This document provides information on general first aid. It defines first aid as immediate care given to an injured person until medical assistance arrives. The objectives of first aid are to alleviate suffering, prevent further injury, and prolong life. The document outlines guidelines for giving emergency care, including assessing the scene and victim for safety, requesting help, intervening with first aid as needed, and avoiding further harm. It describes priorities like opening the airway, restoring breathing and circulation.
This presentation is designed to cover some of the principles of Basic Life Support & First Aid as of January 2012. This includes things such as;
- DRABCD
- Care for Bleeding
- Care for Shock
- First Aid for Sprains & Strains
- Care for dislocations and fractures
- Poisoning
- Burns
- Diabetic Emergencies
It is not comprehensive, but is designed to refresh those who have had any previous experience in Basic Life Support. In saying that being able to apply some of these skills is useful for anyone.
This is the latest version of the presentation.
BANDAGING: TRIANGULAR BANDAGING AND CRAVAT, TYPES OF KNOTSManisha Thakur
BANDAGING: TRIANGULAR BANDAGING AND CRAVAT, TYPES OF KNOTS: CRAVAT, ELBOW BANDAGE, ARM SLING, PALM BANDAGE, HAND BANDAGE, HEAD BANDAGE, ELBOW BANDAGE, EAR INJURY BANDAGE, FOREARM BANDAGE, LEG AND THIGH BANDAGE, FOOT BANDAGE. TYPES OF KNOTS: PRINCIPLES OF TYING KNOTS, TYPES: REEF KNOT, BOWLINE , SHEET BENT
This presentation is designed to cover some of the principles of Basic Life Support & First Aid This includes things such as;
- DRABCD
- Care for Bleeding
- Care for Shock
- First Aid for Sprains & Strains
- Care for dislocations and fractures
- Poisoning
- Burns
It is not comprehensive, but is particularly designed to refresh those who have had any previous experience in Basic Life Support. In saying that being able to apply some of these skills is useful for anyone.
This presentation is designed to cover some of the principles of Basic Life Support & First Aid as of January 2012. This includes things such as;
- DRABCD
- Care for Bleeding
- Care for Shock
- First Aid for Sprains & Strains
- Care for dislocations and fractures
- Poisoning
- Burns
- Diabetic Emergencies
It is not comprehensive, but is designed to refresh those who have had any previous experience in Basic Life Support. In saying that being able to apply some of these skills is useful for anyone.
This is the latest version of the presentation.
BANDAGING: TRIANGULAR BANDAGING AND CRAVAT, TYPES OF KNOTSManisha Thakur
BANDAGING: TRIANGULAR BANDAGING AND CRAVAT, TYPES OF KNOTS: CRAVAT, ELBOW BANDAGE, ARM SLING, PALM BANDAGE, HAND BANDAGE, HEAD BANDAGE, ELBOW BANDAGE, EAR INJURY BANDAGE, FOREARM BANDAGE, LEG AND THIGH BANDAGE, FOOT BANDAGE. TYPES OF KNOTS: PRINCIPLES OF TYING KNOTS, TYPES: REEF KNOT, BOWLINE , SHEET BENT
This presentation is designed to cover some of the principles of Basic Life Support & First Aid This includes things such as;
- DRABCD
- Care for Bleeding
- Care for Shock
- First Aid for Sprains & Strains
- Care for dislocations and fractures
- Poisoning
- Burns
It is not comprehensive, but is particularly designed to refresh those who have had any previous experience in Basic Life Support. In saying that being able to apply some of these skills is useful for anyone.
Bandaging and Splinting & Slings; Techniques and Types (Health Subject)Jewel Jem
A short report about bandaging, types of bandages, bandaging techniques and even Splinting & Slings, types of splinting & slings, splinting & Splints techniques
First aid is as easy as ABC – airway, breathing and CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation). In any situation, apply the DRSABCD Action Plan. DRSABCD stands for: Danger – always check the danger to you, any bystanders and then the injured or ill person.
Use of First Aid Kit for emergency critical situation.pptxDr. Gourav Kumar
I hope that the content of my ppt will be very good for all of you in which ppt subject is sterilization techniques in which we have described how to treat emergency patient with the help of first aid kit
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
2. “ In times of emergency, anyone who has even elementary first aid training, may be able to save a life…” ~RED CROSS
3. DEFINITION OF FIRST AID First Aid is an immediate care given to a person who has been injured or suddenly taken. It includes self-help and home care if assistance is not available or delayed.
4. INTRODUCTION: First is the immediate treatment administered to a casualty or a victim of injury or illness before the services of a doctor or corpsman can be obtain. Although the medical department has the finest equipment and its personnel have been trained in the most modern methods of saving life and easing pain , there maybe a time when your life or that of a friend will depend on your knowledge of first aid.
5. You can save a life if you know what to do and what not to do, and if you can act quickly and calmly. If you are injured, you can save your own injuries or by directing others toward proper care. Remember, where medical help is not readily available, apply self-aid and then seek professional help or care. The basic rules for first aid given in this handout are to help yourself and your comrades when it is necessary.
