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first aid PPT.pptx basic first aids ppts
- 1.
- 2. INTRODUCTION • First aidis the first and immediate assistance given to any person suffering from either a minor or serious illness or injury with care provided to preserve life, prevent the condition from worsening, or to promote recovery. • It includes initial intervention in a serious condition prior to professional medical help being available.
- 3. • There aremany situations that may require first aid, and many countries have legislation, regulation, or guidance, which specifies a minimum level of first aid provision in certain circumstances. • This can include specific training or equipment to be available in the workplace (such as an automated external defibrillator) the provision of specialist first aid cover at public gatherings, or mandatory first aid training within schools. • First aid, however, does not necessarily require any particular equipment or prior knowledge, and can involve improvisation with materials available at the time, often by untrained people.
- 4. The universal firstaid symbol
- 5. The role ofthe first aider Assessing the situation What happened Number of casualties History, signs, symptoms Protecting from dangers Assess for further danger Protect yourself first Getting help Ask bystanders Which emergency services? Recognise your limitations Prioritising treatment Most urgent thing first Most urgent person first Offer support and comfort Minimising infection risks Wash hands before and after giving help Wear disposable gloves Wear protective clothing if needed Cover your own cuts with a plaster Dispose of contaminated waste carefully Use sterile, undamaged, in-date dressings
- 6. Preserve Life Prevent Worsening PromoteRecovery The aims of first aid P P P
- 7.
- 8. A first aidkit consists of a strong durable bag or transparent plastic box They are commonly identified with a white cross on a green background. The advantage of ready-made first aid kits are that they have well organized compartments and familiar layouts.
- 9. • There isno universal agreement upon the list for the contents of a first aid kit. • The contents of workplace first aid kits will vary according to the nature of the work activities.
- 10. Gloves Face shield PlastersWound dressings Eye pad Finger dressing Burns dressing Triangular bandage Conforming bandage Wipes Safety pins Adhesive tape Foil blanket Eye wash Scissors First aid kits
- 11. • Information leaflet •Medium sterile dressings • Large sterile dressings • Bandages • Triangular dressings • Safety pins • Adhesive dressings • Sterile wet wipes • Microporous tape • Nitrile gloves • Face shield • Foil blanket • Burn dressings • Clothing shears • Conforming bandages • Finger dressing • Antiseptic cream • Scissors • Tweezers • Cotton
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- 13.
- 14. Setting the priorities •Protocols such as 1. ATLS(Advanced trauma life support ) 2. BATLS(Battlefield Advanced Trauma Life Support) 3. SAFE-POINT • These are based on the principle of defining the priorities and the procedure where the correct execution of the individual steps achieves the required objective of saving human life
- 15. Basic points ofthese protocols include • Catastrophic bleeding (massive external bleeding) • Airway (clearing airways) • Breathing (ensuring respiration) • Circulation (internal bleeding) • Disability (neurological condition) • Environment (overall examination, environment) • A major benefit of these protocols is that they require minimum resources, time and skills with a great degree of success in saving lives under conditions unfavorable for applying first aid.
- 16.
- 17. • Blood squirt(blood spurt, blood spray, blood gush, or blood jet) is the effect when an artery is ruptured. • Blood pressure causes the blood to bleed out at a rapid, intermittent rate in a spray , coinciding with the pulse, rather than the slower, but steady flow of venous bleeding. • Also known as arterial bleeding, arterial spurting, or arterial gushing, the amount of blood loss can be copious, occur very rapidly, and can cause death by Exsanguination.
- 18. Venous ooze • Thisblood is flowing from a damaged vein. As a result, it is blackish in colour (due to the lack of oxygen it transports) and flows in a steady manner. • Caution is still indicated: while the blood loss may not be arterial, it can still be quite substantial, and can occur with surprising speed without intervention.
- 19.
- 20. Capillary trickles • Bleedingfrom capillaries occurs in all wounds. • Although the flow may appear fast at first, blood loss is usually slight and is easily controlled. • Bleeding from a capillary could be described as a ‘trickle’ of blood.
- 21.
- 22. The key firstaid treatment for all of these types of bleeding is “Direct Pressure” over the wound.
- 23. Shock – normalcirculation The heart is pumping fine, there is enough blood and the blood vessels have good tone.
- 24. Hypovolaemic shock Blood orfluids are lost
- 25. SHOCK • Shock isthe state of insufficient blood flow to the tissues of the body as a result of problems with the circulatory system. • Initial symptoms of shock may include weakness, fast heart rate, fast breathing, sweating, anxiety, and increased thirst. • This may be followed by confusion, unconsciousness, or cardiac arrest, as complications worsen.
