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FIRST AID AND CPR

First aid is the immediate care provided to an injured or ill person until more advanced medical treatment can be accessed, with the goals of preventing further harm, promoting recovery, and sustaining life. Proper first aid includes assessing the situation for dangers, checking the person's response, airway, breathing, and circulation, controlling any bleeding, treating for shock, and seeking medical help if needed. The key principles of first aid are prioritizing life-threatening issues, ensuring one's own safety, avoiding further harm, and handling each situation calmly while rendering temporary aid.

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FIRST AID
What is First Aid ? The Encyclopaedia Britannica states First Aid as "measures to be taken immediately after an accident not with an idea to cure but in order to prevent further harm being done". It uses the available human and material resources at the site of accident to provide initial care to the victim of injury or sudden illness until more advance care is provided.
What is First Aid?Definition: •First aid is the immediate care given to an injured or suddenly ill person. •First aid does not take the place of proper medical treatment.
First Aid • Immediate care given to an injured or suddenly ill person – Without any proper medical equipment – Temporary assistance until arrival of competent medical care – Does not take the place of proper medical treatment
Role of First Aider • Bridge the gap between the time of the accident and the arrival of the physician. • Ends when medical assistance begins. • Doesn’t intend to compete with or take place of the physician.
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES • To sustain the life • To prevent suffering • To prevent secondary complications • To promote speedy recovery
OBJECTIVES OF FIRST AID • To prolong life • To alleviate suffering • To prevent further or added injury
Characteristic of a Good First Aider • Observant-notice all signs • Resourceful-makebest useof all things • Gentle-shouldn’t causepain • Tactful-shouldn’t bealarming • Sympathetic-should be comforting
Principles of First Aid
PRINCIPLES “4 C”s • Call for help • Calmly take charge • Check the sense & the casualty • Carefully apply first aid
Principle #1: First, do no harm Know what to do and know what NOT to do
First Do No Harm • Do no harm does not mean do nothing. • The wisdom is not just to know what to do, but what NOT to do • Sometimes the best thing you can do for a casualty is to call for help. • Provide comfort and assurance to the casualty may
Principle #2: First Aid Is Not An Exact Science And Is Open To Error
First Do No Harm • Use treatments you know of that are most likely to benefit a casualty • Do not use a treatment that you are not sure about “just for the sake of trying”
First Aid Is Not An Exact Science • First aid is practiced by people from all walks of life • Therefore there are great variations in terms of methods and practice • A casualty may not respond as you hoped no matter how good and how hard you try
First Aid Is Not An Exact Science • Don’t feel bad if the casualty don’t respond as you would like him to. • If you have done your best, your conscience should be clear. • You may also have to deal with your own fear in real life situations
Principle #3: First Aid is about Putting First Things First
First Things First • Get your priority right • If there are too many injuries in a casualty, treat the most urgent injuries first • If there are too many casualties – First, call for help – Treat the ones with the highest chance of survival
• The first step to get our priority right is to know and recognize what is an emergency and what is not an emergency! • Sometimes it is very difficult, e.g. heart attack can be silent • Hollywood emergencies don’t always exist in real life First Things First
Principle #4: Safety Is Of Utmost Importance In First Aid
First Aid Kit Following are the contents of a First Aid Kit :  Cotton wool  Adhesive tape  Crepe bandage  Sterile Dressing  Bandage  Thermometer  Scissors  Glove  Soap  Pain reliever  Antacid  ORS Packets
Action Plan This Action Plan is a vital aid to the first aider in assessing whether the victim has any life- threatening conditions and if any immediate first aid is necessary. They are DRABC . D - Check for DANGER  To you  To others  To victim R - Check RESPONSE  Is victim conscious?
A - Check AIRWAY  Is airway clear of objects?  Is airway open? B - Check for BREATHING  Is chest rising and falling?  Can you hear victim's breathing?  Can you feel the breath on your cheek? C - Check for CIRCULATION  Can you feel a pulse?  Can you see any obvious signs of life?
 Electricity can be very dangerous unless used with care. When an accident occurs with electricity, the First Aider must remember that it is not safe to touch the casualty until the power has been turned off.  The signs and symptoms include surface and internal burns and breathing and heart beat stopped. The best way to treat the person electrocuted is to cut off the power supply and remove the victim from the source with non-conductive material.  Carry out the DRABC exercise and cover the area affected with clean dressing and send him/her to the hospital immediately if necessary. ELECTRIC SHOCK
Bleeding Cuts, scrapes and puncture can result in bleeding. Severe bleeding can be life threatening. To stop bleeding ;  Direct pressure  Elevation - Lie victim down and raise the injured part above the heart and handle gently if you suspect a fracture. The blood gets thicker after bleeding for a few minutes. This is called clotting. Bandaging is done to stop bleeding and to stop dirt infecting the wound. Change the bandage at least once a day and tetanus injection needs to be taken if required.
