To identify and simulate conventional type of disturbance on the overhead transmission line by using PSCAD / EMTDC software package
To develop mathematical model for various type of disturbance on overhead transmission line.
To develop a smart algorithm for fault detection using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO).
Fault location and correction are important in case of any power systems. This process has to be prompt and accurate so that system reliability can be improved , outage time can be reduced and restoration of system from fault can be accelerated.
Fault location calculation using Magnetoresistance sensor is described here.
Fault location and correction are important in case of any power systems. This process has to be prompt and accurate so that system reliability can be improved , outage time can be reduced and restoration of system from fault can be accelerated.
Fault location calculation using Magnetoresistance sensor is described here.
Transmission line is one the important compnent in protection of electric power system because the transmission line connects the power station with load centers.
The fault includes storms, lightning, snow, damage to insulation, short circuit fault [1].
Fault needs to be predicted earlier in order to be prevented before it occur
The transmission overhead line is one of the vital elements in the power system for transmitting the electrical energy. In the transmission, the disturbances are often occurred. In the conventional algorithm, alpha and beta (mode) currents generated by Clarke’s transformation are utilized to convert the signal of Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) to obtain the Wavelet Transform Coefficient (WTC) and the Wavelet Coefficient Energy (WCE). This study introduces a new algorithm, called Modified Clarke for fault detection and classification using DWT and Back-Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) based on Clarke’s transformation on transmission overhead line by adding gamma current in the system. Daubechies4 (Db4) is used as a mother wavelet to decompose the high frequency components of the signal error. Simulation is performed using PSCAD / EMTDC transmission system modeling and carried out at different locations along the transmission line with different types of fault, fault resistances, fault locations and fault of the initial angle on a given power system model. The simulated fault types are in the study are the Single Line to Ground, the Line To Line, the Double Line to Ground and the Three Phases. There are four statistic methods utilized in the present study to determine the accuracy of detection and classification of faults. The result shows that the best and the worst structures of BPNN occurred on the configuration of 12-24-48-4 and 12-12-6-4, respectively. For instance, the error using Mean Square Error Method. The Error Of Clarke’s, Without Clarke’s and Modified Clarke’s are 0.05862, 0.05513 and 0.03721 which are the best, respectively, whereas, the worst are 0.06387, 0.0753 and 0.052, respectively. This indicates that the Modified Clarke’s result is in the lowest error. The method is successfully implement can be utilized in the detection and classification of fault in transmission line by utilities and power regulation in power system planning and operation.
Implementation of solar pv battery and diesel generator based electric vehic...Asoka Technologies
In this paper, a solar PV (Photovoltaic) array, a battery energy storage (BES), a diesel generator (DG) set and grid based EV charging station (CS) is utilized to provide the incessant charging in islanded, grid connected and DG set connected modes. The charging station is primarily designed to use the solar photovoltaic PV array and a BES to charge the electric vehicle (EV) battery. However, in case of exhausted storage battery and unavailable solar PV array generation, the charging station intelligently takes power from the grid or DG (Diesel Generator) set. However, the power from DG set is drawn in a manner that, it always operates at 80-85% loading to achieve maximum fuel efficiency under all loading conditions. Moreover, in coordination with the storage battery, the charging station regulates the generator voltage and frequency without a mechanical speed governor. It also ensures that the power drawn from the grid or the DG set is at unity power factor (UPF) even at nonlinear loading. Moreover, the PCC (Point of Common Coupling) voltage is synchronized to the grid/ generator voltage to obtain the ceaseless charging. The charging station also performs the vehicle to grid active/reactive power transfer, vehicle to home and vehicle to vehicle power transfer for increasing the operational efficiency of the charging station. The operation of the charging station is experimentally validated using the prototype developed in the laboratory.
Fault location and correction are important in case of any power systems. This process has to be prompt and accurate so that system reliability can be improved , outage time can be reduced and restoration of system from fault can be accelerated.
Fault location calculation using Magnetoresistance sensor is described here.
Fault location and correction are important in case of any power systems. This process has to be prompt and accurate so that system reliability can be improved , outage time can be reduced and restoration of system from fault can be accelerated.
Fault location calculation using Magnetoresistance sensor is described here.
