This document describes a study that implemented an online protection and fault diagnosis technique for induction motors. The technique uses wavelet packet transform (WPT) and artificial neural networks (ANN). WPT is applied to current signals to extract features, while ANN is trained on the WPT outputs to classify faults. The method was tested on a laboratory induction motor in real-time using a LabJack device. It was able to detect and diagnose various stator faults like turn-to-turn and phase faults within a fraction of a cycle and trip the motor. The technique provides both protection and identification of fault types in induction motors.
IRJET- Comparative Study of Sensor and Sensor Less Control of Three Phase...IRJET Journal
This document compares the sensor-based and sensorless control of a three-phase voltage source inverter (VSI) fed permanent magnet brushless DC (PMBLDC) motor drive for electric vehicle applications. It first presents the mathematical modeling of the PMBLDC motor and six-switch VSI. It then discusses sensor-based control where position sensors provide feedback to the controller. Sensorless control using a hysteresis comparator technique is also described, which does not require position sensors. Simulation results are presented and analyzed for both control methods. The sensorless control approach has advantages of reduced cost, improved reliability, and suitability for high temperature applications compared to sensor-based control.
Digital Signal Controller Based Four Switch Three Phase Inverter Fed BLDC Mot...ijsrd.com
Brushless Direct Current Motors (BLDC) are used in many applications for their low cost, high performance , ease of control, less maintenance because of absence of commutators and brushes and high efficiency. These advantages of BLDC motors have led to their wide spread use in variable speed drives. The main objective of this paper is to develop a drive system for BLDC motor with reduced switches and minimum hardware. The proposed work is based on, the dsPIC controlled four switch three phase inverter fed BLDC motor drive. The advantage of this inverter that uses four switches instead of conventional six switches is lesser switching losses, lower electromagnetic interference (EMI), less complexity and reduced interference circuit. dsPIC30F4011 digital controller is used to generate the switching pulses for Four Switch Three Phase Inverter consists of MOSFET Switches to drive the BLDC motor. Simulation and experimental work are carried out and results are presented. A simulation is carried out using MATLAB/SIMULINK and in the experimental work a prototype model is constructed to verify the simulation results.
Advance Current Monitoring Techniques to Detect and Diagnosis the Inter-Turn ...theijes
This paper presents the results of stator inter-turn fault detection and diagnosis in three phase induction motor using different types of current monitoring techniques such as: motor current signature analysis (MCSA), Current Concordia Vector, extend park vector approach (EPVA). Where the use of several signal processing techniques for extracting more information about the fault, will help us knowing the characteristics of each method in order to choose the best way to diagnose this type of machine fault. The tests show that the EPVA technique can diagnose the inter-turn fault with high accuracy compared with the other techniques. Because there is a similarity between the inter-turn frequency component and other machine faults frequency components (mixed air gap eccentricity, unbalance supply voltage) resulting a wrong discussion about the machine condition.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
An Improved DTFC based Five Levels - NPC Inverter Fed Induction Motor for Tor...IJPEDS-IAES
This paper presents a five level Neutral Point Clamped (NPC) inverter fed
IM (Induction Motor) drive for variable speed application. In general the
stator current is very highly affected by the harmonic components. It can be
affecting the torque to produce high torque ripple in IM at maximum to low
speed region. Since the drive performances are depends on mathematical
model contains the parameters variations, noise, common mode voltage, flux
variation and harmonic levels of the machine. Torque ripples and voltage
saturations are the most significant problems in drive application. To
overcome this problem the DTFC (direct torque and flux control) technique
based five-level neutral-point-clamped (NPC-5L) approach is used. The
proposed control scheme uses to stator current error as variable. Through the
resistance estimated PI controller rules based the selection of voltage space
vector modulation technique is optimized and motor performance level has
been improved. The torque & speed are successfully controlled with less
torque response. The results are compared and verified with conventional
three phases VSI under different control technique by Matlab/Simulink.
Direct Torque Control (DTC) is widely applied for ac motor drives as it offers high performance torque control with a simple control strategy. However, conventional DTC poses some disadvantages especially in term of variable switching frequency and large torque ripple due to the utilization of torque hysteresis controller. Other than that, performance of conventional DTC fed by two-level inverter is also restricted by the limited numbers of voltage vectors which lead to inappropriate selection of voltage vectors for different speed operations. This research aims to propose a Constant Switching Frequency (CSF) torque controller for DTC of induction motor (IM) fed by three-level Neutral-Point Clamped (NPC) inverter. The proposed torque controller utilizes PI controller which apply different gain for different speed operation. Besides, the utilization of NPC inverter provides greater number of voltage vectors which allow appropriate selection of voltage vectors for different operating condition. Using the proposed method, the improvement of DTC drives in term of producing a constant switching operation and minimizing torque ripple are achieved and validated via experimental results.
OPTIMAL TORQUE RIPPLE CONTROL OF ASYNCHRONOUS DRIVE USING INTELLIGENT CONTROL...elelijjournal
This document summarizes a research paper on optimizing torque ripple in an asynchronous drive using intelligent controllers. It describes using a hybrid controller combining PI and fuzzy logic control with direct torque control and space vector modulation of a three-level cascaded inverter to power an induction motor drive. Simulation results showed the hybrid controller approach minimized torque ripple compared to using just PI or fuzzy logic control alone under no-load and loaded conditions. The optimized torque control method provides benefits for general purpose induction motor applications.
Constant Frequency Torque Controller for DTC with Multilevel Inverter of Indu...IJPEDS-IAES
Direct Torque Control using multilevel inverter (DTC-MLI) with hysteresis
controller suffers from high torque and flux ripple and variable switching
frequency. In this paper, a constant frequency torque controller is proposed to
enhance the DTC-MLI performance. The operational concepts of the
constant switching frequency torque controller of a DTC-MLI system
followed by the simulation results and analysis are presented. The proposed
system significantly improves the DTC drive in terms of dynamic
performance, smaller torque and flux ripple, and retains a constant switching
frequency.
IRJET- Comparative Study of Sensor and Sensor Less Control of Three Phase...IRJET Journal
This document compares the sensor-based and sensorless control of a three-phase voltage source inverter (VSI) fed permanent magnet brushless DC (PMBLDC) motor drive for electric vehicle applications. It first presents the mathematical modeling of the PMBLDC motor and six-switch VSI. It then discusses sensor-based control where position sensors provide feedback to the controller. Sensorless control using a hysteresis comparator technique is also described, which does not require position sensors. Simulation results are presented and analyzed for both control methods. The sensorless control approach has advantages of reduced cost, improved reliability, and suitability for high temperature applications compared to sensor-based control.