Warning : ❑ If bleeding from a limb doesn’t stop, apply pressure with hand to pressure point. ❑ If embedded object in wound, apply pressure either side of wound and place pad around it before bandaging. ❑ Wear gloves, if possible to guard against infection ❑ If the victim becomes unconscious, follow CAB
EPISTAXIS(NOSE BLEED)
DOS: • Make the patient to sit up with head slightly bent forward. • Press the nostril together, hold for several minutes • Apply a wet towel with cold water/ice over the nose. • Loosen the clothing at neck • Place narrow strip of gauze and insert it into the nose slowly with pen or pencil until a tight plug is formed. • Call physician, if bleeding is excessive or continuous.
DONTS: • Don’t pack your nose with tissue • Don’t blow your nose after a nose bleed. • Don’t bend over • Don’t pick your nose • Don’t smoke • Don’t let the patient talk, cough, laugh or blow the nose. Activity or excitement increases bleeding
Nasal pack
Snake Bite Most of the snakes are harmless. Snakebites generally occur on the limbs and most often on the legs. Always assume the bite to be from a venomous snake. Suspected snakebite must be treated with a pressure immobilization bandage. Do’s : • Keep the bitten limb below the level of the heart • Allow the affected area to bleed freely for 15 – 30 seconds • If the bite is on the limb, apply a firm roller bandage two inches away from the wound. • Wash the affected area with soap and disinfect the area • The bandage should be loose enough for a finger to slip through • Constantly check airway, breathing and blood circulation
Dog Bites The aim of First Aid in case of dog bite is to prevent rabies, to reduce the risk of infection and to get medical aid as soon as possible. Do’s : ★ Wipe the saliva away from the wound using a clean cloth or handkerchief. ★ Do not come in contact with the saliva that gets wiped away. ★ Wash the wound thoroughly with plenty of soap and water. ★ Cover the wound with a dry, sterile dressing. ★ Get medical aid or send the patient to the hospital as soon as possible.
INSECT BITE • Check the site • Remove the left out by using sharp instruments like needle or forceps • Observe any allergic reaction like pain and itching
Foreign body in eyes:• Foreign body in the eyes may be dust, small particles of wound, stone, coal, glass or an insect. Signs/Symptoms: Pain, redness, burning, tears. Management: • Pull down lower lid and remove unembedded object with clean tissue if it lies on the inner surface of lower lid. • If object has not been located, pull upper lid forward and down over lower lid. • Object can be removed from surface of upper eyelid by turning lid back over a swab stick or similar object and lifting off the foreign body with a clean tissue. • Finally, flush the eye with water. • If object is suspected to be embedded, apply a dry, protective dressing over eye, and call physician or take patient to hospital emergency room. • Keep victim from rubbing the eye. For chemical burns, flood eyes with water.
Foreign body in the nose: • Usually peas, beans, piece of pencil are put into the nose by children. Signs/Symptoms: uncomfortable, complains of pain, inability to breath Management: • Make the victim to sit • Ask the victim to breathe through mouth to prevent foreign body to aspirate in to respiratory tract from nose. • Make the patient sneeze by passing the end of a piece of thread in the opposite nostril. • Do not attempt to remove it with a pin or a hook. • Seek medical help
Foreign body in the ears: • Peas, beans, piece of slate pencil can be pushed by children during play. Sometime insect also can be present. Signs/symptoms: pain blocked ear, ringing in the ear Management: • Put warm oil in the ear to float out an insect. • Do not attempt to remove any other form of foreign body as the tympanic membrane may be damaged during such attempts. • Take the patient to a doctor.
Fractures and Sprains Fracture refers to an injury affecting the skeleton and can be caused by the application of direct and indirect force. The general signs and symptoms are: ★ Pain at or near the site of injury increased by movement. ★ Movement may be difficult or impossible ★ Swelling and later bruising of the injured part ★ Deformity at the site of the fracture ★ Shock may occur
Types of Fractures
Do’s : ★ Check the danger, response, airway, breathing and the blood circulation of the victim (DRABC) ★ Always control severe bleeding before immobilizing any fractures ★ Place sufficient padding to support fracture site ★ Immobilize fracture sites by using splints ★ Do not force bones back into the wound ★ Give proper padding before the patient is shifted to the hospital ★ Apply ice pack on the affected area to reduce pain and control swelling
Poisoning Poisoning is any substance that causes injury, illness or death when introduced into the body. There are different types of poisoning: Ingested poisons are introduced through the mouth by eating or drinking poisonous substances. Inhaled poisons are introduced through the lungs by inhaling industrial gases, fumes from fire, chemical vapors and petrol and engine exhaust. Absorbed poisons are absorbed through the skin via contact with poisonous sprays such as pesticides and insecticides.