Transmission line is one the important compnent in protection of electric power system because the transmission line connects the power station with load centers.
The fault includes storms, lightning, snow, damage to insulation, short circuit fault [1].
Fault needs to be predicted earlier in order to be prevented before it occur
The transmission overhead line is one of the vital elements in the power system for transmitting the electrical energy. In the transmission, the disturbances are often occurred. In the conventional algorithm, alpha and beta (mode) currents generated by Clarke’s transformation are utilized to convert the signal of Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) to obtain the Wavelet Transform Coefficient (WTC) and the Wavelet Coefficient Energy (WCE). This study introduces a new algorithm, called Modified Clarke for fault detection and classification using DWT and Back-Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) based on Clarke’s transformation on transmission overhead line by adding gamma current in the system. Daubechies4 (Db4) is used as a mother wavelet to decompose the high frequency components of the signal error. Simulation is performed using PSCAD / EMTDC transmission system modeling and carried out at different locations along the transmission line with different types of fault, fault resistances, fault locations and fault of the initial angle on a given power system model. The simulated fault types are in the study are the Single Line to Ground, the Line To Line, the Double Line to Ground and the Three Phases. There are four statistic methods utilized in the present study to determine the accuracy of detection and classification of faults. The result shows that the best and the worst structures of BPNN occurred on the configuration of 12-24-48-4 and 12-12-6-4, respectively. For instance, the error using Mean Square Error Method. The Error Of Clarke’s, Without Clarke’s and Modified Clarke’s are 0.05862, 0.05513 and 0.03721 which are the best, respectively, whereas, the worst are 0.06387, 0.0753 and 0.052, respectively. This indicates that the Modified Clarke’s result is in the lowest error. The method is successfully implement can be utilized in the detection and classification of fault in transmission line by utilities and power regulation in power system planning and operation.
Implementation of solar pv battery and diesel generator based electric vehic...Asoka Technologies
In this paper, a solar PV (Photovoltaic) array, a battery energy storage (BES), a diesel generator (DG) set and grid based EV charging station (CS) is utilized to provide the incessant charging in islanded, grid connected and DG set connected modes. The charging station is primarily designed to use the solar photovoltaic PV array and a BES to charge the electric vehicle (EV) battery. However, in case of exhausted storage battery and unavailable solar PV array generation, the charging station intelligently takes power from the grid or DG (Diesel Generator) set. However, the power from DG set is drawn in a manner that, it always operates at 80-85% loading to achieve maximum fuel efficiency under all loading conditions. Moreover, in coordination with the storage battery, the charging station regulates the generator voltage and frequency without a mechanical speed governor. It also ensures that the power drawn from the grid or the DG set is at unity power factor (UPF) even at nonlinear loading. Moreover, the PCC (Point of Common Coupling) voltage is synchronized to the grid/ generator voltage to obtain the ceaseless charging. The charging station also performs the vehicle to grid active/reactive power transfer, vehicle to home and vehicle to vehicle power transfer for increasing the operational efficiency of the charging station. The operation of the charging station is experimentally validated using the prototype developed in the laboratory.
Three Phase Fault Analysis With Auto Reset On Temporary Fault And Permanent TripEdgefxkits & Solutions
This PPT explains about Three phase fault analysis. This is achieved by using star to delta conversions.
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In power engineering the power flow analysis (also known as load flow study) is an important tool involving numerical analysis applied to a powe r system. This project deals with a model of existing power system using the actual data taking care of all parameters required for the simulation and analysis. With the help of Maharasht ra State Electricity Transmission co. Ltd.,a model of 220KV lines,of Solapur District grid usin g MATLAB software will be modeled. In this project,an algorithm will be used for power f low study and data collection and coding required for modeling. Load flow studies will be ca rried out using Newton Raphson method and voltage profile of buses will be analyzed. New meth od for the improvement of voltage profile will be suggested and analyze using the developed m odel. The optimization techniques include power factor compensation,tap changing,up gradati on of substation,up gradation of line and load shifting will be analyzed. Importance of power flow or Load flow studies is in planning future expansion of power system as well as determi ning the best operation of existing systems. From results of simulation buses with low voltage p rofile will be identified and possible solutions can be suggested.
