This document provides information on various first aid procedures. It defines first aid as emergency medical care for injured or sick persons until full medical help arrives. As a first aider, one must act within their limits of ability, maintain privacy of casualties, control the first aid kit, and file incident reports. Priorities in emergencies include assessing safety, calling for help, and treating airway, breathing and circulation issues first. Specific treatments are outlined for conditions like abdominal pain, bleeding, broken bones, burns, choking, cuts, dizziness and eye injuries.
2. WHAT IS FIRST AID?
FIRST AID IS THE MEDICAL EMERGENCY CARE OF
THE SICK OR INJURED PERSON UNTIL MEDICAL
ARRIVES.
A person does not need a certificate to perform
first aid
Remember that each situation is different and if
resuscitation is needed, then any attempt is
better than none at all.
3. LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY OF
A FIRST AIDER:
Agreement with the employer and fellow
employees to assist them when necessary
GOOD SAMARITAN
4. WHAT IS EXPECTED OF YOU
AS A FIRST AIDER:
Act within the limits of your ability at all times
Privacy of the casualty is important. You should
not talk about the incident giving information
that can identify the casualty.
In control of the First Aid Kit
Completed Incident / Accident Report
5. INCIDENT REPORTING
An incident report should contain:
NAME OF CASUALTY
TIME OF THE INCIDENT
HISTORY OF INCIDENT
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
ACTION TAKEN
NAME AND CONTACT DETAILS OF THE FIRST AIDER
NAME AND CONTACT DETAILS OF ANY WITNESS TO
INCIDENT
6. PRIORITIES IN AN EMERGENCY
First priority is your SAFETY.
Assess the situation quickly
Ensure the safety of the first aider, casualty &
bystanders
Call for help
Commence appropriate treatment- ABC
(Airway, Breathing, Circulation)
8. SIGN- is something that the first aider can see.
Ex: pale, shaking, uncoordinated
SYMPTOM- is something that the casualty feels.
Ex: headache, nausea, dizziness
9. VITAL SIGNS:
PULSE RATE – 60 to 100 beats per minute
RESPIRATIONS – 10 to 20 breaths per minute
TEMPERATURE – 37 degree Celsius
BLOOD PRESSURE – 110/70 – 120/80 mmHg
10. What to look for?
Skin Colour
Hydration
Level of Consciousness
11. Level of Consciousness
1.) FULLY CONSCIOUS – the casualty responds
normally to questions
2.) SEMI- CONSCIOUS – confused, disoriented,
slurred speech
3.) UNCONSCIOUS – the casualty is unrousable
and unresponsive
12.
13. Treatment for ABDOMINAL
PAIN
Call 117 if:
You have pain & tenderness to the touch in the
lower right abdomen with fever and/or vomiting.
These may be signs of appendicitis.
For heartburn from gastroesophageal reflux
disease (GERD), take an over the counter antacid
or acid reducer
For constipation, take a mild stool softener or
laxative
For pain, take acetaminophen.
14.
15.
16. BLEEDING CUTS OR
WOUNDS
Call 177 if:
Bleeding is severe
You suspect internal bleeding
There is an abdominal or chest wound
Bleeding can’t be stopped after 10minutes of firm
& steady pressure
Blood spurts out of wound
17. to STOP BLEEDING
Apply direct pressure on the cut or wound with
a clean cloth, tissue, or piece of gauze until
bleeding stops
If blood soaks through the material, don’t
remove it. Put more cloth or gauze on top of it
and continue to apply pressure.
If the wound is on the arm or leg, raise limb
above the heart to help slow bleeding
Wash your hands again after giving first aid and
before cleaning and dressing the wound
18.
19. BROKEN ARM Treatment
Call 117 if:
The person is seriously injured
You suspect an injury to the person’s head, neck,
or back
Bone is sticking out of the skin
Bleeding doesn’t stop after several minutes of firm
pressure
Blood spurts from the wound
20. BROKEN ARM Treatment
1.) Stop the Bleeding if Necessary
• Apply firm pressure to the wound area with a
clean cloth until bleeding stops
• If bone is pushing through skin, do not touch it or
try to put it back in place
21. BROKEN ARM Treatment
2.) Reduce Swelling
• Apply ice
• Elevate the arm above the heart, if possible
3.) Immobilize Arm
22.
23.
24. THERMAL BURNS
Call 117 if:
Burn penetrates all layers of skin
Skin is leathery or charred looking, with white,
brown, or black patches
Burn blister is larger than two inches or oozes
Hands, feet, face, or genitals are burned
The person is an infant or a senior
25. For All Burns
STOP BURNING IMMEDIATELY
Put out fire or stop the person’s contact with hot liquid,
steam, or other material
Help the person “stop, drop, and roll” to smother
flames
Remove smoldering material from the person
Remove hot or burned clothing. If clothing sticks to
skin, cut or tear around it.
REMOVE CONSTRICTIVE CLOTHING IMMEDIATELY
Take off jewelry, belts, and tight clothing. Burns can
swell quickly.
