First aid by Dr Hariom Sharma Global Speciality Hospital Gwalior

First aid by Dr Hariom Sharma Global Speciality Hospital Gwalior

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  First Aid Principlesand Practice Dr Hariom Sharma MBBS, MS Global Speciality Hospital Gwalior
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  Why to knowfirst aid procedures? • Lives can be saved by the steps anyone can take until medical help can arrive.
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  Definition of FirstAid
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  What is FirstAid? Definition:  Assessment and immediate care .  Does not take the place of proper medical treatment and  Must not delay activation of emergency medical services or other medical assistance when required.
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  First Aid • Immediatecare that can be given to an injured or suddenly ill person – With minimal or no proper medical equipment – Temporary assistance until arrival of competent medical care – Does not take the place of proper medical treatment
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  AIMS OF GIVINGFIRST AID To save life. To control bleeding To relieve pain. To promote quick recovery To prevent further Injuries and Infection To be able transport casualties
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  CONTENTS OF AFIRST AID BOX • • • • • • • • • • Bandages Gauze Plasters Scissors Cotton Wool Pain Killers Note Book And Pen Disinfectant Iodine /Spirit Gloves
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  TRIANGULAR WIDE BROAD ROLLER NARROW FLAT PAD RING PAD
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  CONTENTS OF AFIRST AID BOX • • • • • • • • Surgical Blades Glucose Burn Cream Safety Pins Ors –Oral Rehydration Salts Liniment / Deep Heat Soap Medicated Splints
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  RULES OF GIVINGFIRST AID First aiders life comes number one Do first things first D – anger R – esponse A – irway B – reathing C – irculation
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  The three C’s Check, Call, Care!
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  Look for AB C A-Airways:Check airway before you give chest compression . Pull the tongue out if it is falling back and blocking the airway.
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  •Breathing B-breathing: •Step If the victimdoesn't speak or open his eyes tilt his head back and lift the chin. Look, listen and feel their breathing. •3
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  BLEEDING • Escape ofblood from blood system i.e.  Capillaries,  Arteries,  Veins and  Heart.
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  Types of bleeding InternalBleeding This is the escape of blood from arteries, capillaries and veins into the spaces in the body. (Remains inside the body). EXTERNAL BLEEDING This is the escape of blood from arteries, capillaries and veins out of the body and is seen.
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  Artery Types of Bleeding Spurting Steadyflow •Veins •Capillary Oozing Internal Injuries
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  Bleeding Control Direct Pressurewith gauze or clean cloth. Ask the victim to support his/her own injured limb.
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  Bleeding Control Start fromdistal to proximal. Make two turns at the start. Check for circulation, sensation and movement before applying
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  Bleeding Control Apply bandagewith roller facing up. Ensure the subsequent turn cover 2/3rd of previous turn.
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  Bleeding Control Cut theend of the bandage into two to use as ties
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  Bleeding Control Check againfor circulation, sensation and movement after applying. Ensure not too tight!
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  Bleeding Control Applying 2ndlayer of bandage if still bleeding
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  Bleeding Control Check againfor circulation, sensation and movement after applying.
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  Bleeding Control • Bestcontrolled by applying pressure until bleeding stops • Amount of pressure applied and the time the pressure is held are the most important factors affecting successful control of bleeding.