Digital Signal Controller Based Four Switch Three Phase Inverter Fed BLDC Mot...ijsrd.com
Brushless Direct Current Motors (BLDC) are used in many applications for their low cost, high performance , ease of control, less maintenance because of absence of commutators and brushes and high efficiency. These advantages of BLDC motors have led to their wide spread use in variable speed drives. The main objective of this paper is to develop a drive system for BLDC motor with reduced switches and minimum hardware. The proposed work is based on, the dsPIC controlled four switch three phase inverter fed BLDC motor drive. The advantage of this inverter that uses four switches instead of conventional six switches is lesser switching losses, lower electromagnetic interference (EMI), less complexity and reduced interference circuit. dsPIC30F4011 digital controller is used to generate the switching pulses for Four Switch Three Phase Inverter consists of MOSFET Switches to drive the BLDC motor. Simulation and experimental work are carried out and results are presented. A simulation is carried out using MATLAB/SIMULINK and in the experimental work a prototype model is constructed to verify the simulation results.
Advance Current Monitoring Techniques to Detect and Diagnosis the Inter-Turn ...theijes
This paper presents the results of stator inter-turn fault detection and diagnosis in three phase induction motor using different types of current monitoring techniques such as: motor current signature analysis (MCSA), Current Concordia Vector, extend park vector approach (EPVA). Where the use of several signal processing techniques for extracting more information about the fault, will help us knowing the characteristics of each method in order to choose the best way to diagnose this type of machine fault. The tests show that the EPVA technique can diagnose the inter-turn fault with high accuracy compared with the other techniques. Because there is a similarity between the inter-turn frequency component and other machine faults frequency components (mixed air gap eccentricity, unbalance supply voltage) resulting a wrong discussion about the machine condition.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
An Improved DTFC based Five Levels - NPC Inverter Fed Induction Motor for Tor...IJPEDS-IAES
This paper presents a five level Neutral Point Clamped (NPC) inverter fed
IM (Induction Motor) drive for variable speed application. In general the
stator current is very highly affected by the harmonic components. It can be
affecting the torque to produce high torque ripple in IM at maximum to low
speed region. Since the drive performances are depends on mathematical
model contains the parameters variations, noise, common mode voltage, flux
variation and harmonic levels of the machine. Torque ripples and voltage
saturations are the most significant problems in drive application. To
overcome this problem the DTFC (direct torque and flux control) technique
based five-level neutral-point-clamped (NPC-5L) approach is used. The
proposed control scheme uses to stator current error as variable. Through the
resistance estimated PI controller rules based the selection of voltage space
vector modulation technique is optimized and motor performance level has
been improved. The torque & speed are successfully controlled with less
torque response. The results are compared and verified with conventional
three phases VSI under different control technique by Matlab/Simulink.
Direct Torque Control (DTC) is widely applied for ac motor drives as it offers high performance torque control with a simple control strategy. However, conventional DTC poses some disadvantages especially in term of variable switching frequency and large torque ripple due to the utilization of torque hysteresis controller. Other than that, performance of conventional DTC fed by two-level inverter is also restricted by the limited numbers of voltage vectors which lead to inappropriate selection of voltage vectors for different speed operations. This research aims to propose a Constant Switching Frequency (CSF) torque controller for DTC of induction motor (IM) fed by three-level Neutral-Point Clamped (NPC) inverter. The proposed torque controller utilizes PI controller which apply different gain for different speed operation. Besides, the utilization of NPC inverter provides greater number of voltage vectors which allow appropriate selection of voltage vectors for different operating condition. Using the proposed method, the improvement of DTC drives in term of producing a constant switching operation and minimizing torque ripple are achieved and validated via experimental results.
OPTIMAL TORQUE RIPPLE CONTROL OF ASYNCHRONOUS DRIVE USING INTELLIGENT CONTROL...elelijjournal
This document summarizes a research paper on optimizing torque ripple in an asynchronous drive using intelligent controllers. It describes using a hybrid controller combining PI and fuzzy logic control with direct torque control and space vector modulation of a three-level cascaded inverter to power an induction motor drive. Simulation results showed the hybrid controller approach minimized torque ripple compared to using just PI or fuzzy logic control alone under no-load and loaded conditions. The optimized torque control method provides benefits for general purpose induction motor applications.
Constant Frequency Torque Controller for DTC with Multilevel Inverter of Indu...IJPEDS-IAES
Direct Torque Control using multilevel inverter (DTC-MLI) with hysteresis
controller suffers from high torque and flux ripple and variable switching
frequency. In this paper, a constant frequency torque controller is proposed to
enhance the DTC-MLI performance. The operational concepts of the
constant switching frequency torque controller of a DTC-MLI system
followed by the simulation results and analysis are presented. The proposed
system significantly improves the DTC drive in terms of dynamic
performance, smaller torque and flux ripple, and retains a constant switching
frequency.
This document describes a direct torque control (DTC) scheme for an induction motor that uses a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) to reduce torque ripples. The DTC controls the motor torque and flux by selecting inverter voltage vectors. Typically this results in torque ripples. The FLC is designed to adaptively adjust the bandwidth of the torque hysteresis controller based on changes in motor torque and current over time. This helps minimize torque ripples and improve dynamic response. Simulation results using MATLAB/Simulink confirm that the FLC-based DTC scheme effectively controls the induction motor with reduced torque ripples compared to conventional DTC.
Embedded based sensorless control of pmbldc motor with voltage controlled pfc...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a sensorless control method for a permanent magnet brushless DC motor (PMBLDC) used in an air conditioner. The system includes a Cuk converter for power factor correction between the AC mains and the PMBLDC motor. Sensorless control is achieved by detecting the zero crossings of the back electromotive force (EMF) difference between motor phases rather than using position sensors. The system is designed, modeled and simulated in MATLAB. Results show the sensorless control method provides commutation signals comparable to hall sensors for controlling the inverter switches. The Cuk converter helps improve the power factor and total harmonic distortion drawn from the mains.
IRJET- Design and Implementation of Three Phase Grid SimulatorIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and implementation of a three-phase grid simulator using an FPGA controller. The grid simulator is an inverter system that can generate typical grid conditions like voltage sags, swells, and frequency variations to test the performance of grid-connected systems under different disturbances. The design uses a three-phase PWM inverter controlled by an FPGA to generate the appropriate voltage signals. SPWM signals are produced using a carrier signal and reference sine waves generated within the FPGA. A GUI is implemented using Visual Studio to allow users to vary parameters and simulate different grid scenarios. Experimental results demonstrate the ability of the implemented system to simulate conditions like voltage unbalance.
