Inside upper thigh)
30. Bleeding Control Cont.
• Control Methods For Internal Bleeding:
– Signs of internal bleeding:
• Bruises or contusions of the skin
• Painful, tender, rigid, bruised abdomen
• Vomiting or coughing up blood
• Stools that are black or contain bright red blood
– What to Do:
For severe internal bleeding, follow these steps:
• Monitor ABC’s (Airway Breathing Circulation)
• Keep the victim lying on his/her left side. (This will help prevent
expulsion of vomit from stomach, or allow the vomit to drain and
also prevent the victim from inhaling vomit).
• Seek immediate medical attention
32. Shock (1)
Shock is a medical emergency which can be caused by
severe blood loss
The casualty does not receive enough oxygen due to
the loss of blood
Signs & symptoms include:
●Pale clammy skin
●Drowsiness
●Thirst
●Confusion
●Nausea & vomiting
33. Shock Cont.
• What to Look For
– Altered mental status
• Anxiety and restlessness
– Pale, cold, and clammy skin, lips, and nail beds
– Nausea and vomiting
– Rapid breathing and pulse
– Unresponsiveness when shock is severe
34. Shock Cont.
• What to Do
– After first treating life-threatening injuries such
as breathing or bleeding, the following
procedures shall be performed:
• Lay the victim on his or her back
• Raise the victim’s legs 8” – 12” to
allow the blood to drain from the legs back
to the heart.
• Prevent body heat loss by putting
blankets and coats under and over the
victim-Cover them with a blanket
• Call for emergency help if you haven’t
already done so.
36. Checking for Spinal Injuries
–What to Look For
• General signs & symptoms
–Painful movement of the arms or legs
–Numbness, tingling, weakness, or
burning sensation in the arms or legs
–Loss of bowel or bladder control
–Paralysis of the arms or legs
–Deformity (odd-looking angle of the
victim’s head & neck
37. Checking for Spinal Injuries Cont.
• What to Do:
– Stabilize the victim against any movement.
– Check ABCs. (Airway Breathing Circulation)
• Unresponsive Victim:
– Look for cuts, bruise, and deformities.
– Test response by pinching the victim’s hand, and
bare foot.
• If no reaction, assume the victim may have spinal
damage.
40. Burns
• Burns have been described
as:
– First-degree burns
(Superficial)
• What to Do:
– Immerse in cold water 10 to
45 minutes or use cold, wet
cloths.
» Cold stops burn progression
» May use other liquids
– Moisturizer lotion
41. Burns Cont.
• Second-degree burns (Partial Thickness)
– What to Do:
• Immerse in cold water / wet pack
• Do not break blisters
• May seek medical attention
42. Burns Cont.
• Third-degree burns (Full Thickness)
– What to Do:
• Usually not necessary to apply cold to areas of third
degree
• Do not apply ointments
• Apply sterile, non-stick dressings (do not use
plastic)
• Check ABC’s
• Treat for shock
• Get medical help
43. Burns Cont.
– Thermal (heat) burns caused by:
• Flames
• Hot objects
• Flammable vapor that ignites
• Steam or hot liquid
– What to Do:
• Stop the burning
– Remove victim from burn source
– If open flame, smother with blanket, coat or similar item, or
have the victim roll on ground.
• Determine the depth (degree) of the burn
44. Burns Cont.
• Chemical burns
– The result of a caustic or corrosive substance
touching the skin caused by:
• Acids (batteries)
• Alkalis (drain cleaners- often more extensive)
• Organic compounds (oil products)
45. Burns Cont.
• What to Do:
– Remove the chemical by flushing the area with
water
• Brush dry powder chemicals from the skin before
flushing
• Take precautions to protect yourself from exposure to
the chemical
– Remove the victim’s contaminated clothing and
jewelry while flushing with water
– Flush for 20 minutes all chemical
burns (skin, eyes)
– Cover the burned area with
a dry, sterile dressing
– Seek medical attention
46. Burns Cont.
• Electrical Burns
– There are three types of electrical injuries:
• Thermal burn (flame) – Objects in direct contact with the
skin are ignited by an electrical current.
– Mostly caused by the flames produced by the electrical current and
not by the passage of the electrical current or arc.
• Arc burn (Flash) – Occurs when electricity jumps, or arcs,
from one spot to another.
– Mostly cause extensive superficial injuries.
• True Electrical Injury (contact) – Occurs when an electric
current truly passes through the body.