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  Bleeding Control • Elevationand use of pressure points are no longer recommended to control bleeding. Why? 1.effectiveness of elevation has not been studied 2.these unproven procedures may compromise the proven intervention of direct pressure
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  Control of Bleeding DirectPressure Cold Applications Elevation Pressure bandage
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  Elevation and useof pressure points are not recommended to control bleeding 2010 American Heart Association and American Red Cross Guidelines for First Aid
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  NOSE BLEEDING • Makethe Victim to sit facing the breeze with the head slightly forward . • Ask him to breath through the mouth and not to blow his nose . • Apply cold compresses over the nose and fore head • Pinch the soft part of nose with the fingers for 10 minutes . • Apply cold on the back of the neck and forehead
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  10 MINUTES •12 •Step 2.1. •Step3. Bleed •Step •Nose
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  WOUNDS • A breakor cut in the continuity of a body
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  Types Of Wounds Closedwounds This is when the damage occurs under the skin tissue leaving the outer layer unbroken e.g. electrical burn. Open wounds This is when there is a breakage in the continuity of the skin e.g. cut by a razorblade, knife
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  Types of Wounds
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  Basic First Aidfor Wounds • Open Wounds – A break in the skin’s surface that results in external bleeding and may allow bacteria to enter the body that can cause infection • Abrasion – The top layer of skin is removed little or no blood loss – Scrape with • Laceration – A cut skin with jagged, irregular edges caused by a forceful tearing away tissue and of skin • Incisions – Smooth edges and resemble surgical or paper cut Facilities Planning & Management UW-Eau Claire a
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  Basic First Aidfor Wounds Cont. • Open Wounds Cont. – Punctures • Deep, narrow wounds such as a stab wound from a nail or a knife in the skin and underlying organs – Avulsion • Flap of skin is torn loose and is either hanging from the body or completely removed – Amputation • Cutting or tearing off of a body part such as a finger, toe, hand, foot, arm, or Facilities Planning & Management UW-Eau Claire
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  FAM Safety. Reassure casualty asyou settle him/her in a comfortable position. Remove the foreign body if possible. Dress and bandage the affected part. Change the dressing every other day. Burn all used up dressings so as not to spread infection.
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  SHOCK • A conditionin which a person’s important body organs fails to function or slow down due to less oxygenated blood flow. (Triangle of life Brain, lungs and heart)
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  Shock Shock affects all majorfunctions of the body loss of blood flow to the tissues and organs Shock must be treated in all accident cases
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  Treatment for Shock •Lievictim down if possible •Face is pale-raise the tail •Face is red-raise the head •Loosen tight clothing •Keep victim warm and dry •Do not give anything by mouth •No stimulants
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  BURNS AND SCALDS •Burns are injuries caused by dry heat e.g. hot metals, iron e.t.c while scalds are injuries caused by vapor or hot liquids.
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  FAM Safety Pour plenty ofcold running water over part Refer or call for help • NB Never break blisters • Never forcefully remove clothes from burnt skin
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  • Put theburn under cold water for 10 minutes. • 8 •S t e p •S •B t 2 .
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  Chemical Burns Treatment: •Flood thearea with slowly running water for at least ten minutes. (or proper neutralizing agent) •Gently remove contaminated clothing while flooding injured area, taking care not to contaminate yourself. •Continue treatment for SEVERE BURNS •Remove to hospital.
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  ASPHYXIA • A conditionin which there is insufficient or no oxygen supply to the vital organs of the body triangle of life caused by suffocation, chocking and drowning.
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  CAUSES Strangulation Inhaling poisonous gases Drowning Beingburied under soil. Unconsciousness Overcrowding in a poorly ventilated room Cardiac Failure Electric shock Asthma/Diseases
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  FAM  Identify andremove the cause from the casualty or the reverse  If poisonous gas or fire, keep the victim low  Open and clear the air way  Ventilate if necessary (give a kiss of life)  Refer if necessary
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  FRACTURES Break or crackin the continuity of a bone.
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  CLASSIFICATION OF FRACTURES Compound/openfracture This is when a bone breaks and tears through the skin tissue, and it can be seen. Simple/closed fracture This is when a bone breaks/cracks but remains within the body. Green stick fracture This happens in children/infants whose bones have not grown hard. It bends or cracks but doesn’t break. As their bones are not hard enough to break. Complicated fracture This is when a bone breaks and damages other body organs and it may be open or closed fracture.