DTC Scheme for a Four-Switch Inverter-Fed PMBLDC Motor Emulating the Six-Swit...IJRST Journal
The paper deals with the direct torque control (DTC) of brushless DC (BLDC) motor drives fed by four-switch three phase inverters (FSTPI) rather than six-switch inverters (SSTPI) in conventional drives. For any three phase inverter require six switches, but these switches are reduced to four. This reduction of power switches from six to four improves the reliability of the inverter, size of the inverter is reduced and cost of the inverter is also reduces. The FSTPI could be regarded as a reconfigured topology of the SSTPI in case of a switch/leg failure which represents a crucial reliability benefit for many applications especially in electric and hybrid propulsion systems. The DTC of FSTPI-fed BLDC motor drives is treated considering two strategies, such as: 1) DTC-1: a strategy inspired from the one intended to SSTPI-fed BLDC motor drives; 2) DTC-2: a strategy that considers a dedicated vector selection subtable in order to independently control the torques developed by the phases connected to the FSTPI legs during their simultaneous conduction. The operational principle of the four-switch BLDC motor drive and the developed control scheme are theoretically analyzed and the performance is demonstrated by simulation.
Direct Torque Control of Induction Motor Drive Fed from a Photovoltaic Multil...IJERA Editor
This paper presents Direct Torque Control (DTC) using Space Vector Modulation (SVM) for an induction motor drive fed from a photovoltaic multilevel inverter (PV-MLI). The system consists of two main parts PV DC power supply (PVDC) and MLI. The PVDC is used to generate DC isolated sources with certain ratios suitable for the adopted MLI. Beside the hardware system, the control system which uses the torque and speed estimation to control the load angle and to obtain the appropriate flux vector trajectory from which the voltage vector is directly derived based on direct torque control methods. The voltage vector is then generated by a hybrid multilevel inverter by employing space vector modulation (SVM). The inverter high quality output voltage which leads to a high quality IM performances. Besides, the MLI switching losses is very low due to most of the power cell switches are operating at nearly fundamental frequency. Some selected simulation results are presented for system validation.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
overview of grid structure and synchronization for distributed power generati...Shivani Kumari
This document provides an overview of grid structure and synchronization for distributed power generation systems. It discusses the increasing demand for renewable energy sources due to environmental problems caused by fossil fuels. The general structure of distributed power generation systems includes different renewable input sources, power conversion units, and output to local loads or utility networks. Synchronization plays an important role in controlling the active and reactive power injected into the grid. The document reviews various synchronization methods, including zero crossing, synchronous reference frame, and phase locked loop techniques. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of grid synchronization algorithms for distributed power generation systems.
This document compares the switching behaviors of field oriented control (FOC) and direct torque control (DTC) for induction motors. Experimental tests using a dSpace 1103 controller board show that under no load conditions, FOC produces less torque ripple than DTC. However, the switching frequency of the inverter for a FOC controlled motor is about 75% higher than for a DTC controlled motor. Therefore, DTC may be preferable when fast dynamic performance is critical, while FOC provides better torque quality.
Novel Method of FOC to Speed Control in Three-Phase IM under Normal and Fault...IJPEDS-IAES
This paper proposes a novel method for speed control of three-phase
induction motor (IM) which can be used for both healthy three-phase IM and
three-phase IM under open-phase fault. The proposed fault-tolerant control
system is derived from conventional field-oriented control (FOC) algorithm
with minor changes on it. The presented drive system is based on using an
appropriate transformation matrix for the stator current variables. The
presented method in this paper can be also used for speed control of singlephase
IMs with two windings. The feasibility of the proposed strategy is
verified by simulation results.
FLC based on static var compensator for power system transient stability enha...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
1. The document discusses using a fuzzy logic controller combined with a PI controller to control a static var compensator (SVC) for improving power system transient stability.
2. A two generator, three bus test system is used to compare the performance of the fuzzy-SVC controller versus a conventional PI-SVC controller under different fault conditions.
3. Simulation results show that for a single line to ground fault, both controllers perform similarly. However, for a more severe three line to ground fault, the fuzzy-SVC controller is able to damp oscillations faster and achieve stability more quickly than the PI-SVC controller due to its ability to handle nonlinear system dynamics.
This document discusses a sensorless speed control method for brushless DC motors (BLDC) using a hysteresis comparator. BLDC motors are gaining popularity for their efficiency and longevity. Sensorless control is desirable to reduce costs compared to using position sensors. The proposed method uses a hysteresis comparator on the motor terminal voltages to generate commutation signals instead of measuring back-EMF directly. A fuzzy logic controller is also used to control motor speed. Simulation results in MATLAB show the hysteresis comparator method can provide good speed control without position sensors over a wide speed range, making the motor suitable for applications like fuel pumps and robotics.
Analysis of multi terminal hvdc transmission system feeding very weak ac netw...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents a line commutated converter (LCC) based multi-terminal HVDC transmission (MTDC) system feeding very weak AC networks with hybrid reactive power compensators (RPC’s) at the inverter AC side. The hybrid compensator is accomplished by the equal mixing of any two of the following compensators: synchronous compensator (SC); static var compensator (SVC); static synchronous compensator (STATCOM). The four-terminal HVDC transmission system model is implemented in the Matlab with the firefly algorithm based optimal proportional integral (PI) controller for rectifiers and inverters control. The transient performances of hybrid RPC’s (SC+SVC, SVC+STATCOM and SC+STATCOM) are studied under various fault conditions and the results are compared with the performance of the SC, SVC and STATCOM to focus the high quality of the hybrid compensators. The simulation results authorize that the equivalent mixture of SC and STATCOM has a steady and fastest response. The results also reveal the supremacy of the firefly algorithm based optimal PI controller over the conventional PI controller. The harmonic present in the inverter side AC quantities is also calculated under steady state operation to assure the quality of power supply. Keywords: MTDC, Very weak AC system, Hybrid RPC, PI controller, Firefly Algorithm.