- An outhouse project completed at Progressive Powercon Pvt. Ltd., Pune, India. Aim is to design and implement a low cost solar electricity generation system for household use.
- Designed DC-DC Converter, Inverter, Micro controller circuitry and some additional accessories to improve the overall performance of the system.
- PIC 16f876A is used as a microcontroller fro PWM Control. All the simulation are performed in PSIM 6.0. PCB layout is carried out in ALTIUM DESIGNER Summer 09 Software.
Power System Analysis was a core subject for Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Based On Anna University Syllabus. The Whole Subject was there in this document.
Share with it ur friends & Follow me for more updates.!
Solar pv array fed brushless dc motor driven water pumpAsoka Technologies
This work deals with the utilization of solar photovoltaic (SPV) energy in the brushless DC (BLDC) motor driven water pump. A DC-DC boost converter, used as an intermediate power conditioning unit plays a vital role in efficiency enhancement of SPV array and soft starting of the BLDC motor with proper control. The speed control of BLDC motor is performed by PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) control of the voltage source inverter (VSI) using DC link voltage regulator. No additional control or current sensing element is required for speed control. The behavior of proposed pumping system is demonstrated by evaluating its various performances through MATLAB/simulink based simulation study.
Powergrid Corporation India Limited industrial trainingAkriti Gupta
This ppt is overview of a grid;From the electricity generation To power(electricity) distribution.whatt are the basic components are used in the grid and their working and SLD of the grid.The GIS substation at Magarwada is basically a connector between two grids of 400 kV and 220 kV through Inter Connecting Transformers(ICT).The switching and fault protection are broadly done using GIS technology; which requires very less amount of space and Maintainance cost
Three Phase Fault Analysis With Auto Reset On Temporary Fault And Permanent TripEdgefxkits & Solutions
This PPT explains about Three phase fault analysis. This is achieved by using star to delta conversions.
Edgefxkits.com has a wide range of electronic projects ideas that are primarily helpful for ECE, EEE and EIE students and the ideas can be applied for real life purposes as well.
http://www.edgefxkits.com/
Visit our page to get more ideas on popular electronic projects developed by professionals.
Edgefx provides free verified electronic projects kits around the world with abstracts, circuit diagrams, and free electronic software. We provide guidance manual for Do It Yourself Kits (DIY) with the modules at best price along with free shipping.
In power engineering the power flow analysis (also known as load flow study) is an important tool involving numerical analysis applied to a powe r system. This project deals with a model of existing power system using the actual data taking care of all parameters required for the simulation and analysis. With the help of Maharasht ra State Electricity Transmission co. Ltd.,a model of 220KV lines,of Solapur District grid usin g MATLAB software will be modeled. In this project,an algorithm will be used for power f low study and data collection and coding required for modeling. Load flow studies will be ca rried out using Newton Raphson method and voltage profile of buses will be analyzed. New meth od for the improvement of voltage profile will be suggested and analyze using the developed m odel. The optimization techniques include power factor compensation,tap changing,up gradati on of substation,up gradation of line and load shifting will be analyzed. Importance of power flow or Load flow studies is in planning future expansion of power system as well as determi ning the best operation of existing systems. From results of simulation buses with low voltage p rofile will be identified and possible solutions can be suggested.
- An outhouse project completed at Progressive Powercon Pvt. Ltd., Pune, India. Aim is to design and implement a low cost solar electricity generation system for household use.
- Designed DC-DC Converter, Inverter, Micro controller circuitry and some additional accessories to improve the overall performance of the system.
- PIC 16f876A is used as a microcontroller fro PWM Control. All the simulation are performed in PSIM 6.0. PCB layout is carried out in ALTIUM DESIGNER Summer 09 Software.
Power System Analysis was a core subject for Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Based On Anna University Syllabus. The Whole Subject was there in this document.
Share with it ur friends & Follow me for more updates.!
Solar pv array fed brushless dc motor driven water pumpAsoka Technologies
This work deals with the utilization of solar photovoltaic (SPV) energy in the brushless DC (BLDC) motor driven water pump. A DC-DC boost converter, used as an intermediate power conditioning unit plays a vital role in efficiency enhancement of SPV array and soft starting of the BLDC motor with proper control. The speed control of BLDC motor is performed by PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) control of the voltage source inverter (VSI) using DC link voltage regulator. No additional control or current sensing element is required for speed control. The behavior of proposed pumping system is demonstrated by evaluating its various performances through MATLAB/simulink based simulation study.