26. for FIRST DEGREE BURNS
(affecting TOP LAYER of the
skin)
Cool Burn
Hold burned skin under cool (not cold) running water
or immerse in cool until pain subsides
Use compresses if running water isn’t available
Protect Burn
Cover with sterile, non adhesive bandage or clean
cloth
Do not apply butter or ointments, w/c can cause
infection
Treat Pain
Give the over-the-counter pain reliever such as
Ibuprofen
27. For SECOND DEGREE BURNS
(affecting top 2 layers of skin)
COOL BURN
Immerse in cool water for 10 or 15 minutes
Use compress if running water isn’t available
Don’t apply ice. It can lower body temperature
and cause further damage
Don’t break blisters or apply butter or ointments,
which can cause infection
28. For SECOND DEGREE BURNS
(affecting top 2 layers of skin)
PROTECT BURN
Cover loosely with sterile, nonstick bandage and
secure in place with gauze or tape
PREVENT SHOCK
Lay the person flat
Elevate feet about 12 inches
Elevate burn area above heart level, if possible
Cover the person with coat or blanket
29. for THIRD DEGREE BURNS
Call 117
PROTECT BURN AREA
Cover loosely with sterile, nonstick bandage or,
for large areas, a sheet or other material that
won’t leave lint in wound
Separate burned toes & fingers with dry, sterile
dressing
Do not soak burn in water or apply ointments or
butter, which can cause infection
30. for THIRD DEGREE BURNS
PREVENT SHOCK
(unless the person has a head, neck, or leg injury
or it would cause discomfort)
Lay the person flat
Elevate feet about 12 inches
Elevate burn area above heart level, if possible
Cover the person with coat or blanket
For an airway burn, do not place pillow under the
person’s head when the person is lying down.
Have a person with facial burn sit up
31.
32. CHOKING Treatment
Call 117 if:
The person is choking
The person is unconscious
While waiting for 117 ..
33. CHOKING Treatment
If the person is CONSCIOUS but NOT ABLE TO
BREATHE OR TALK:
1.) Give BACK BLOWS
Give up to 5 blows between the shoulder blades
with the heel of your hand
If the person is still choking, do THRUSTS
34. CHOKING Treatment
Do THRUSTS:
Stand behind the person and wrap your arms around
the waist
Place your clenched fist just above the person’s navel.
Grab your fist with your other hand
Quickly pull inward and upward
Continue cycles of 5 back blows & 5 abdominal thrusts
until the object is coughed up or the person starts to
breathe or cough
Take the object out of his mouth only if you can see it.
Never do a finger sweep unless you can see the
object in the person’s mouth
35.
36. CHOKING Treatment
Give CPR, if necessary
(if the obstruction comes out, but the person is not
breathing or if the person becomes unconscious)
38. CPR (Cardio-Pulmonary
Resuscitation)
Do Chest Compression
Place the heel of your hand on the center of the
person’s chest
Place the heel of your hand on top of your first hand,
lacing fingers together
Keep arms straight and your shoulders directly over
your hands
Push hard & fast, compressing chest at least 2 inches
Let chest rise completely before pushing down again
Compress at least 100 times per minute
39. CPR (Cardio-Pulmonary
Resuscitation)
STOP only if…
The person starts breathing normally
A trained responder or emergency help takes
over
You are too exhausted to continue
There is an automated defibrillator (AED) to use
40.
41.
42.
43. CUTS or LACERATIONS
Treatment
Call 117 if:
A cut is bleeding severely
Blood is spurting out
Bleeding can’t be stopped after 10 minutes of
firm and steady pressure
44. CUTS or LACERATIONS
Treatment
1.) STOP THE BLEEDING
apply direct pressure on the area
2.) CLEAN AND PROTECT
clean the area with warm water & gentle
soap
apply an antibiotic ointment
put a sterile bandage on the area.
3.) CALL A HEALTH CARE PROVIDER
if: the cut is deep
the cut is from human or animal bite
45.
46. DIZZINESS Treatment
Call 117 if:
a change in vision or speech
chest pain
shortness of breath
rapid, irregular, or very slow heart beat
convulsions or ongoing vomiting
dizziness that comes after a head injury
double vision
fainting or loss of consciousness
inability to move an arm or leg
slurred speech
numbness or tingling
47. DIZZINESS Treatment
1.) TREAT SYMPTOMS
The person should sit down or lie still
If the person gets light-headed when standing,
the person should stand up slowly
Avoid sudden changes in position
If the person is thirsty, have him or her drink
fluids
Avoid bright lights
48. DIZZINESS Treatment
2.) Call a Health Care Professional
if:
This is the first time the person has been dizzy
The dizziness is different than before or
doesn’t go away quickly
49.
50. EYE BURNS
Call 117 if:
Eyeball looks cloudy
The person notices a sudden change in
vision
51. EYE BURNS
1.) FLUSH EYES
Fill a sink or dishpan with cool water
Have the person put his/her face in water
The person should open and close eyes to
get water to all parts of eye
52.