Speed Control of Induction Motor using FOC MethodIJERA Editor
This document presents a method for speed control of induction motors using field oriented control (FOC). FOC works by controlling the flux and torque producing currents in the motor separately. It describes the FOC algorithm which involves transforming currents between stationary and rotating reference frames to allow proportional-integral control of flux and torque. Simulation results show that a PI controller provides fast, accurate speed control of an induction motor model across its full operating range with minimal overshoot. FOC allows induction motors to operate smoothly at variable speeds like DC motors and provides benefits like reduced motor size and cost.
This document presents a seminar on field oriented control of induction motors. It discusses direct and indirect field oriented control, with direct being better at high speeds but indirect not requiring additional sensors. It also discusses applications in industries like pumps, fans, conveyors and elevators. The document presents Matlab simulations comparing control methods, showing fuzzy logic control has better speed and torque response than PI control, with improved performance at low speeds. It concludes the hybrid model using current estimation could improve indirect control at low speeds.
14. a variable speed, sensorless, induction motor drivesatya_m
The document presents a new sensorless control strategy for a three-phase induction motor drive using only DC link current measurements. The strategy estimates motor speed and torque through signal reconstruction rather than direct sensor readings. It includes independent speed and torque control loops as well as current regulation. Simulation results on a 2.2 kW induction motor show fast dynamic response and good agreement between actual and estimated torque and speed values. The proposed drive requires only one current sensor in the DC link, making it suitable for low-cost sensorless motor applications.
SENSORLESS VECTOR CONTROL OF BLDC USING EXTENDED KALMAN FILTER sipij
This Paper mainly deals with the implementation of vector control technique using the brushless DC motor
(BLDC). Generally tachogenerators, resolvers or incremental encoders are used to detect the speed. These
sensors require careful mounting and alignment, and special attention is required with electrical noises. A
speed sensor need additional space for mounting and maintenance and hence increases the cost and size of
the drive system. These problems are eliminated by speed sensor less vector control by using Extended
Kalman Filter and Back EMF method for position sensing. By using the EKF method and Back EMFmethod, the sensor less vector control of BLDC is implemented and its simulation using MATLAB/SIMULINK and hardware kit is implemented.
three phase fault analysis with auto reset for temporary fault and trip for p...Vikram Rawani
The project was aimed to prevent failures due to some faults which can be temporary or permanent in 3-phase power supply .
The purpose of our project was to develop an automatic tripping mechanism for the three phase supply system. The project output resets automatically after a brief interruption in the event temporary fault while it remains in tripped condition in case of permanent fault.
IRJET- Design of Voltage Controlled Oscillator in 180 nm CMOS TechnologyIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and simulation of a 5-stage current starved CMOS voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) in a 180nm CMOS technology. The VCO is designed for phase locked loop applications. Simulation results show the VCO has a tuning range of 81.85 MHz to 2.433 GHz by varying the control voltage from 0.5V to 4.5V. At a control voltage of 1.8V, the VCO operates at a center frequency of 2.4 GHz with a power consumption of 1.038 mW. A post-layout simulation is also performed to analyze the effects of parasitic capacitance and resistance on the VCO frequency and power consumption.
Fuzzy controlled dtc fed by a four switch inverter for induction motoreSAT Journals
Abstract
Direct Torque Control of induction motor fed drives has become popular and widely used in industries due to fast and good
torque response. Induction motors (IM) are simple in construction and are less sensitive to the motor parameters compared to
other vector control methods. The conventional DTC is based on flux and torque hysteresis controllers. Induction motor is fed
from a Four Switch Inverter generating the voltage vectors of the Six Switch Inverter by reconfiguration. Applying the most
optimized voltage vector that produce fastest dynamic torque response during transient states. Fuzzy logic concept is a most
efficient artificial integilence method which has high application in electric motor drives. A method to achieve fastest dynamic
performance by modifying the two leg inverter fed DTC of induction motor based on Fuzzy Logic Concept is used here. This paper
presents a rule-based fuzzy logic controller scheme designed and applied for the speed control of an induction motor fed from a
four switch three phase inverter emulating the six switch three phase inverter. Due to the usage of the Fuzzy logic concept, the
reliability, efficiency and performance of ac drive increases. Initial torque peak and torque ripple are minimized in the four switch
three phase inverter based DTC using Fuzzy Logic.
Key Words: Direct Torque Control , Four Switch/Six Switch Three Phase Inverter, Fuzzy Logic, Induction motor(IM).
Power System Modeling and Simulation lab manualDHEERAJ DHAKAR
This document summarizes an experiment simulating a swing equation in Simulink. It involves:
1) Simulating the swing equation for a generator connected to an infinite bus through parallel lines, with a fault on one line.
2) Plotting the swing curve for a sustained fault and when the fault is cleared after 0.1 seconds.
3) Calculating the critical clearing angle as 57 degrees.
Este documento apresenta os conceitos fundamentais de custos e suas classificações. Ele define custo, despesa e investimento e explica as classificações de custos diretos e indiretos, fixos e variáveis e de despesas fixas e variáveis. O objetivo é fornecer uma base teórica para determinar o custo de produtos e serviços.
1) O perdão é um processo de cura que promove a saúde em todos os aspectos, removendo a culpa e o ressentimento entre as pessoas.
2) Para perdoar, é preciso decidir não se prejudicar nem prejudicar o outro, e perdoar pequenos atritos ajuda a perdoar ofensas maiores.
3) Tanto dar quanto receber perdão requer reconhecer erros, pedir sinceras desculpas e esforçar-se para não repeti-los, mas não devemos nos culpar se o outro não perdoar.
This document describes a direct torque control (DTC) scheme for an induction motor that uses a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) to reduce torque ripples. The DTC controls the motor torque and flux by selecting inverter voltage vectors. Typically this results in torque ripples. The FLC is designed to adaptively adjust the bandwidth of the torque hysteresis controller based on changes in motor torque and current over time. This helps minimize torque ripples and improve dynamic response. Simulation results using MATLAB/Simulink confirm that the FLC-based DTC scheme effectively controls the induction motor with reduced torque ripples compared to conventional DTC.
Embedded based sensorless control of pmbldc motor with voltage controlled pfc...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a sensorless control method for a permanent magnet brushless DC motor (PMBLDC) used in an air conditioner. The system includes a Cuk converter for power factor correction between the AC mains and the PMBLDC motor. Sensorless control is achieved by detecting the zero crossings of the back electromotive force (EMF) difference between motor phases rather than using position sensors. The system is designed, modeled and simulated in MATLAB. Results show the sensorless control method provides commutation signals comparable to hall sensors for controlling the inverter switches. The Cuk converter helps improve the power factor and total harmonic distortion drawn from the mains.