Powergrid Corporation India Limited industrial trainingAkriti Gupta
This ppt is overview of a grid;From the electricity generation To power(electricity) distribution.whatt are the basic components are used in the grid and their working and SLD of the grid.The GIS substation at Magarwada is basically a connector between two grids of 400 kV and 220 kV through Inter Connecting Transformers(ICT).The switching and fault protection are broadly done using GIS technology; which requires very less amount of space and Maintainance cost
Installing, Programming & Commissioning of Power System Protection Relays and...Living Online
The continuity of the electrical power supply is very important to consumers especially in the industrial sector. Protection relays are used in power systems to maximise continuity of supply and are found in both small and large power systems from generation, through transmission, distribution and utilisation of the power. A good understanding of their application, operation and maintenance is critical for operating and maintenance personnel.
In this workshop, you will gain a thorough understanding of the capabilities of power system protection relays and how they fit into the overall distribution network. The practical sessions covering the calculation of fault currents, selection of appropriate relays and relay coordination as well as hands-on practice in configuring and setting of some of the commonly used types of protection relays used in industry will give you an excellent understanding. Simulation software and real relays (but at safe voltages) will be used to give the participants practical experience in setting up and configuring the various power parameters. Both electro-mechanical and microprocessor relays will be used to demonstrate the key configuration settings required and the major differences in the approach adopted between these two classes of relays.
The strengths and weaknesses of the latest microprocessor (or numerical) relays as compared to the older electromechanical relays will be outlined. You will also gain a solid appreciation of how the modern relay communicates not only to the central SCADA system but also between themselves resulting in a truly multifunctional system which includes protection, control and monitoring. Finally, you will gain a solid understanding of issues of reliability and security for the modern relay.
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/installing-programming-and-commissioning-power-system-protection-relays-and-hardware-31
Nowadays, it is very important to maintain voltage level. Controlling of that voltage is also important. This Presentation contains methods of voltage control.
Grid calculations ELVIS event Antti HarjulaFingrid Oyj
In 2008, Fingrid launched a project, the aim of which was to build a new information system that supported asset and operation management and was based on product-based solutions. This new data system that supports asset and operation management goes by the name of ELVIS (an acronym for ELectricity Verkko Information System).
Tutorial: Introduction to Transient Analysis with PowerFactory. This tutorial is a simple introduction to transient simulation using DIgSILENT PowerFactory
Power System Simulation Laboratory Manual Santhosh Kumar
Date:-(13-07-2016)
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Condition Monitoring of a Large-scale PV Power Plant in AustraliaAmit Dhoke
This presentation considers the problems of condition
monitoring and fault detection in an existing solar photovoltaic
(PV) plant in Australia. A PV prediction model is proposed to
accurately model the PV plant output. This model is then used
with three condition monitoring and fault detection methods.
The considered methods involve comparison of measured and
modeled voltage and current ratios with appropriate thresholds
and adjacent string values. The procedure to calculate
thresholds is described. The proposed PV model and the
condition monitoring approaches are collectively used with real
PV data. As a result, the string disconnection and bypassed
module faults are detected. It is also found that the string level
monitoring is ideally suited for reliable condition monitoring
and fault detection, especially for large PV plants.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Performance Comparison of Identification Methods Applied to Power Systems for...Reza Pourramezan
Authors: Reza Pourramezan, Sadegh Vaez-Zadeh, and Hamid Reza Nourzadeh
Published in 2006 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT)
DOI: 10.1109/ICIT.2006.372551
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4237873/
Park’s Vector Approach to detect an inter turn stator fault in a doubly fed i...cscpconf
An electrical machine failure that is not identified in an initial stage may become catastrophic and it may suffer severe damage. Thus, undetected machine faults may cascade in it failure, which in turn may cause production shutdowns. Such shutdowns are costly in terms of lost production time, maintenance costs, and wasted raw materials. Doubly fed induction generators are used mainly for wind energy conversion in MW power plants. This paper presents a detection of an inter turn stator fault in a doubly fed induction machine whose stator and rotor are supplied by two pulse width modulation (PWM) inverters. The method used in this article to detect this fault, is based on Park’s Vector Approach , using a neural network s.
