The document provides information on various first aid procedures. It defines first aid as the initial response to medical emergencies by non-medical experts. The purposes of first aid are to sustain life, prevent suffering, avoid complications, and promote recovery. It describes do's and don'ts for first responders, principles of first aid using the 4 C's (call for help, take charge, check the scene and casualty, care for the casualty), and the DRABC action plan. It then provides guidance on treating common injuries and illnesses like nosebleeds, heart attacks, burns, choking, bites/stings, wounds, and potential spinal injuries. It concludes by listing recommended contents for a first aid kit.

1. FIRST AID

2. FIRST AID
• The initial process of assessing and
addressing the needs of someone who is
experiencing medical emergencies.
• Allows a “non-medical expert” to quickly
determine a person’s physical condition
and the course of treatment.
• Can make a difference to a person’s
recovery and could save their life.

3. Purpose of First Aid
• To Sustain the life
• To Prevent suffering
• To Prevent secondary complications
• To Promote speedy recovery

4. DO AND DON’Ts
DO
• Before handling the
casualty use:
Mask
Gloves
Head Cover
Apron
DON’Ts
• First Aider can
never
 Prescribe Medicine
 Declare DEATH

5. PRINCIPLES OF FIRST AID (4 C’s)
• Call for Help
• Calmly Take Charge
• Check the scene & the casualty
• Carefully apply FIRST AID

6. ACTION PLAN
 Assess the Situation
 Safety of yourself and the casualty
 Assess the casualty
 Treat the casualty
 Arrange the removal of the casualty to hospital or safe area
 Write a report / Communicate the status

7. Assessing the Skills of a First Aider
Observer
Listen
Feel
Talk
Touch
Provide
Build Trust

8. Responsibility of a First Aider
• To assess the situation quickly and safely and call for
appropriate help.
• To identify the level of injury or the nature of illness affecting
the casualty / victim.
• To give early and appropriate treatment in a sensible order of
priority.
• To make and pass on a report, give a further help if its
required.

9. DRABC
Danger
Response
Airway
Breathing
Circulation

10. D - DANGER
To yourself
To others
To casualty

11. R - RESPONSE
• Gently “Shake and Shout” at the casualty
• Is the casualty is conscious?
• Is the casualty drowsy or confused?
• Is the casualty unconscious, but reacting?
• Is the casualty unconscious with no reaction?
• If unconscious, place the casualty in the stable side
position.

12. A - AIRWAY
• Is the airway is open and clear?
• Is there noisy in breathing?
• Are there Potential obstruction such as blood etc?
• If so, open and clear the airway!

13. HOW TO OPEN AN AIRWAY
• Tilt Head and Back and Lift Chin up with fingers under the
jaw to establish Airway (Move head as little as possible if
there may be a neck injury.)

14. B - BREATHING
• Look for chest movements
• Listen for sounds for breathing
• Feel for breathes on your cheek
• If not breathing give 2 rescue breathes

15. C - CIRCULATION
• Is there a carotid pulse?
• Is it strong?
• Is it regular”
• Is there a major blood loss?
• IF NO PULSE PRESENT THEN START CPR
( CIRCULATION PULSE RESPIRATION)

16. NOSE BLEED

17. The Do and Don’ts for First Aid Treatment
DIAGNOSIS
Nosebleed • Do not lean back.
• Leaning back can be harmful
as the blood could block the
windpipe, blocking the airway.
• Sit in a comfortable upright
position and lean forward
slightly.
• Then pinch your nose just
below the bony nose bridge
and above the fleshy lobes of
the nostrils until the bleeding
is stemmed.
• Aftercare: Once the bleeding
is controlled, do not blow your
nose as this might dislodge
the clot and make you bleed
again.

18. HEART ATTACK
One of the
leading cause
of death in
many parts of
the world.

19. The Do and Don’ts for First Aid Treatment
DIAGNOSIS
Heart Attack • Even if you are not sure about
the symptoms, if you suspect a
heart attack at all, do not wait.
• If the person is conscious, give
them a 300mg tablet of aspirin
to chew.
• Alert! The main risk is that the
heart will stop beating. Be
prepared to resuscitate if
necessary.
• Early warning signs: Pressure
in center of chest.
• Pain in shoulders, neck or
arms.
• Chest discomfort with fainting,
sweating or nausea.
• Call ambulance immediately.