IRJET- Design and Implementation of Three Phase Grid SimulatorIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and implementation of a three-phase grid simulator using an FPGA controller. The grid simulator is an inverter system that can generate typical grid conditions like voltage sags, swells, and frequency variations to test the performance of grid-connected systems under different disturbances. The design uses a three-phase PWM inverter controlled by an FPGA to generate the appropriate voltage signals. SPWM signals are produced using a carrier signal and reference sine waves generated within the FPGA. A GUI is implemented using Visual Studio to allow users to vary parameters and simulate different grid scenarios. Experimental results demonstrate the ability of the implemented system to simulate conditions like voltage unbalance.
DTC Scheme for a Four-Switch Inverter-Fed PMBLDC Motor Emulating the Six-Swit...IJRST Journal
The paper deals with the direct torque control (DTC) of brushless DC (BLDC) motor drives fed by four-switch three phase inverters (FSTPI) rather than six-switch inverters (SSTPI) in conventional drives. For any three phase inverter require six switches, but these switches are reduced to four. This reduction of power switches from six to four improves the reliability of the inverter, size of the inverter is reduced and cost of the inverter is also reduces. The FSTPI could be regarded as a reconfigured topology of the SSTPI in case of a switch/leg failure which represents a crucial reliability benefit for many applications especially in electric and hybrid propulsion systems. The DTC of FSTPI-fed BLDC motor drives is treated considering two strategies, such as: 1) DTC-1: a strategy inspired from the one intended to SSTPI-fed BLDC motor drives; 2) DTC-2: a strategy that considers a dedicated vector selection subtable in order to independently control the torques developed by the phases connected to the FSTPI legs during their simultaneous conduction. The operational principle of the four-switch BLDC motor drive and the developed control scheme are theoretically analyzed and the performance is demonstrated by simulation.
Direct Torque Control of Induction Motor Drive Fed from a Photovoltaic Multil...IJERA Editor
This paper presents Direct Torque Control (DTC) using Space Vector Modulation (SVM) for an induction motor drive fed from a photovoltaic multilevel inverter (PV-MLI). The system consists of two main parts PV DC power supply (PVDC) and MLI. The PVDC is used to generate DC isolated sources with certain ratios suitable for the adopted MLI. Beside the hardware system, the control system which uses the torque and speed estimation to control the load angle and to obtain the appropriate flux vector trajectory from which the voltage vector is directly derived based on direct torque control methods. The voltage vector is then generated by a hybrid multilevel inverter by employing space vector modulation (SVM). The inverter high quality output voltage which leads to a high quality IM performances. Besides, the MLI switching losses is very low due to most of the power cell switches are operating at nearly fundamental frequency. Some selected simulation results are presented for system validation.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
overview of grid structure and synchronization for distributed power generati...Shivani Kumari
This document provides an overview of grid structure and synchronization for distributed power generation systems. It discusses the increasing demand for renewable energy sources due to environmental problems caused by fossil fuels. The general structure of distributed power generation systems includes different renewable input sources, power conversion units, and output to local loads or utility networks. Synchronization plays an important role in controlling the active and reactive power injected into the grid. The document reviews various synchronization methods, including zero crossing, synchronous reference frame, and phase locked loop techniques. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of grid synchronization algorithms for distributed power generation systems.
This document compares the switching behaviors of field oriented control (FOC) and direct torque control (DTC) for induction motors. Experimental tests using a dSpace 1103 controller board show that under no load conditions, FOC produces less torque ripple than DTC. However, the switching frequency of the inverter for a FOC controlled motor is about 75% higher than for a DTC controlled motor. Therefore, DTC may be preferable when fast dynamic performance is critical, while FOC provides better torque quality.
Novel Method of FOC to Speed Control in Three-Phase IM under Normal and Fault...IJPEDS-IAES
This paper proposes a novel method for speed control of three-phase
induction motor (IM) which can be used for both healthy three-phase IM and
three-phase IM under open-phase fault. The proposed fault-tolerant control
system is derived from conventional field-oriented control (FOC) algorithm
with minor changes on it. The presented drive system is based on using an
appropriate transformation matrix for the stator current variables. The
presented method in this paper can be also used for speed control of singlephase
IMs with two windings. The feasibility of the proposed strategy is
verified by simulation results.
FLC based on static var compensator for power system transient stability enha...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
1. The document discusses using a fuzzy logic controller combined with a PI controller to control a static var compensator (SVC) for improving power system transient stability.
2. A two generator, three bus test system is used to compare the performance of the fuzzy-SVC controller versus a conventional PI-SVC controller under different fault conditions.
3. Simulation results show that for a single line to ground fault, both controllers perform similarly. However, for a more severe three line to ground fault, the fuzzy-SVC controller is able to damp oscillations faster and achieve stability more quickly than the PI-SVC controller due to its ability to handle nonlinear system dynamics.
This document discusses a sensorless speed control method for brushless DC motors (BLDC) using a hysteresis comparator. BLDC motors are gaining popularity for their efficiency and longevity. Sensorless control is desirable to reduce costs compared to using position sensors. The proposed method uses a hysteresis comparator on the motor terminal voltages to generate commutation signals instead of measuring back-EMF directly. A fuzzy logic controller is also used to control motor speed. Simulation results in MATLAB show the hysteresis comparator method can provide good speed control without position sensors over a wide speed range, making the motor suitable for applications like fuel pumps and robotics.
Analysis of multi terminal hvdc transmission system feeding very weak ac netw...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents a line commutated converter (LCC) based multi-terminal HVDC transmission (MTDC) system feeding very weak AC networks with hybrid reactive power compensators (RPC’s) at the inverter AC side. The hybrid compensator is accomplished by the equal mixing of any two of the following compensators: synchronous compensator (SC); static var compensator (SVC); static synchronous compensator (STATCOM). The four-terminal HVDC transmission system model is implemented in the Matlab with the firefly algorithm based optimal proportional integral (PI) controller for rectifiers and inverters control. The transient performances of hybrid RPC’s (SC+SVC, SVC+STATCOM and SC+STATCOM) are studied under various fault conditions and the results are compared with the performance of the SC, SVC and STATCOM to focus the high quality of the hybrid compensators. The simulation results authorize that the equivalent mixture of SC and STATCOM has a steady and fastest response. The results also reveal the supremacy of the firefly algorithm based optimal PI controller over the conventional PI controller. The harmonic present in the inverter side AC quantities is also calculated under steady state operation to assure the quality of power supply. Keywords: MTDC, Very weak AC system, Hybrid RPC, PI controller, Firefly Algorithm.