Practical Implementation for Stator Faults Protection and Diagnosisin 3-Ph IM...theijes
This paper presents a real-time practical implementation for an online protection and diagnosis technique for induction motor stator faults. The Artificial Neural Network (ANN), the wavelet packet transform (WPT)- algorithms are developed as based approaches for protecting and diagnosing various stator faults occurring in three-phase induction motors. These approaches are based on the entropy of the WPT-coefficients of line currents using an optimized mother wavelet 'db3' at the second level of resolution with thresholds determined experimentally during the various conditions of the motor. The algorithm is implemented in real-time using the LabJack U3-HV instrument device as an interface between the WPT-algorithm which developed in Matlab program/PC and the 3-ph CT’s which are used to sense the 3-ph current lines motor. The proposed technique is tested on a laboratory induction motor which is chosen with unknown parameters. It is a rewinded motor that realizes a different requirement. It has many output terminals from its windings in order to implement the various faults. The online test results give a tripping signal at an instant time that through applied a new moving frame technique. A few cycles presents to isolate the main C.B of the motor power supply in all cases of faults. In addition, the WPT-algorithm is developed to issue online a flagging fault message window which helped to diagnose the faults type.
Wavelet Based Fault Detection, Classification in Transmission System with TCS...IJERA Editor
This paper presents simulation results of the application of distance relays for the protection of transmission systems employing flexible alternating current transmission controllers such as Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC). The complete digital simulation of TCSC within a transmission system is performed in the MATLAB/Simulink environment using the Power System Block set (PSB). This paper presents an efficient method based on wavelet transforms both fault detection and classification which is almost independent of fault impedance, fault location and fault inception angle of transmission line fault currents with FACTS controllers.
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineerin...ijceronline
Call for paper 2012, hard copy of Certificate, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJCER, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, research and review articles, IJCER Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathematics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer review journal, indexed journal, research and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijceronline.com, research journals,
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Precise position control of a magnetic levitation system System using Differe...CHANDRASHEKHAR GUTTE
A cascaded sliding mode control for magnetic levitation systems. A disturbance observer-based sliding mode controller is designed for the electrical loop while a state and disturbance observer-based sliding mode controller is designed for the electromechanical loop. The overall stability of the system is rigorously established. The performance of the proposed scheme is compared with a conventional linear quadratic regulator combined with a proportional-integral controller by simulation as well as experimentation on a magnetic levitation setup in a laboratory
Glitch Analysis and Reduction in Combinational Circuitscsandit
Hazard in digital circuits is unnecessary transitions due to gate propagation delay in that
circuit. Hazards occur due to uneven delay offered in the path of the various ongoing signals.
One of the important reasons for power dissipation in CMOS circuits is the switching activity
.This include activities such as spurious pulses, called glitches. Power optimization techniques
that concentrate on the reduction of switching power dissipation of a given circuit are
called glitch reduction techniques. In this paper, we analyse various Glitch reduction
techniques such as Hazard filtering Technique, Balanced Path Technique, Multiple Threshold
Technique and Gate Freezing Technique. Using simulation, we also measure the parameters
such as noise and delay of the circuits on application of various techniques to check the
reliability of different circuits in various situations.
GLITCH ANALYSIS AND REDUCTION IN COMBINATIONAL CIRCUITS cscpconf
Hazard in digital circuits is unnecessary transitions due to gate propagation delay in that
circuit. Hazards occur due to uneven delay offered in the path of the various ongoing signals.
One of the important reasons for power dissipation in CMOS circuits is the switching activity
.This include activities such as spurious pulses, called glitches. Power optimization techniques
that concentrate on the reduction of switching power dissipation of a given circuit are
called glitch reduction techniques. In this paper, we analyse various Glitch reduction
techniques such as Hazard filtering Technique, Balanced Path Technique, Multiple Threshold
Technique and Gate Freezing Technique. Using simulation, we also measure the parameters
such as noise and delay of the circuits on application of various techniques to check the
reliability of different circuits in various situations.