53. EYE INJURY
Call 117 if:
An object such as piece of glass or metal is
sticking out of the eye
1.) Chemical Exposure
2.) Blow to the eye
3.) Foreign particle in eye
54. EYE INJURY
FOR CHEMICAL EXPOSURE
Don’t rub eyes
Immediately wash out the eye with lots of
water.
Get medical help while you are doing this, of
after 15 to 20 minutes of continuous
flushing
Don’t bandage the eye
55. EYE INJURY
FOR A BLOW TO THE EYE
Apply a cold compress, but don’t put
pressure on the eye
Take over-the-counter medicine for pain
If there is bruising, bleeding, change in
vision, or it hurts when your eye moves,
see a doctor right away
56. EYE INJURY
FOR A FOREIGN PARTICLE IN EYE
Don’t rub the eye
Pull the upper lid down & blink repeatedly
If particle is still there, rinse with eyewash
If rinsing doesn’t help, close eye, bandage it
lightly and see a doctor
57.
58. FAINTING Treatment
Call 117 if:
Has blue lips or face
An irregular or slow heartbeat
Chest pain
Difficulty breathing
Is difficult to awaken
Acts confused
59. FAINTING Treatment
1.) Make the person safe
Lay the person flat on his or her back
Elevate the person’s leg to restore blood
flow to the brain
Loosen tight clothing
60. FAINTING Treatment
2.) Try to Revive the Person
Shake the person vigorously, tap briskly, or yell
If the person doesn’t stop, call 117 immediately
Stay with the person until he or she is fully
recovered.
61.
62. ELECTRIC SHOCK Treatment
Call 117 if:
The person has been injured by an electrical
shock
Electrical Shock always need emergency medical
attention – even if the person seems to be fine
afterward.
63. ELECTRIC SHOCK Treatment
1.) SEPARATE THE PERSON FROM CURRENT’S
SOURCE
-Turn Off Power
Unplug an appliance if plug is undamaged
or shut off power via circuit breaker,
fuse box, or outside switch
64. ELECTRIC SHOCK Treatment
-If you Can’t turn off power
Stand on something dry and non-conductive,
such as dry newspaper, telephone book, or
wooden board
Try to separate the person from current using
non-conductive object such as wooden or
plastic broom handle, chair, or rubber doormat
65. ELECTRIC SHOCK Treatment
-if HIGH VOLTAGE LINES are involved:
The local power company must shut them off
Do not try to separate the person from current if
you feel a tingling sensation in your legs and
lower body. Hop on one foot to a safe place
where you can wait for lines to be
disconnected
66. ELECTRIC SHOCK Treatment
2.) Do CPR, if Necessary
When you can safely touch the person, do CPR if the
person is NOT BREATHING or does not have a PULSE
3.) Check for other Injuries
If the person is bleeding, apply pressure and elevate
the wound if it’s in an arm or leg
There may be a fracture if the shock caused the
person to fall
67.
68. HEART ATTACK Treatment
1.) Know Heart Attack Symptoms
Chest discomfort that may last more than a few
minutes or go away come back.
Pain or discomfort in the upper body, including arm,
left shoulder, back, neck, jaw, or below the
breastbone
Difficulty of breathing or shortness of breath
Sweating or “cold sweat”
Indigestion, heartburn, nausea, or vomiting
Light-headedness, dizziness, or extreme weakness
Anxiety or rapid or irregular heartbeats
69.
70. HEAT STROKE Treatment
Call 117 if:
Body temperature above 103 degree F
Rapid pulse
Reduced Sweating
Disorientation
Unconsciousness
Seizure
Warm, red, dry skin
71. HEAT STROKE Treatment
2.) Lower Body Temperature quickly while waiting for
Emergency Services to Arrive
Get the person into air conditioning if possible
or out of the sun
Spray the person with cool water, or apply cold
wet cloths or ice packs to the armpits,
neck, and groin
Fan air across the person to increase cooling
Do not give the person anything to drink if the
person is not alert
72. HEAT STROKE Treatment
3.) Treat Symptoms
If the person experiences seizures, keep him
or her safe from injury
If the person vomits, turn the person on his or
her side to keep the airway open
73.
74. NOSEBLEEDS Treatment
1.) Stop the Bleeding
Have the person sit up straight and lean forward
slightly. Don’t have person lie down or tilt the
head backward
With thumb and index finger, firmly pinch the
nose just below the bone up against the face
Apply pressure for 5 minutes.
If bleeding continues after 5 minutes, repeat the
process
75.
76.
77. Apply ________ pressure on the cut or wound with
a clean cloth, tissue, or piece of gauze until
bleeding stops
If blood soaks through material, ___________.
If the wound is on arm or leg, _________ limb
______ heart to help slow bleeding
Wash your hands again _______ giving first aid and
______ before cleaning and dressing the wound