6. You must remember that when administering first aid, the following should be his primary objectives to save life, to prevent causing further injury and to prevent unnecessary sufferings on the part of the casually.
7. ROLES OF FIRST AID 1.) It is the bridge that fills can between the victim and the physician. 2.) It is not intended to complete with, nor take the place of the place of the services of the physician. 3.) It ends when the services of a physicians begins.
8. OBJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AID 1.) To alleviate suffering 2.) To prevent added/further injury or danger 3.) To prolong life
9. NEED & VALUE OF FIRST AID 1.) To minimize if not totally prevent accident. 2.) To prevent added injury or danger 3.) To train people to the right thing and right time 4.) Accident happens and sudden illnesses are common and often serious 5.) People very often harm rather than help 6.) Proper and immediate care is necessary to save life or limb
10. GUIDELINES FOR GIVING EMERGENCY CARE 1.) Getting started 1.1 Planning of action 1.2 Gathering of needed materials 1.3 Initial response as follows A- Ask for help I- Intervene D- Do not further harm
11. ASK FOR HELP- in a crisis, time of essence. The more quickly you organize an emergency, and the faster you call for medical assistance, the sooner the victim will get help. Immediate care can greatly the outcome of an emergency. INTERVENE- To intervene means to do something for the victim that will help achieve a positive outcome to an emergency. Sometimes getting medical help will be all you can do, and this alone may save a life. In other situation, however you may become actively involved in the victim’s initial care by giving first aid. Let the golden rules of emergency care guide your effort.
12. DO NOT FURTHER HARM- Once you have begun first aid, you want to be certain you don’t do anything that might causes the victim’s condition to worsen. Certain actions should always be avoided by keeping them in mind, you will be able to avoid adding to or worsening the victim’s illness or injuries.
13. 2.) Emergency Action Principles 2.1 Survey the scene 2.2 Do a primary survey of the victim 2.3 Activate medical assistance/transfer facility 2.4 Do a secondary survey of the victim
14. Survey the scene- - is the scene is safe? - what happened? - how many people are injured? - identify yourself as a trained first aider
15. Do a primary survey of the victim- Check for vital body functions: BREATHING and CIRCULATION by following the ABC steps- A. – AIRWAY > Is the victim is conscious? > If the victim is conscious, asses breathing as described in B. > If the victim is unconscious, start immediately airway management
16. B. Breathing - Is the victim breathing? if the victim is breathing – is it shallow or deep? Does he/she appear to be choking? Is he cyanotic, suggesting poor oxygenation? If the victim appears to have any difficulty breathing, immediately support his breathing (maintain adequate open airway) if the victim is not breathing – provide initial ventilation
17.
18.
19. Information to be remembered in activating medical assistance - what happened -number of persons injured - extent of injury and first aid given - the telephone number from where you are calling -person who activated medical assistance must drop the phone last
20. Do a secondary survey of the victim - interview the victim - introduce your self - get permission to give care - ask the victim’s name - ask what happened ask “do you have any pain or discomfort?” “do you have any allergies?” “are you taking any medication?”
21. Check the vital signs: - determine radial or carotid pulse (pulse rate per minute) adult – 60-90/min child – 80-100/min - determine breathing(respiration rate) - determine skin appearance - look at the victim’s face and lips - record skin appearance - temperature - moisture - color
22. - Do the head-to-toe examination start with the head. Look and feel for cut bruises and compare pupils of both eyes, dilated pupils involve bleeding and state of shock. Constricted pupils may mean heat stroke or Drug overdose. Unequal pupils may suspect head injury or stroke. -check for fluid or blood in ears, nose and mouth. - check and compare both collar bones and shoulder. - check the chest and rib cage.
23. - check for the victims abdomen for tenderness by pressing lightly with flat part of our fingers. - check the hip bone by pressing slowly downward and inward for fracture - check one leg at a time - check one arm at a time - check the spinal column by placing the victim into side lying down position and press gently from the cervical region down to the lumbar for possible injury - record all the assessment including the time - keep the injured person lying down, his head level with his feet - keep the injured person warm and guard against chilling
24.
25. Do think the worst, it’s best to administer first aid for the gravest possibility.
42. Do not trust the judgment of the confused victim.
43.
44. DON’T loosen a tourniquet once it has been applied DON’T move a casualty who has a fracture until it has been properly splinted, unless it is absolutely necessary. DON’T give fluids by mouth to a casualty who is unconscious, nauseated, or vomiting, or who has an abdominal or neck wound DON’T permit the head of a casualty with a head injury to be lower than his body. DON’T try to push protruding intestine or brain tissue back into a wound DON’T put any medication on a burn. DON’T administer first aid measures which are unnecessary or beyond your ability.
45. Characteristics of a good first aider Observant -should notices all signs. Resourceful -should make the best use of thing at hand Gentle -should not cause pain Tactful -should not alarm the victim Sympathetic -should be comforting
46. “HURRY CASES” in first aid Stoppage of breathing -Critical time is four minutes to restore the victim to normal before brain damage take place: Management of the Casualty: 1. Clean the Airway 2. Inflate the lungs with five quick breaths(proceed to CPR) Severe bleeding - Bleeding and Hemorrhage mean the same thing, namely that blood is escaping from arteries, capillary vessels, or veins.