Daya dihasilkan oleh pembangkit yang dikoppel dengan generator.Tegangan yang dihasilkan akan disalurkan ke saluran transmisi setelah dinaikkan tegangannya mengguna trafo step up,kemudian ke saluran distribusi setelah tegangnnya diturunkan menggunakan trafo step down.Melalui trafo distribusi daya disalurkan ke pelanggan
Transmisi tenaga listrik adalah proses menghantarkan listrik dari sumber ke tempat pengguna. Mari kita jelajahi bagaimana transmisi tenaga listrik bekerja dan komponen-komponennya.
Gardu Induk SF6 atau GIS merupakan Gardu Induk yang menggunakan media isolasi elektrik berupa Gas SF6 pada semua peralatan utama di Switchgear. Hal yang harus diperhatikan dalam penggunaan gas SF6 yaitu tekanan pada gas harus sesuai dengan standarnya. GIS 150Kv. Pelabuhan Ratu merupakan salah satu Gardu Induk yang menggunakan gas SF6 sebagai media isolasi
Gardu induk adalah suatu instalasi yang terdiri dari peralatan listrik yang berfungsi untuk : 1) Mengubah tenaga listrik tegangan tingi yang satu ke tegangan tinggi yang lainnya atau tegangan menengah. 2) Pengukuran, pengawasan, operasi serta pengaturan pengamanan sistem tenaga listrik.
Stabilisasi operasi sistem tenaga listrik didefinisikan sebagai kemampuan dari sistem untuk menjaga kondisi operasi yang seimbang dan kemampuan sistem tersebut untuk kembali ke kondisi operasi normal ketika terjadi gangguan
Proteksi sistem tenaga listrik bertujuan utama untuk menjaga keamanan dan keselamatan baik bagi peralatan listrik maupun pengguna. Dengan adanya proteksi yang efektif, gangguan seperti hubung singkat dan arus lebih dapat dideteksi dan diatasi dengan cepat, sehingga mencegah terjadinya kebakaran, kerusakan peralatan, atau bahaya bagi pengguna.
Jaringan Tegangan Menengah (JTM) atau sering disebut Jaringan Distribusi Primer adalah suatu bagian daripada sistem tenaga listrik antara gardu induk dan gardu sitribusi.
Pengertian umum Gardu Distribusi tenaga listrik yang paling dikenal adalah suatu bangunan gardu listrik berisi atau terdiri dari instalasi Perlengkapan Hubung Bagi Tegangan Menengah (PHB-TM), Transformator Distribusi (TD) dan Perlengkapan Hubung Bagi Tegangan Rendah (PHB-TR) untuk memasok kebutuhan tenaga listrik bagi para pelanggan baik dengan Tegangan Menengah (TM 20 kV) maupun Tegangan Rendah (TR 220/380V).
DISTRIBUSI Jaringan Tegangan Rendah adalah bagian hilir dari sistem tenaga listrik pada tegangan distribusi di bawah 1000 Volt, yang langsung memasok kebutuhan listrik tegangan rendah ke konsumen. Di Indonesia, tegangan operasi transmisi SUTR saat ini adalah 220/ 380. Volt.
Sistem transmisi listrik berkembang seiring dengan perjalanan waktu dan inovasi teknologi. Awalnya, sistem transmisi listrik terbatas pada jarak pendek dan menggunakan tegangan rendah. Namun, penemuan generator listrik dan transformator oleh tokoh seperti Nikola Tesla membuka pintu bagi penggunaan tegangan tinggi dan pengiriman listrik jarak jauh. Perang arus listrik antara Thomas Edison dan George Westinghouse memunculkan pilihan transmisi listrik berbasis arus bolak-balik (AC) dengan tegangan tinggi, yang akhirnya menjadi standar industri karena keefisiensiannya. Seiring waktu, perkembangan teknologi terus mendukung kemajuan dalam sistem transmisi, termasuk pengenalan peralatan modern seperti circuit breakers dan sistem monitoring otomatis. Dengan pertumbuhan kebutuhan energi dan pergeseran ke sumber energi terbarukan, sistem transmisi listrik terus mengalami transformasi untuk memenuhi tantangan keberlanjutan dan efisiensi energi.