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  Fractures & Dislocations Musttreat for bleeding first Do not push bones back into place Don’t straighten break Treat the way you found it
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  FAM 1. Safety 2. Restthe casualty and place affected part in comfortable position 3. Reassure the casualty 4. Immobilize fracture using splints and bandages 5. Control bleeding if any 6. Refer
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  Splints Must be astraight line break Be careful of temperature change Can be formed to shape of deformity
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  UNCONSCIOUSNESS • A stateof unawareness due to damage or disturbance of the brain functions
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  FIRST AID MANAGEMENTFOR UNCONSCIOUSNESS  Open the airway by lifting the chin and tilting the head. Check breathing and circulation and be prepared to resuscitate if necessary.  If the casualty starts to vomit, put in a recovery position.  If suspect spinal injury, treat the casualty as a spinal injury.  Examine the casualty to identify severe bleeding and fractures.  Control any bleeding as immediately as possible.  Ensure plenty of fresh air by opening doors, windows or in an open environment.  Cover the casualty with a worm blanket
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  Who provides firstaid? • • • • • • Workmates Friends Relatives, Family members, Teachers Medical students, anyone ……YOU!
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  Principles of FirstAid
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  Principle #1: First,do no harm Know what to do and know what NOT to do
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  First Do NoHarm • Do no harm does not mean do nothing. • The wisdom is not just to know what to do, but what NOT to do • Sometimes the best thing you can do for a casualty is to call for help. • Provide comfort and assurance to the casualty may be the only thing you can do
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  First Do NoHarm • Use treatments you know of that are most likely to benefit a casualty • Do not use a treatment that you are not sure about “just for the sake of trying”
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  Any victim trappedinside the vehicle may have injured his cervical spine. Be careful when removing such victim
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  Positioning of Victim •As a general rule a victim should not be moved • The indications to move the victim include 1.If the area is unsafe for the rescuer or victim 2.If the victim is face down and is unresponsive 3.If the victim has difficulty breathing because of copious secretions or vomiting 4.If the victim shows evidence of shock
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  Use bags or pillows,etc, to immobilize the cervical spine
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  What to doand NOT to do in Snake Bite? • Send any evidence of the snake to the hospital only if safe to do so. • Avoid elevating the limb • DO NOT use an arterial tourniquet • DO NOT try to capture the snake • DO NOT cut the bitten area • DO NOT suck the bitten area
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  What to do? •Ensure safety • Reassure and rest the casualty • Avoid all unnecessary movement to prevent venom from spreading in the body. • Direct pressure and immobilize the limb • Get to hospital urgently
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  Principle #2: FirstAid is about Putting First Things First
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  First Things First •Get your priority right • If there are too many injuries in a casualty, treat the most urgent injuries first • If there are too many casualties – First, call for help – Treat the ones with the highest chance of survival
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  Don’t treat him.Forget it!
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  They are alsonot your priority. Keep them aside and leave them to chat with each other!
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  First Things First •The first step to get our priority right is to know and recognize what is an emergency and what is not an emergency! • Sometimes it is very difficult, e.g. heart attack can be silent
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  Principle #3: SafetyIs Of Utmost Importance In First Aid
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  All materials, includingwooden ones, can conduct electricity if the voltage is high enough!!
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  TRANSPORTATION • Method aFirst Aider can improvise to move/transfer causality from place of injury to where he/she is going to be attended to by first aider or medical personnel.
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  TYPES OF TRANSPORTATION Stretcheror improvised e.g. blanket, bed sheets Dragging Human cradle Human crutch Chair lift Two handed seat Four handed seat Three handed seat Four handed seat Pick a back
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  Practical Application
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  What Information ToRelay • • • • • • • • Identify yourself E: Exact Location T: Type of event H: Hazard A: Access N: Number of casualties involved E: Existing emergency services Put down phone only if asked to
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  Conclusion • First aiddoes not take the place of proper medical care • It is a temporary measure using minimal or no medical equipments • Three basic principles: 1. DO NO HARM 2. FIRST THINGS FIRST 3. SAFETY IS OF UTMOST IMPORTANCE