20. BURNS

21. BURNS

22. The Do and Don’ts for First Aid Treatment
DIAGNOSIS
BURNS • Never put ice on the burn,
as it delay healing or cause
extra damage (think
frostbite). Also leave the
butter in the kitchen, unless
you want to make it worse.
• Do not break blisters and
attempt to remove the skin,
as it can cause infection.
1st Degree burn
• Put the burn part in cold water.
2nd Degree burn
• Put cold, wet dressing on burn.
Cover the burned part with a
loose bandage (or clean washed
cotton sheet for a larger area)
and go to the doctor.
3rd Degree burn
• Leave burned clothes on the skin.
If the face is burned, keep victim
sitting up. Keep airway open, tilt
head back. Evaluate burned
arms, legs, hands. Keep burn
higher than heart. Call
ambulance.

23. The Do and Don’ts for First Aid Treatment
DIAGNOSIS
BURNS • Immediately help
victim who suffered
from electrical burn
without looking out
if the victim be in
contact with it.
Chemical Burn
• Remove chemical causing burn by washing
the skin under cool running water for at
least 20 minutes. Remove all clothing or
jewelry that may be contaminated by the
chemical. After washing, apply cool, wet
cloth on the burn to relieve the pain.
Electrical Burn
• Call the ambulance immediately.
• Look out if there is any contact with the
electric source.
• Turn off the electrical source or try move it
by non – conducting object.
• Prevent shock by lying the child down and
raising the legs with an object. e.g. Pillow

24. CHOKING

25. The Do and Don’ts for First Aid Treatment
DIAGNOSIS
CHOKING
ASK! Are you
choking?
If the victim able to
talk, groan, wheeze or
cough, he is partially
choked.
• Slap the victim
back’s hard.
• Using your fingers
to force out the
item out of the
victim’s mouth.
• Remain calm and encourage the victim to
keep coughing to try and clear the
blockage.
• Stand slightly behind the person to one
side.
• Support their chest with one hand. Lean the
person forward so that the object blocking
the airway will come out of their mouth,
rather than going further down.
• Give at least 5 sharp blows between the
person’s shoulder blades with the heel on
your hand.
Stop after each blows to check if the blockage
has cleared. If not, give up to five abdominal
thrusts.

26. CHOKING

27. The Do and Don’ts for First Aid Treatment
DIAGNOSIS
CHOKING
Complete blockage
If the victim unable to
make any sound at
all.
• Using your fingers
to force out the
item out of the
victim’s mouth.
Steps in Abdominal thrusts
1. Stand behind the person who is choking.
2. Place your arms around the waist and
bend them well forward.
3. Clench your fist and place it right and place
it right above the person’s navel (belly
button)
4. Place your other hand on top, thrust both
hands backwards into their stomach with a
hard, upward movement.
Do it five times (1 cycle), stop each cycle to
check if the blockage has been cleared.
Alert!
• Do not thrusts on pregnant and on a very
large sized adult.

28. Bites and Stings
• Insect stings and bites
• What to Look For:
• Check the sting site to see if a stinger and
venom sac are embedded in the skin.
• Bees are the only stinging insects that leave
their stingers and venom sacs behind.
• Scrape the stinger and venom sac away with
a hard object such as a long fingernail, credit
card, scissor edge, or knife blade.
• Reactions generally localized pain, itching, and
swelling.
• Allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) occurs will be a
life threatening.

29. Bites and Stings
• What to Do:
• Ask the victim if he/she has had a reaction
before.
• Wash the sting site with soap and water to
prevent infection.
• Apply an ice pack over the sting site to slow
absorption of the venom and relieve pain.
• Because bee venom is acidic, a paste
made of baking soda and water can
help.
• Seek medical attention if necessary.

30. Bites and Stings
• Tick bites
• Tick can remain embedded for days without the
victim’s realizing it.
• Most tick bites are harmless, although ticks can
carry serious diseases.
• Symptoms usually begin 3 to 12 days after a tick
bites.

31. Bites and Stings
• What to Do:
• The best way to remove a tick is with fine-pointed
tweezers. Grab as closely to the skin as possible
and pull straight back, using steady but gentle
force.
• Wash the bite site with soap and water.
• Apply rubbing alcohol to further disinfect the
area.
• Apply an ice pack to reduce pain.
• Calamine lotion may provide relief from itching.
• Keep the area clean.
• Continue to watch the bite site for about
one month for a rash.
• If rash appears, see a physician.
• Also watch for other signs such as fever,
muscle aches, sensitivity to bright light, and
paralysis that begins with leg weakness.