Gardu induk adalah sebuah subsistem dari system penyaluran (teransmisi) tenaga listrik. Gardu indu memiliki perang penting dari pengoprasianya, tidak dapat di pisahkan dari system penyaluran secara keseluruhan
GIS (Gas Insulated Switchgear) merupakan salah satu bagian penting dari sistem tenaga listrik yang berfungsi sebagai saluran penghubung. Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) adalah sebuah sistem penghubung dan pemutus jaringan listrik yang dikemas dalam sebuah tabung non ferro dan menggunakan bahan gas sulphur hexa fluorida (SF6) sebagai media isolasinya.
Sistem Tenaga Listrik merupakan sekumpulan pusat listrik dan pusat beban yang satu sama lain dihubungkan oleh jaringan transmisi dan distribusi sehingga merupakan sebuah kesatuan interkoneksi. Energi listrik dibangkitkan oleh pusat-pusat listrik seperti PLTA, PLTU, PLTG, PLTGU, PLTP dan PLTP.
Sistem proteksi tenaga listrik merupakan sistem pengaman pada peralatan peralatan yang terpasang pada sistem tenaga listrik, seperti generator, busbar, transformator, saluran udara tegangan tinggi, saluran kabel bawah tanah, dan lain sebagainya terhadap kondisi abnormal operasi sistem tenaga listrik tersebut.
Jaringan tengangan mengengah atau sering disebut jaringan distribusi primer merupakan bagian dari sistem tenaga listrik antara gardu induk dan gardu distribusi
Distribusi Tegangan Menengah adalah jaringan yang berfungsi untuk menyalurkan tenaga listrik dari gardu induk ke gardu distribusi atau kekonsumen dengan tegangan yang disalurkan adalah 20 kv.
Gardu distribusi adalah suatu fasilitas dalam sistem kelistrikan yang berfungsi untuk mendistribusikan daya listrik dari gardu induk atau stasiun transformator ke pelanggan akhir seperti rumah, industri, dan bisnis. Gardu distribusi bertindak sebagai hub yang mengatur dan menyebarkan daya listrik pada tingkat tegangan yang lebih rendah, sesuai dengan kebutuhan pengguna di area tertentu.
Jaringan Tegangan Rendah ialah jaringan tenaga listrik dengan tegangan rendah yang mencakup seluruh bagian jaringan tersebut beserta perlengkapannya dari sumber penyaluran tegangan rendah tidak termasuk SLTR. Sedangkan sambungun tenaga listrik tegangan rendah (SLTR) ialah penghantar di bawah atau di atas tanah termasuk peralatannnya mulaidari titik penyambungan pada JTR sampaidengan alat pembatas dan pengukur (APP)
Gardu Induk merupakan sub (transmisi) tenaga listrik, atau merupakan penyaluran (transmisi). Sebagai sub sistem dari sistem penyaluran (transmisi), gardu induk mempunyai peranan penting dalam pengoperasiannya tidak dapat dipisahkan dari sistem penyaluran (transmisi) secara keseluruhan
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FAULT DETECTION ON OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINE USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK AND PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION
1. UTMUNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
FAULT DETECTION
ON OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINE
USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK AND
PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION
By
MAKMUR SAINI
SUPERVISED BY
PROF.IR.DR.ABDULLAH ASUHAIMI BIN MOHD ZIN
CO SUPERVISOR BY
PROF.DR.MOHD WAZIR BIN MUSTAFA
2. Table Of Content
OBJECTIVES
SCOPE OF THE RESEARCH
The types of fault that will be simulated
Overview Short Circuit Fault Analysis
Research Methodology
PRELIMINARY RESULT
CONCLUSION
3. OBJECTIVES
1. To identify and simulate conventional type of
disturbance on the overhead transmission line by
using PSCAD / EMTDC software package
2. To develop mathematical model for various type of
disturbance on overhead transmission line.
3. To develop a smart algorithm for fault detection
using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Particle
Swarm Optimization (PSO).
4. SCOPE OF THE RESEARCH
1. Identification and simulation of various of
disturbance on overhead transmission line by
using PSCAD/EMTDC software. Version 4.2.0
2. Preparing suitable mathematical model for voltage
and current signals of the above disturbances.
3. Development of the proposed smart algorithm by
using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and
Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) method in
fault detection of overhead transmission line.