47. Burns Cont.
• What to Do:
– Make sure the scene is safe
• Unplug, disconnect, or turn off the power.
• If that is impossible, call the power company or EMS for
help.
– Do not contact high voltage wires
– Consider all wires live
– Do not handle downed lines
– Do not come in contact with person if the electrical source is live
– Check ABCs. (Airway Breathing Circulation)
– If the victim fell, check for a spinal injury.
– Treat the victim for shock by elevating the legs 8” –
12” if no spinal injury is suspected.
– Seek medical attention immediately.
48. What not do to
> Do not try to remove clothing sticking to a burn,
instead cool through the clothing
Do not apply toothpaste / butter / creams to a burn.
Running water is the most effective cooling
method.
> Do not burst any blisters
> Do not stop cooling before 10 minutes is up!
50. Choking
• What is it?
– Obstruction in the airway.
• General Precaution
– If someone is coughing, leave the person alone.
• Do not perform the Heimlich Maneuver.
– Keep eyes on that person.
– Ask the person if he/she needs help.
• Signs and Symptoms
– Person is not able to breath or talk due to obstruction,
choking sign given, distressed, and panic.
– Hands wrapped around the neck is universal sign for
choking.
51. Choking Cont.
• What to Do:
– Perform Heimlich Maneuver if you are
properly trained
• Conscious Victim:
– Approach from behind and wrap arms around
the victim’s waist.
– Place one fist just above the victim’s navel with the
thumb side against the abdomen.
– Second hand over the fist.
– Press into the victim’s abdomen with one upward thrust
– Repeat thrust if necessary.
– Try to pop the obstruction out with swift thrusts in and up.
– Continue until the obstruction is relieved or victim collapses.
– Have someone call for help.
Note: Always stay calm.
53. Fractures
• There are two categories of fractures:
– Closed (Simple) fracture
• The skin is intact and no wound exists anywhere near the
fracture site.
– Open (Compound) fracture
• The skin over the fracture has been damaged or broken.
• The wound may result from bone protruding through the
skin.
• The bone may not always be visible in the wound.
54. Fractures Cont.
• What to Look for:
– General signs and Symptoms:
• Tenderness to touch.
• Swelling.
• Deformities may occur when bones are broken, causing
an abnormal shape.
• Open wounds break the skin.
• A grating sensation caused by broken bones rubbing
together
– can be felt and sometimes even heard.
– Do not move the injured limb in an attempt to detect it.
• Loss of use.
55. Managing a fracture or dislocation
• Control any bleeding and cover any wounds.
• Ask patient to remain as still as possible.
• Immobilize fracture:
– use broad bandages (where possible) to prevent movement at
joints above and below the fracture
– support the limb, carefully passing bandages under the natural
hollows of the body
– place a padded splint along the injured limb
– place padding between the splint and the natural contours of
the body and secure firmly
– for leg fracture, immobilize foot and ankle
– check that bandages are not too tight (or too loose) every 15
minutes.
• Watch for signs of circulation loss to hands and feet
• Ensure an ambulance has been called
56. Notes on first aid in Fracture
• Do not attempt to force a fracture or dislocation
back into place – this could cause further injuries.
• It can be difficult for a first aider to tell whether
the injury is a fracture, dislocation, sprain or
strain. If in doubt, always treat the injury as a
fracture.
• If collarbone is fractured, support arm on injured
side in a St John sling.
• If you suspect the joint is dislocated, rest, elevate
and apply ice to the joint.
• DO NOT MOVE THE AREA UNWANTEDLY
58. Bites and Stings
• Insect stings and bites
– What to Look For:
• Check the sting site to see if a stinger and venom
sac are embedded in the skin.
– Bees are the only stinging insects that leave their
stingers and venom sacs behind.
– Scrape the stinger and venom sac away with a hard
object such as a long fingernail, credit card, scissor
edge, or knife blade.
• Reactions generally localized pain, itching, and
swelling.
• Allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) occurs will be a
life threatening.
59. Bites and Stings Cont.
• Insect stings and bites Cont.
– What to Do:
• Ask the victim if he/she has had a reaction
before.
• Wash the sting site with soap and water to
prevent infection.
• Apply an ice pack over the sting site to slow
absorption of the venom and relieve pain.
– Because bee venom is acidic, a paste made of baking
soda and water can help.
• Seek medical attention if necessary.
61. Heart Attack
• Heart Attack – Usually that happens when one
of the coronary arteries is blocked by an
obstruction or a spasm.