Speed Control of Induction Motor using FOC MethodIJERA Editor
This document presents a method for speed control of induction motors using field oriented control (FOC). FOC works by controlling the flux and torque producing currents in the motor separately. It describes the FOC algorithm which involves transforming currents between stationary and rotating reference frames to allow proportional-integral control of flux and torque. Simulation results show that a PI controller provides fast, accurate speed control of an induction motor model across its full operating range with minimal overshoot. FOC allows induction motors to operate smoothly at variable speeds like DC motors and provides benefits like reduced motor size and cost.
This document presents a seminar on field oriented control of induction motors. It discusses direct and indirect field oriented control, with direct being better at high speeds but indirect not requiring additional sensors. It also discusses applications in industries like pumps, fans, conveyors and elevators. The document presents Matlab simulations comparing control methods, showing fuzzy logic control has better speed and torque response than PI control, with improved performance at low speeds. It concludes the hybrid model using current estimation could improve indirect control at low speeds.
14. a variable speed, sensorless, induction motor drivesatya_m
The document presents a new sensorless control strategy for a three-phase induction motor drive using only DC link current measurements. The strategy estimates motor speed and torque through signal reconstruction rather than direct sensor readings. It includes independent speed and torque control loops as well as current regulation. Simulation results on a 2.2 kW induction motor show fast dynamic response and good agreement between actual and estimated torque and speed values. The proposed drive requires only one current sensor in the DC link, making it suitable for low-cost sensorless motor applications.
SENSORLESS VECTOR CONTROL OF BLDC USING EXTENDED KALMAN FILTER sipij
This Paper mainly deals with the implementation of vector control technique using the brushless DC motor
(BLDC). Generally tachogenerators, resolvers or incremental encoders are used to detect the speed. These
sensors require careful mounting and alignment, and special attention is required with electrical noises. A
speed sensor need additional space for mounting and maintenance and hence increases the cost and size of
the drive system. These problems are eliminated by speed sensor less vector control by using Extended
Kalman Filter and Back EMF method for position sensing. By using the EKF method and Back EMFmethod, the sensor less vector control of BLDC is implemented and its simulation using MATLAB/SIMULINK and hardware kit is implemented.
three phase fault analysis with auto reset for temporary fault and trip for p...Vikram Rawani
The project was aimed to prevent failures due to some faults which can be temporary or permanent in 3-phase power supply .
The purpose of our project was to develop an automatic tripping mechanism for the three phase supply system. The project output resets automatically after a brief interruption in the event temporary fault while it remains in tripped condition in case of permanent fault.
IRJET- Design of Voltage Controlled Oscillator in 180 nm CMOS TechnologyIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and simulation of a 5-stage current starved CMOS voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) in a 180nm CMOS technology. The VCO is designed for phase locked loop applications. Simulation results show the VCO has a tuning range of 81.85 MHz to 2.433 GHz by varying the control voltage from 0.5V to 4.5V. At a control voltage of 1.8V, the VCO operates at a center frequency of 2.4 GHz with a power consumption of 1.038 mW. A post-layout simulation is also performed to analyze the effects of parasitic capacitance and resistance on the VCO frequency and power consumption.
Fuzzy controlled dtc fed by a four switch inverter for induction motoreSAT Journals
Abstract
Direct Torque Control of induction motor fed drives has become popular and widely used in industries due to fast and good
torque response. Induction motors (IM) are simple in construction and are less sensitive to the motor parameters compared to
other vector control methods. The conventional DTC is based on flux and torque hysteresis controllers. Induction motor is fed
from a Four Switch Inverter generating the voltage vectors of the Six Switch Inverter by reconfiguration. Applying the most
optimized voltage vector that produce fastest dynamic torque response during transient states. Fuzzy logic concept is a most
efficient artificial integilence method which has high application in electric motor drives. A method to achieve fastest dynamic
performance by modifying the two leg inverter fed DTC of induction motor based on Fuzzy Logic Concept is used here. This paper
presents a rule-based fuzzy logic controller scheme designed and applied for the speed control of an induction motor fed from a
four switch three phase inverter emulating the six switch three phase inverter. Due to the usage of the Fuzzy logic concept, the
reliability, efficiency and performance of ac drive increases. Initial torque peak and torque ripple are minimized in the four switch
three phase inverter based DTC using Fuzzy Logic.
Key Words: Direct Torque Control , Four Switch/Six Switch Three Phase Inverter, Fuzzy Logic, Induction motor(IM).
Power System Modeling and Simulation lab manualDHEERAJ DHAKAR
This document summarizes an experiment simulating a swing equation in Simulink. It involves:
1) Simulating the swing equation for a generator connected to an infinite bus through parallel lines, with a fault on one line.
2) Plotting the swing curve for a sustained fault and when the fault is cleared after 0.1 seconds.
3) Calculating the critical clearing angle as 57 degrees.
Este documento apresenta os conceitos fundamentais de custos e suas classificações. Ele define custo, despesa e investimento e explica as classificações de custos diretos e indiretos, fixos e variáveis e de despesas fixas e variáveis. O objetivo é fornecer uma base teórica para determinar o custo de produtos e serviços.
1) O perdão é um processo de cura que promove a saúde em todos os aspectos, removendo a culpa e o ressentimento entre as pessoas.
2) Para perdoar, é preciso decidir não se prejudicar nem prejudicar o outro, e perdoar pequenos atritos ajuda a perdoar ofensas maiores.
3) Tanto dar quanto receber perdão requer reconhecer erros, pedir sinceras desculpas e esforçar-se para não repeti-los, mas não devemos nos culpar se o outro não perdoar.
O documento resume informações sobre o Grupo G da Copa do Mundo de 2010, incluindo que o Brasil, pentacampeão, estava nesse grupo e teve sua lista de jogadores anunciada em 11 de maio, deixando torcedores brasileiros confiantes na vitória.
O documento discute a evolução da tecnologia da informação e gestão no Brasil, incluindo o Plano Nacional de Informática na década de 1990 e o uso de tecnologias assistivas e sociais para promover a inclusão digital e uma sociedade da informação mais igualitária.
O documento discute os benefícios do consumo de pescado para a saúde e como o governo brasileiro está incentivando seu consumo através de iniciativas ao longo da cadeia produtiva do pescado, desde a produção até a comercialização e inclusão na merenda escolar. Ele também fornece informações sobre as diferentes formas de apresentação do pescado (fresco, congelado, seco ou enlatado) e dicas sobre como escolher, armazenar e preparar pescado de qualidade.