5. The types of fault that will be simulated
The single line to ground fault
The line to line fault
The double line to ground fault
Three phases of to ground fault
The lighting Strike fault
6. Overview Short Circuit Fault Analysis
Transient short circuit on the transmission line can be
simplified with certain assumptions based on the
following stages:
The line is fed from a constant voltage source
Short circuit takes place when the line is
unloaded
Line capacitance is negligible, and the line can
be represented by a lumped RL series
7. Overview Short Circuit Fault Analysis
Figure Transmission Line Model and Waveform of Short circuit current
8. Overview Short Circuit Fault Analysis
dcactot iii +=
dcactot iii +=
)sin( φα++= wtIIac
t
L
R
dc etII
)(
)sin(
−
+−= αω
])sin())[sin(
)( t
L
R
tot ettII
−
+−−+= αωθαω
9. Research Methodology
Fault detection is proposed by creating
a simulation current and voltage signals
at several fault conditions that obtained
through simulation using PSCAD/
EMTDC.
The waveforms obtained in simulation
PSCAD will be trained using ANN - PSO
method with the Matlab program
10. Research Methodology
The results form the signal currents and
voltages are similar when compared to
results obtained from the pattern of
training ANN-PSO
Expected result to generate a simulation
model of fault detection and faults on
overhead transmission line path by using
ANN-PSO.
15. PROGRESSRESULT
The study was conducted using of
PSCAD/EMTDC that generate current , voltage
wave signal and Mathematical Model. Below
are the 5 types of fault
The line to ground fault
The line to line fault
The line-line to ground fault
The three phase to ground fault
The lightning strike fault
21. Voltage and Current Fourier Transform Of this Sequence ,
Fault Line to Ground (LG)
∑
−
=
−
=
1
0
)2(
)(1)(1
N
n
N
nkj
naka eVV
π
∑
−
=
−
=
1
0
)2(
)(1)(1
N
n
N
nkj
nbkb eVV
π
∑
−
=
−
=
1
0
)2(
)(1)(1
N
n
N
nkj
kckc eVV
π
∑
−
=
−
=
1
0
)2(
)(1)(1
N
n
N
nkj
kaka eII
π
∑
−
=
−
=
1
0
)2(
)(1)(1
N
n
N
nkj
nbkb eII
π
∑
−
=
−
=
1
0
)2(
)(1)(1
N
n
N
nkj
nckc eII
π
25. Voltage and Current, Sampling the Signal for N sample per cycle
Fault Line-Line to Ground (LG)
kV
N
n
V na )
60
cos(8.53)(1
ω=
kAe
N
n
I N
n
na ])
6
1
sin()
6
1
60
[sin(076.2
)
60
(
)(1
τ
ππ
ω −
−−−=
kV
N
n
V nb )
6
5
60
cos(4.138)(1 πω +=
kV
N
n
V nc )
2
1
60
cos(20.48)(1 πω −=
kAe
N
n
I
t
N
n
nc ])
4
3
sin()
4
3
60
[sin(534.1
)
60
(
)(1
τ
ππ
ω −
−−+=
kAe
N
n
I N
n
nb ])
3
2
sin()
3
2
60
[sin(496.0
)
60
(
)(1
τ
ππ
ω −
−+=
L
R
=τ
N = Sample per cycle of Data
n = 0 ,1 ,2, ……….N-1
26. Voltage and Current Fourier Transform Of this Sequence ,
Fault Line to Line Ground (LLG)
∑
−
=
−
=
1
0
)2(
)(1)(1
N
n
N
rkj
naka eVV
π
k = 0 ,1 , ………….N-1
∑
−
=
−
=
1
0
)2(
)(1)(1
N
n
N
nkj
nbkb eVV
π
∑
−
=
−
=
1
0
)2(
)(1)(1
N
n
N
nkj
nckc eVV
π
∑
−
=
−
=
1
0
)2(
)(1)(1
N
n
N
nkj
naka eII
π
∑
−
=
−
=
1
0
)2(
)(1)(1
N
n
N
nkj
nbkb eII
π
∑
−
=
−
=
1
0
)2(
)(1)(1
N
n
N
nkj
ncrc eII
π