2. INTRODUCTION
• First aid is the first and immediate assistance
given to any person suffering from either a minor
or serious illness or injury with care provided to
preserve life, prevent the condition from
worsening, or to promote recovery.
• It includes initial intervention in a serious
condition prior to professional medical help
being available.
3. • There are many situations that may require first aid, and
many countries have legislation, regulation, or guidance,
which specifies a minimum level of first aid provision in
certain circumstances.
• This can include specific training or equipment to be
available in the workplace (such as an automated external
defibrillator) the provision of specialist first aid cover at
public gatherings, or mandatory first aid training within
schools.
• First aid, however, does not necessarily require any
particular equipment or prior knowledge, and can involve
improvisation with materials available at the time, often
by untrained people.
5. The role of the first aider
Assessing the situation
What happened
Number of casualties
History, signs, symptoms
Protecting from dangers
Assess for further danger
Protect yourself first
Getting help
Ask bystanders
Which emergency services?
Recognise your limitations
Prioritising treatment
Most urgent thing first
Most urgent person first
Offer support and comfort
Minimising infection risks
Wash hands before and after giving help
Wear disposable gloves
Wear protective clothing if needed
Cover your own cuts with a plaster
Dispose of contaminated waste carefully
Use sterile, undamaged, in-date dressings
8. A first aid kit consists of a
strong durable bag or transparent
plastic box
They are commonly identified with a
white cross on a green background.
The advantage of ready-made first aid
kits are that they have well organized
compartments and familiar layouts.
9. • There is no universal agreement upon
the list for the contents of a first aid
kit.
• The contents of workplace first aid
kits will vary according to the nature
of the work activities.
10. Gloves Face shield
Plasters Wound dressings Eye pad
Finger dressing Burns dressing Triangular bandage Conforming bandage
Wipes
Safety pins Adhesive tape Foil blanket
Eye wash Scissors
First aid kits
14. Setting the priorities
• Protocols such as
1. ATLS(Advanced trauma life support )
2. BATLS(Battlefield Advanced Trauma Life
Support)
3. SAFE-POINT
• These are based on the principle of defining the
priorities and the procedure where the correct
execution of the individual steps achieves the
required objective of saving human life
15. Basic points of these protocols include
• Catastrophic bleeding (massive external bleeding)
• Airway (clearing airways)
• Breathing (ensuring respiration)
• Circulation (internal bleeding)
• Disability (neurological condition)
• Environment (overall examination, environment)
• A major benefit of these protocols is that they require
minimum resources, time and skills with a great degree
of success in saving lives under conditions unfavorable
for applying first aid.
17. • Blood squirt (blood spurt, blood spray, blood
gush, or blood jet) is the effect when an artery is
ruptured.
• Blood pressure causes the blood to bleed out at a
rapid, intermittent rate in a spray , coinciding with
the pulse, rather than the slower, but steady flow
of venous bleeding.
• Also known as arterial bleeding, arterial
spurting, or arterial gushing, the amount of
blood loss can be copious, occur very rapidly, and
can cause death by Exsanguination.
18. Venous ooze
• This blood is flowing from a damaged
vein. As a result, it is blackish in colour
(due to the lack of oxygen it transports)
and flows in a steady manner.
• Caution is still indicated: while the blood
loss may not be arterial, it can still be
quite substantial, and can occur with
surprising speed without intervention.
20. Capillary trickles
• Bleeding from capillaries occurs in all
wounds.
• Although the flow may appear fast at first,
blood loss is usually slight and is easily
controlled.
• Bleeding from a capillary could be
described as a ‘trickle’ of blood.
25. SHOCK
• Shock is the state of insufficient blood flow to
the tissues of the body as a result of problems
with the circulatory system.
• Initial symptoms of shock may include
weakness, fast heart rate, fast
breathing, sweating, anxiety, and increased
thirst.
• This may be followed by
confusion, unconsciousness, or cardiac arrest,
as complications worsen.
26. Four main types based on the
underlying cause
• Low Volume(Hypovolemic)
• Cardiogenic
• Obstructive
• Distributive Shock
27. • Low volume shock, also known as
hypovolemic shock, may be from
bleeding, diarrhea, or vomiting
• Cardiogenic shock may be due to a heart
attack or cardiac contusion
• Obstructive shock may be due to cardiac
tamponade (also known as pericardial
tamponade is the buildup of fluid in the
pericardium (the sac around the heart),
resulting in compression of the heart or
a tension pneumothorax.
28. • Distributive shock may be due
to sepsis, anaphylaxis, injury to the
upper spinal cord, or certain
drug overdoses.
29. Rapidly assess:
•Type of bleed
•Exact point of bleeding
•Foreign objects
Sit or Lay
Examine
Pressure
10 minutes
Dress
Treatment of bleeding
31. Haemostatic dressings
For life-threatening bleeding that
cannot be controlled by direct pressure
Useful for: Neck – abdomen – groin – armpit
• If possible – apply pressure to exact point
of pulsating bleeding and mop out
pooled blood
• TIGHTLY pack the whole wound
• Compress for 5 minutes (repeat if needed)
• Send packaging to hospital with casualty
• Do not block the air flow in
a sucking chest wound
32. • Hemostatic dressing, is
wound dressing that contains
an agent that promotes
blood clotting
57. • Insect bites and stings occur when
an insect is agitated and seeks to defend itself
through its natural defense mechanisms, or
when an insect seeks to feed off the bitten
person.
• Some insects inject formic acid, which can
cause an immediate skin reaction often
resulting in redness and swelling in the injured
area.
58. • Stings
from Fireants,bees,wasps and hornets ar
e usually painful, and may stimulate a
dangerous allergic
reaction called anaphylaxis for at-risk
patients, and some wasps can also have
a powerful bite along with a sting.
• Bites from mosquitoes and fleas are
more likely to cause itching than pain
59. Symptoms
Symptoms depend on the type of bite or sting.
They may include:
• Pain
• Redness
• Swelling
• Itching
• Burning
• Numbness
• Tingling
60. Symptoms of anaphylaxis can occur
quickly and affect the whole body.
They include:
• Abdominal pain or vomiting
• Chest pain
• Difficulty swallowing
• Difficulty breathing
• Face or mouth swelling
• Fainting or lightheadedness
• Rash or skin flushing
61. • For severe reactions, first check the person's airways and
breathing. begin rescue breathing and CPR. Then, follow
these steps:
• Reassure the person. Try to keep them calm.
• Remove nearby rings and constricting items because the
affected area may swell.
• Use the person's EpiPen or other emergency kit, if they have
one. (Some people who have serious insect reactions carry it
with them.)
• If appropriate, treat the person for signs of shock. Remain
with the person until medical help arrives.
62. General steps for most bites and
stings:
• Remove the stinger by scraping the back of a credit card or other
straight-edged object across the stinger. Do not use tweezers --
these may squeeze the venom sac and increase the amount of
venom released.
• Wash the site thoroughly with soap and water. Then, follow these
steps:
• Place ice (wrapped in a washcloth) on the site of the sting for 10
minutes and then off for 10 minutes. Repeat this process.
• If necessary, take an antihistamine or apply creams that reduce
itching.
• Over the next several days, watch for signs of infection (such as
increasing redness, swelling, or pain).