O documento descreve o projeto "Os Buscadores", que utiliza teatro para promover reflexão sobre a educação entre educadores. A peça teatral retrata os dilemas de um casal de professores e dispara debates sobre questões pedagógicas. O projeto já ocorreu em várias cidades brasileiras desde 2002 para milhares de educadores.
O documento discute a importância da unidade cristã, responsabilidade mútua e obediência no discipulado cristão segundo a carta aos Romanos. Analisa os conceitos de unidade entre os cristãos, responsabilidade compartilhada no discipulado e a ligação entre obediência e seguimento de Cristo.
La memoria ROM almacena programas de inicio y datos básicos como la configuración del sistema. Existen tres tipos principales de memoria ROM: PROM, que permite una única programación; EPROM, que puede borrarse con luz UV; y EEPROM, que permite la modificación eléctrica de datos sin necesidad de programadores. La memoria ROM verifica la configuración del sistema y carga el sistema operativo al iniciar la computadora.
O documento resume os principais conceitos sobre o sistema cardiovascular, incluindo sua função de transportar substâncias pelo corpo, a constituição do coração e dos vasos sanguíneos, além de abordar temas como a circulação pulmonar e sistêmica, doenças cardiovasculares como hipertensão e AVC.
O documento discute conceitos básicos de ecologia como população, comunidade e ecossistema. Também aborda os principais poluentes atmosféricos como monóxido de carbono, dióxido de carbono e ozônio, seus efeitos na saúde e meio ambiente. Explica o efeito estufa e como os halocarbonos contribuem para a destruição da camada de ozônio, com consequências para o hemisfério sul.
1) O documento discute os conceitos de origens e aplicações de recursos em lançamentos contábeis e nos saldos das contas. 2) Ele explica como as contas de despesas e receitas indicam aplicações e origens de recursos e como seus saldos são zerados ao final do exercício social. 3) O documento também aborda a apuração dos resultados do exercício social e a transferência dos resultados para o balanço patrimonial.
O documento descreve as atividades do Núcleo de Manufatura Avançada (NUMA) e discute conceitos como sustentabilidade, ecoeficiência e ecodesign. O NUMA reúne pesquisadores de diferentes áreas para estudar manufatura. O documento também explica como o desenvolvimento de produtos pode levar em conta aspectos ambientais ao longo de todo o ciclo de vida do produto.
As alterações climáticas estão acontecendo devido às emissões humanas de gases de efeito estufa desde a Revolução Industrial. Isto está levando a um aumento da temperatura global e alterações climáticas graves, como o aumento do nível do mar e eventos climáticos extremos. Dados mostram que as temperaturas e nível do mar aumentaram nos últimos 100 anos, e geleiras e permafrost estão derretendo.
El documento describe las tres generaciones de computadoras. La primera generación usaba bulbos y tarjetas perforadas para procesar información y tenía un alto consumo de energía. La segunda generación introdujo los transistores para procesar información de forma más rápida y pequeña. La tercera generación trajo circuitos integrados, mayor capacidad de almacenamiento y terminales remotas conectadas a un computador central.
O documento descreve as obras do artista plástico Roberto Bergamo, incluindo pinturas em cerâmica de 2011-2012, um mural executado com jovens e idosos e aprovado pelo PROAC em 2012, visualizações 3D de painéis, e links para vídeos e apresentações sobre suas obras e projetos de arquitetura.
O documento apresenta o calendário de jogos dos escalões de formação de voleibol da Associação de Voleibol de Viseu para o mês de janeiro e fevereiro, incluindo as equipas visitadas e visitantes e os locais dos jogos. É também apresentado o programa de uma sessão de formação de árbitros a realizar em 18 de janeiro.
O documento fornece instruções passo a passo sobre como usar o Movie Maker para criar vídeos educativos. Ele explica como importar imagens e sons, adicionar transições, títulos e efeitos, e salvar o vídeo finalizado. O Movie Maker permite que alunos criem filmes que registrem processos de pesquisa e respondam a exigências curriculares de forma criativa e motivadora.
Criminosos instalam dispositivos flexíveis em caixas eletrônicos para capturar cartões de clientes. Eles memorizam as senhas das vítimas fingindo ajudá-las a recuperar seus cartões, e depois usam os cartões e senhas para roubar dinheiro.
Este paper tem por objetivo apresentar os três níveis de maturidade das empresas nas mídias sociais, definidos pela metodologia SMC (Social Methodology Cycle).
Design of Data Aquistion interface circuit used in Detection Inter-turn Fault...IJERA Editor
A commitment to condition monitoring involves the operators of plant in the conduct of a range of activities. These activities may be complicated in nature and indeed may often be performed automatically under computer control. They can, however, always be down into a relatively small number of easily identifiable functional tasks. This makes it much easier to identify the common elements of machine condition monitoring schemes .The Motor Current Signature Analysis (MCSA) is considered the most popular fault detection method now a day because it can easily detect the common machine fault such as turn to turn short circuit . The present paper discusses the fundamentals of Motor Current Signature Analysis (MCSA) plus condition monitoring of the induction motor using MCSA. A proposed interface circuit design and application will be further explain in this paper, the implemented monitoring unit circuit also illustrated, see appendix A. Artificial neural networks are extensively used for speed, torque estimation, and solid state drive control in both DC and AC machines. Two scenarios presented in this paper, first ten turns assume to be shorted, and in the second thirty turns shorted to show the difference in the amplitude of frequencies at each case. Finally artificial intelligent techniques are increasingly used for condition monitoring and fault detection of machines. This paper present. An improvement in three-phase squirrel-cage induction motor stator inter-turn fault detection and diagnosis based on a neural network approach is presented.
IRJET- A Simple Approach to Identify Power System Transmission Line Faults us...IRJET Journal
This paper presents a Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN) approach for identifying and classifying faults on power transmission lines. The PNN is trained on voltage waveform data simulated using Electromagnetic Transient Program (EMTP) software for different fault types and locations on a 150km transmission line. Only two sets of simulated data are used to train the PNN, requiring less computation than other methods that preprocess data. The trained PNN is able to accurately identify and classify fault types based on the voltage waveform, which helps ensure reliable power transmission by isolating only faulty lines or phases.
This document discusses speed control of 3-phase induction motors under fault conditions when supplied by a wind turbine using indirect vector control. It proposes a modified controller that can control a star-connected 3-phase induction motor under normal operation, stator winding open-circuit fault, and speed sensor fault conditions. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method provides good dynamic performance, especially in reducing motor speed and torque pulsations under fault conditions.