47. Types of hemorrhage Arterial Bleeding – blood from an open artery. The color of the blood is bright red. The blood spurts which are synchronized with the pulse. Venous Bleeding – blood from an open vein. The color of the blood is dark red. The blood escapes in a slow steady flow. Capillary Hemorrhage – blood from damage capillaries. The color of the blood is intermediate between bright and dark red . The blood only oozes from the wound. This is the common type of hemorrhage.
48. Controlling external bleeding: Direct pressure Digital pressure (pressure points) -Facial -Temporal -Carotid -Subclavian -Auxiliary -Brachial -Femoral Compress and Bandages Ligation – tying Torsion – Twisting Elevate the injured part to lessen the flow of blood. Indirect pressure - tourniquet
49. C. Poisoning Swallowed – antidote is to dilute with water or milk to lessen the concentration of the poison. Milk coats the lining of the intestines Inhaled – proper ventilation at once(open air). Contacted poison – wawsh at once with soap and water. Bath soap is recommended. Injected as in snake bite
50. D. Fracture -is a break in the continuity of the bone Kinds of fracture: open(compound) fracture – bone has broken through skin Closed(simple) fracture – skin has not been penetrated on both ends. Signs and symptoms Deformity – present when injured limb lies in unnatural position or it is angulated where there is no joint Pain at the point of fracture Crepitation (grating sound) -felt and heard when bones rub together -never move the injured extremity to determine crepitation
52. E. Splinting - a device to immobilize an injured part of the body. Reasons for splinting: 1.relieve pain by minimized movement 2.prevent further damage to injury site General Principles of Splinting Splint fracture where it lies – DO NOT reposition. If fracture is severely angulated, straighten it with a gentle pull so that limb can be incorporated into a splint. Immobilized fracture site before moving casualty. Splint should be immobilized joint above and below the fracture site
53. Pad splints before applying. Dress all wounds and/or open fracture(exposed bones) prior to splinting. Check for neurovascular function before, during and after application of splint.
54. F. Burns - Is an injury that results from heat, chemical agent or radiation. It may vary in: depth, size and severity Scalds – is a burn caused by a liquid. Classification of burns: 1.Dept First degree – the outer skin is reddened and welted or slightly swollen Second degree – the under skin is affected and blisters are formed Third degree – the skin is destroyed and tissues underneath are damaged.
56. Treatment for first degree burn 1.Immerse burnt area in cold water until the patient ceases to feel pain When it is impossible to immerse the burned area, moist cold towels should be applied and renewed frequently Follow this application for dry dressing If desired a simple burn ointment may be applied
57. Treatment for second degree burn Follow steps prescribed in the first degree except do not apply any burn ointment. Gently blot area dry with sterile gauge or clean cloth. Apply sterile gauze or clean as protective dressing. Never break a blister.
58. Treatment for third degree burn Do not remove adhered particles of charred clothing Cover burned area with sterile dressing or freshly laundered sheet. Do no allow victim to walk If medical help is not available for one hour or more and the victim is conscious, and no vomiting, give a weak solution of salt and soda.
59. G. Fainting - loss of consciousness caused by a temporary reduction of the blood supply to the brain: Causes: 1. Emotional 3. Hunger 2. Fatigue Signs and symptoms 1. Weakness 4. Dizziness 2. Pallor 5. Cold Sweat 3. Unconsciousness
60. Treatment Seat victim with knees far apart and hold head far down between knees for about five minutes If victim consciousness return keep victim quiet for about 15 minutes
61. H. Unconsciousness - a person who does not respond to any spoken words or obeys a shouted command. Check for the ABC Check for hemorrhage Check for fracture Check for the size and reaction of the pupils to light Dilated pupils – (possible cause) shock, cardiac arrest, brain damage, substance abuse(amphetamines, marijuana), disorder of central nervous system Constricted pupils – Head injury, stroke, substance abuse (narcotics)
63. Hindrances in giving emergency care Unfavorable surrounding 1.1 night time 1.2 crowded city streets, churches, shopping mall 1.3 busy highways 1.4 cold or rainy weather 1.5 lack of necessary materials or helpers 2. The presence of crowds 2.1crowds curiously watch, sometimes heckle, sometimes offer incorrect advice. 2.2 they may demand haste in transportation or attempt other improper procedures. 2.3 a good examination is difficult while a crowd look on.
64. 3. Pressures from victims or relatives 3.1 the victim usually welcome help, but if he is drunk, he is open hard to examine and handle, and is often misleading in his response 3.2the hysteria of the relatives of the victim, the evidence of pain, blood and possible early death, exert great pressure on the first aider. 3.3 the first aider may fail to examine carefully and may be persuaded to do what he would know in calm moments to be wrong.
65. The first aider can meet all these difficulties – forewarned is forearmed- he should remember the few cases demand haste, or good examination is important and can be done slowly and he has no other job or appointment as important and so gratifying as saving a life or limb.