– Signs and symptoms of a heart attack include:
• Pressure in chest, fullness, squeezing, or pain that lasts
more than a few minutes or that goes away and comes
back.
• Pain spreading to the shoulders, neck,
or arms.
• Chest discomfort with lightheadedness,
fainting, sweating, nausea, or
shortness of breath.
62. Heart Attack
• What to Do:
– Call Amulance or get to the nearest hospital
emergency department
– Monitor victim’s condition.
– Help the victim to the least painful position, usually
sitting with legs up and bent at the knees.
• Loosen clothing around the neck and midriff.
– Determine if the victim is known to have coronary
heart disease
– If the victim is unresponsive, check ABCs and start
CPR, if needed.
– CPR VIDEO-
63. CPR-HOW TO DO
• Untrained. If you're not trained in CPR, then provide
hands-only CPR. That means uninterrupted chest
compressions of about 100 a minute until paramedics
arrive. You don't need to try rescue breathing.
• Trained and ready to go. If you're well-trained and
confident in your ability, begin with chest compressions
instead of first checking the airway and doing rescue
breathing. Start CPR with 30 chest compressions before
checking the airway and giving rescue breaths.
• Trained but rusty. If you've previously received CPR
training but you're not confident in your abilities, then
just do chest compressions at a rate of about 100 a
minute.
64. Before you begin
• Before starting CPR, check:
• Check =Is the person conscious or unconscious?
• If the person appears unconscious, tap or shake his or
her shoulder and ask loudly, "Are you OK?"
• If the person doesn't respond and two people are
available, one should call the local emergency number
and one should begin CPR. If you are alone and have
immediate access to a telephone, call emergency
number before beginning CPR — unless you think the
person has become unresponsive because of
suffocation
• If an AED is immediately available, deliver one shock if
instructed by the device, then begin CPR.
• Remember to spell C-A-B
65. Compressions:
to Restore blood circulation
• Put the person on his or her back on a firm surface.
• Kneel next to the person's neck and shoulders.
• Place the heel of one hand over the center of the person's chest,
between the nipples. Place your other hand on top of the first
hand. Keep your elbows straight and position your shoulders
directly above your hands.
• Use your upper body weight (not just your arms) as you push
straight down on (compress) the chest at least 2 inches
(approximately 5 centimeters). Push hard at a rate of about 100
compressions a minute.
• If you haven't been trained in CPR, continue chest compressions
until there are signs of movement or until emergency medical
personnel take over. If you have been trained in CPR, go on to
checking the airway and rescue breathing.
66.
67. Airway:
Clear the airway
• If you're trained in CPR and you've performed 30 chest
compressions, open the person's airway using the head-tilt,
chin-lift maneuver. Put your palm on the person's forehead
and gently tilt the head back. Then with the other hand,
gently lift the chin forward to open the airway.
• Check for normal breathing, taking no more than five or 10
seconds. Look for chest motion, listen for normal breath
sounds, and feel for the person's breath on your cheek and
ear. Gasping is not considered to be normal breathing. If
the person isn't breathing normally and you are trained in
CPR, begin mouth-to-mouth breathing. If you believe the
person is unconscious from a heart attack and you haven't
been trained in emergency procedures, skip mouth-to-
mouth breathing and continue chest compressions.
68.
69. Breathing:
Breathe for the person
• Rescue breathing can be mouth-to-mouth breathing or mouth-to-nose
breathing if the mouth is seriously injured or can't be opened.
• With the airway open (using the head-tilt, chin-lift maneuver), pinch the
nostrils shut for mouth-to-mouth breathing and cover the person's mouth
with yours, making a seal.
• Prepare to give two rescue breaths. Give the first rescue breath — lasting
one second — and watch to see if the chest rises. If it does rise, give the
second breath. If the chest doesn't rise, repeat the head-tilt, chin-lift
maneuver and then give the second breath. Thirty chest compressions
followed by two rescue breaths is considered one cycle.
• Resume chest compressions to restore circulation.
• If the person has not begun moving after five cycles (about two minutes)
and an automated external defibrillator (AED) is available, apply it and
follow the prompts. Administer one shock, then resume CPR — starting
with chest compressions — for two more minutes before administering a
second shock.
• Continue CPR until there are signs of movement or emergency medical
personnel take over.
74. Unconsciousness
vs
sleeping
The difference between being asleep and being
unconsciousness is that an unconscious person
will not wake up.