- 26. Four main typesbased on the underlying cause • Low Volume(Hypovolemic) • Cardiogenic • Obstructive • Distributive Shock
- 27. • Low volumeshock, also known as hypovolemic shock, may be from bleeding, diarrhea, or vomiting • Cardiogenic shock may be due to a heart attack or cardiac contusion • Obstructive shock may be due to cardiac tamponade (also known as pericardial tamponade is the buildup of fluid in the pericardium (the sac around the heart), resulting in compression of the heart or a tension pneumothorax.
- 28. • Distributive shockmay be due to sepsis, anaphylaxis, injury to the upper spinal cord, or certain drug overdoses.
- 29. Rapidly assess: •Type ofbleed •Exact point of bleeding •Foreign objects Sit or Lay Examine Pressure 10 minutes Dress Treatment of bleeding
- 30. Catastrophic bleeding –prioritising treatment
- 31. Haemostatic dressings For life-threateningbleeding that cannot be controlled by direct pressure Useful for: Neck – abdomen – groin – armpit • If possible – apply pressure to exact point of pulsating bleeding and mop out pooled blood • TIGHTLY pack the whole wound • Compress for 5 minutes (repeat if needed) • Send packaging to hospital with casualty • Do not block the air flow in a sucking chest wound
- 32. • Hemostatic dressing,is wound dressing that contains an agent that promotes blood clotting
- 37. Tourniquets For life-threatening bleedingthat cannot be controlled by direct pressure Useful for: Arms or legs – multiple trauma – multiple casualties
- 38. Tourniquets Improvised tourniquet inyour first aid kit: Triangular bandage Scissors
- 39.
- 40. Bruise Minor injuries –contusion (bruise) Contusion
- 41.
- 42. Graze Minor injuries –abrasion (graze) Contusion Abrasion
- 43.
- 44. Types of wound– laceration Contusion Abrasion Laceration
- 45.
- 46. Types of wound– incision Contusion Abrasion Laceration Incision
- 47.
- 48. Types of wound– penetrating Contusion Abrasion Laceration Incision Penetrating
- 49. Types of wound– penetrating Contusion Abrasion Laceration Incision Penetrating
- 50. Types of wound– penetrating / laceration Contusion Abrasion Laceration Incision Penetrating
- 51.
- 52. Types of wound– amputation Contusion Abrasion Laceration Incision Penetrating Amputation
- 53.
- 54. Embedded glass Minor injuries– embedded object
- 55. Tetanus? Minor injuries –splinter 4
- 56. Minor injuries –insect sting
- 57. • Insect bitesand stings occur when an insect is agitated and seeks to defend itself through its natural defense mechanisms, or when an insect seeks to feed off the bitten person. • Some insects inject formic acid, which can cause an immediate skin reaction often resulting in redness and swelling in the injured area.
- 58. • Stings from Fireants,bees,waspsand hornets ar e usually painful, and may stimulate a dangerous allergic reaction called anaphylaxis for at-risk patients, and some wasps can also have a powerful bite along with a sting. • Bites from mosquitoes and fleas are more likely to cause itching than pain
- 59. Symptoms Symptoms depend onthe type of bite or sting. They may include: • Pain • Redness • Swelling • Itching • Burning • Numbness • Tingling
- 60. Symptoms of anaphylaxiscan occur quickly and affect the whole body. They include: • Abdominal pain or vomiting • Chest pain • Difficulty swallowing • Difficulty breathing • Face or mouth swelling • Fainting or lightheadedness • Rash or skin flushing
- 61. • For severereactions, first check the person's airways and breathing. begin rescue breathing and CPR. Then, follow these steps: • Reassure the person. Try to keep them calm. • Remove nearby rings and constricting items because the affected area may swell. • Use the person's EpiPen or other emergency kit, if they have one. (Some people who have serious insect reactions carry it with them.) • If appropriate, treat the person for signs of shock. Remain with the person until medical help arrives.
- 62. General steps formost bites and stings: • Remove the stinger by scraping the back of a credit card or other straight-edged object across the stinger. Do not use tweezers -- these may squeeze the venom sac and increase the amount of venom released. • Wash the site thoroughly with soap and water. Then, follow these steps: • Place ice (wrapped in a washcloth) on the site of the sting for 10 minutes and then off for 10 minutes. Repeat this process. • If necessary, take an antihistamine or apply creams that reduce itching. • Over the next several days, watch for signs of infection (such as increasing redness, swelling, or pain).
- 63.
- 64. Nosebleed Minor injuries –nosebleed
- 66. Eye irrigation Eye injury- chemicals
- 67.
- 68.
- 69.
- 73. >1% Full Thickness Burns that needhospital treatment
- 74.
- 75.
- 78.