32. Wounds
• Open Wounds
• A break in the skin’s surface that results in external
bleeding and may allow bacteria to enter the body that
can cause infection
• Abrasion
• The top layer of skin is removed
with little or no blood loss
• Scrape
• Laceration
• A cut skin with jagged, irregular edges
and caused by a forceful tearing away
of skin tissue
• Incisions
• Smooth edges and resemble
a surgical or paper cut

33. Wounds
• Punctures
• Deep, narrow wounds such as
a stab wound from a nail or a
knife in the skin and underlying organs
• Avulsion
• Flap of skin is torn loose and is either
hanging from the body or completely removed
• Amputation
• Cutting or tearing off of a body part
such as a finger, toe, hand, foot, arm, or leg

34. Wounds
• What to Do:
• Wear gloves (if possible) and expose wound
• Control bleeding
• Clean wounds
• To prevent infection
• Wash shallow wound gently with soap and water
• Wash from the center out / Irrigate with water
• Severe wound?
• Clean only after bleeding has stopped

35. Wounds
• Wounds Care
• Remove small objects that do not flush out by
irrigation with sterile tweezers.
• If bleeding restarts, apply direct pressure.
• Use roller bandages (or tape dressing to the body)
• Keep dressings dry and clean
• Change the dressing daily, or more often if it gets wet
or dirty.

36. Wounds
• Signs of Wound Infection:
• Swelling, and redness around the wound
• A sensation of warmth
• Throbbing pain
• Fever / chills
• Swollen lymph nodes
• Red streaks
• Tetanus (lock jaw), should receive injection in
first 72 hours.

37. Dressings and Bandages
• The purpose of a dressing is to:
• Control bleeding
• Prevent infection and contamination
• Absorb blood and fluid drainage
• Protect the wound from further injury
• What to Do:
• Always wear gloves (if possible)
• Use a dressing large enough to extend beyond the
wound’s edges.
• Cover the dressing with bandages.

38. Dressings and Bandages
• Bandage can be used to:
• Hold a dressing in place over an open wound
• Apply direct pressure over a dressing to control
bleeding
• Prevent or reduce swelling
• Provide support and stability for an extremity or joint
• Bandage should be clean but need not be sterile.

39. Amputation
• What to Do:
• Control the bleeding
• Treat the victim for shock
• Recover the amputated part and whenever possible take
it with the victim
• To care for the amputated body part:
• The amputated part does not need to be cleaned
• Wrap the amputated part with a dry sterile gauze or
other clean cloth
• Put the wrapped amputated part in a plastic bag or other
waterproof container
• Keep the amputated part cool, but do not freeze
• Place the bag or container with the wrapped part on a bed of ice
• Seek medical attention immediately

40. Checking for Spinal Injuries
• Spinal Injuries
• Head injuries may indicate that there are possible
spinal injuries
• It may have been moved suddenly in one or more
directions, damaging the spine.
• What to Look For
• General signs & symptoms
• Painful movement of the arms or legs
• Numbness, tingling, weakness, or burning
sensation in the arms or legs
• Loss of bowel or bladder control
• Paralysis of the arms or legs
• Deformity (odd-looking angle of the victim’s
head & neck

41. Checking for Spinal Injuries
• What to Do:
• Stabilize the victim against any movement.
• Check ABCs. (Airway Breathing Circulation)
• Unresponsive Victim:
• Look for cuts, bruise, and deformities.
• Test response by pinching the victim’s hand, and bare
foot.
• If no reaction, assume the victim may have spinal
damage.

42. Checking for Spinal Injuries
• Responsive Victim
• Upper Extremity Checks:
• Victim wiggles fingers.
• Victim feels rescuer squeeze fingers.
• Victim squeeze rescuer’s hand.
• Lower Extremity Checks:
• Victim wiggles toes.
• Victim feels rescuer squeezes toes.
• Victim pushes foot against rescuer’s hand.

43. FIRST AID KIT
• Bandages
• Adhesive Bandages
• Gauze Pads
• Surgical Tape
• Small Mirror
• Over the counter drugs
• Alcohol
• Alcohol wipes
• Hand sanitizer
• Thermometer

44. FIRST AID KIT
• Scissors
• Tweezers
• Nail Scissors
• Antibiotic Cream
• Matches
• Ziploc Bags
• First Aid Manual

45. Thank you
for listening