Unconsciousness is a medical emergency
which requires immediate first aid
intervention
75. Why the fuss?
When someone goes unconscious, they lose muscle
tone. This means they go all ‘floppy’ – like a rag doll
The tongue (a muscle) can block their airway when it
loses muscle tone. This is known colloquially as “swallowing
your own tongue”
In addition, loss of control over their stomach muscles
can cause stomach contents (vomit) to travel back up to
the throat which can block the airway
77. Helping someone who is
unconscious
You can use the mnemonic
“DR ABC” to remember what
to do!
DR ABC provides a structured
way to think about how to
assess the situation
78. D: Danger
Check to see if there are any dangers (actual or potential)
to yourself or the casualty
For example electrical cables, moving traffic, other people etc.
Try and make the scene as safe as possible
If the area is too dangerous then stay back and call the
emergency services
79. R: Response
Attempt to wake the person up by shouting loudly in
both ears and tapping them on the shoulders
If you do not get a response, then the person is
unconscious
This is now a medical emergency. If possible, try to attract
the attention of others by shouting for help
80. A: Airway
Open the airway by tilting the head backwards and
lifting the chin with two fingers.
81. B: Breathing (1)
Keep your hands on the person’s head & chin
Place your cheek above their mouth and look at their
chest
Look, listen and feel for regular breathing for up to 10
seconds.
82. B: Breathing (2)
If the person is not breathing, commence
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
If they are breathing, then place them in the recovery
position in order to protect their airway
The recovery position involves rolling the casualty onto
their side with their head tilted back.
84. The recovery position - steps
1. Kneel by the casualty’s waist
2. Place the hand nearest you at right angles
3. Grasp the hand furthest to you, place the back of their
hand against their cheek closest to you
4. Lift the leg furthest away from you at the knee and place
their foot on the floor
5. Using their knee as a lever, pull the person onto their side
6. Ensure their head is still tilted back and they are on their
side
85.
86. C: Call an ambulance
Once the person is in the recovery position call an
ambulance if this has not been done already!
Recheck the casualty’s airway and breathing every few
minutes until the ambulance arrives
Keep the casualty warm and dry if you can
88. Basic infection control
Various diseases can be transmitted via blood and body fluids (for
example HIV and Hepatitis B & C)
If possible, always wear disposable latex/nitrile gloves when dealing
with bodily fluids
HOWEVER: This is not always practical! You can improvise and
use anything to create a barrier. e.g: a plastic carrier bag
Ensure any cuts/open injuries to your hands are covered with
waterproof plasters or dressings.
Wash your hands with soap and warm water whenever possible
89. Infection control
> Try and keep the wound as clean as possible
> Try to avoid contact with the casualty’s blood
●Wear disposable latex / nitrile gloves if available
●If not, use any available items to create a barrier (e.g: a plastic
bag)
> Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water
afterwards
> Seek medical advice if you are concerned
91. Your basic first aid kit
• A basic first aid kit may contain:
• plasters in a variety of different sizes and shapes
• small, medium and large sterile gauze dressings
• at least two sterile eye dressings
• triangular bandages
• crêpe rolled bandages
• safety pins
• disposable sterile gloves
• tweezers
• scissors
• alcohol-free cleansing wipes
• sticky tape
• thermometer (preferably digital)
• skin rash cream, such as hydrocortisone or calendula
• cream or spray to relieve insect bites and stings
• antiseptic cream
• painkillers such as paracetamol (or infant paracetamol for children), aspirin (not to be given to children
under 16), or ibuprofen
• cough medicine
• antihistamine tablets
• distilled water for cleaning wounds
• eye wash and eye bath
92. Basic First Aid-Summary
– The following information from this presentation
have been covered:
• What is First Aid?
• Scene Survey
• Initial Assessment
• Victim Assessment
Sequence
• Bleeding Control
• Shock
• Burns
• Choking
• Fractures
• Heart Attack
• Basic First Aid for Wounds
• Dressing and Bandages
• Checking for Spinal Injuries
• Bites and Stings
93. Basic First Aid-Summary cont.
–Assess the situation
–Call for help when necessary
–Stabilize the situation before help
arrives
–Try to remain calm and do not
panic
94. Exercise: incident management
Think about the photo on the next slide (either individually or
in groups)
Take a few minutes to discuss:
1) How would you manage this incident?
2) What dangers are present or could be present?
3) What should your first action be?