Park’s Vector Approach to detect an inter turn stator fault in a doubly fed i...cscpconf
An electrical machine failure that is not identified in an initial stage may become catastrophic and it may suffer severe damage. Thus, undetected machine faults may cascade in it failure, which in turn may cause production shutdowns. Such shutdowns are costly in terms of lost production time, maintenance costs, and wasted raw materials. Doubly fed induction generators are used mainly for wind energy conversion in MW power plants. This paper presents a detection of an inter turn stator fault in a doubly fed induction machine whose stator and rotor are supplied by two pulse width modulation (PWM) inverters. The method used in this article to detect this fault, is based on Park’s Vector Approach , using a neural network s.
Fuzzy-Logic-Controller-Based Fault Isolation in PWM VSI for Vector Controlled...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering(IOSR-JEEE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electrical and electronics engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electrical and electronics engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document presents a fuzzy logic controller-based method for isolating open circuit faults in a pulse width modulated voltage source inverter (PWM VSI) that provides power to a vector controlled induction motor drive. The method uses distortions in current waveforms that occur during faulty operating stages of the inverter to detect and isolate faults. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed fuzzy logic controller in isolating open circuit faults introduced in the PWM VSI. The controller is able to isolate faults without additional hardware and with low computational requirements, making it suitable for implementation in existing vector controlled induction motor drive systems.
ANN Approach for Fault Classification in Induction Motors using Current and V...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using an artificial neural network (ANN) approach to classify faults in induction motors based on current and voltage signals. It proposes using negative sequence current and swing angle values extracted from motor signals as inputs to a multi-layer perceptron ANN for fault classification. The faults considered are the healthy condition, rotor broken bar fault, and stator inter-turn short circuit fault. Experimental data was collected from a test motor under these different conditions to train and evaluate the ANN's performance at fault classification.
Analysis of distance protection relay in presence of static synchronous compe...IAEME Publication
This document analyzes the impact of a Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) on distance protection relays for transmission lines. It presents a simulation of a 400kV, 300km transmission line with a 100MVA STATCOM at the midpoint and distance relays at each end. The simulation shows that the STATCOM affects the impedance seen by the relays during faults, as it injects current and alters line parameters. Traditional relay settings based solely on line impedance may not operate correctly with a STATCOM present. The document discusses modeling of the transmission line, STATCOM, and distance relays in MATLAB/Simulink to study their performance under normal and fault conditions with the STATCOM.
Multi-machine system with Series FACTS device: Static synchronous series comp...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study of a multi-machine power system with and without a Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC). The SSSC is modeled and its effect on the system is analyzed under different operating conditions. In normal load conditions, power flow increased by 8% with the SSSC. Under an 8% increased load, voltages were improved and disturbances decreased with the SSSC. During a fault, the SSSC helped settle the system faster and improved power flow recovery after the fault was cleared. The study demonstrates the benefits of the SSSC for improving power flow, damping oscillations, and enhancing transient stability.
Joint State and Parameter Estimation by Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) techniqueIJERD Editor
In order to increase power system stability and reliability during and after disturbances, power grid
global and local controllers must be developed. SCADA system provides steady and low sampling density. To
remove these limitation PMUs are being rapidly adopted worldwide. Dynamic states of power system can be
estimated using EKF. This requires field excitation as input which may not available. As a result, the EKF with
unknown inputs proposed for identifying and estimating the states and the unknown inputs of the synchronous
machine.
Inter-turn short-circuit (ITSC) faults on the induction machine has received much attention in the recent years. Early detection of such faults in wind turbine systems would allow to avoid fluctuation on wind power output and maintain the reliability level. In this paper, Sliding Mode Observers (SMO)-based fault detection and isolation method is developed for induction generator (IG)-based variable-speed grid-connected wind turbines. Firstly, the dynamic model of the wind turbine and IG was given and then, the control was made based on Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) method. The IG closed-loop via Indirect Rotor Flux Oriented Control (IRFOC) scheme was also described. Hence, the performance of the wind turbine system and the stability of injected power to the grid were analyzed under the ITSC fault conditions. The control schemes were proved to be inherently unstable under the faulty conditions. Then, robust SMO were investigated to design an ITSC fault detection and isolation scheme. Finally, simulation results of ITSC detection and isolation in the variable-speed grid-connected wind turbine with affected IG confirm the theoretical development.
1) The document describes a power system simulation experiment using MATLAB. It involves simulating various faults on a 3-bus system and analyzing the results. Graphs of voltages and currents are presented for different fault types.
2) The experiment also involves performing load flow analysis on a 3-6 bus system using Gauss-Seidel, Newton-Raphson, and Fast Decoupled methods. Relevant equations and sample data for a IEEE 30-bus test system are provided.
3) Key components in the MATLAB Simulink model used for fault analysis are described, including transformers, transmission lines, circuit breakers, fault blocks. The conclusions observed from the fault simulations are also summarized.
This document presents a novel technique for fault detection and classification on double circuit transmission lines using artificial neural networks (ANNs). The technique uses high frequency transients caused by faults to identify internal and external faults. ANNs with suitable numbers of neurons are used to analyze voltage and current signals and decompose them to identify faults. Extensive simulation studies show the proposed approach can accurately discriminate between internal and external faults, providing fast, effective, and efficient protection. The document describes modeling a double circuit transmission line system in MATLAB, selecting ANN input/output parameters, developing a 3-layer 45-neuron ANN structure, and presenting simulation results demonstrating the ANN can detect and classify different fault types within a few milliseconds.
Double Circuit Transmission Line Protection using Line Trap & Artificial Neur...IRJET Journal
This document presents a technique for protecting double circuit transmission lines using line traps and artificial neural networks. Line traps are placed at the terminals of the protected line to detect faults based on high frequency transients. An artificial neural network is trained using the RMS voltage and current signals to classify fault types. MATLAB simulation studies were conducted to model a 300km, 25kV, 50Hz transmission system with three zones. RMS measurements from one end were used to train the neural network to classify faults. The neural network approach provides fast, secure and reliable protection for double circuit transmission lines.
IOT based Three Phase Power fault monitoring with SMS alertsIRJET Journal
This document describes an IOT-based system for monitoring faults in three-phase power transmission lines. The system uses sensors to detect faults such as line-to-line faults, overloads, over voltages and under voltages, and frequency errors. When a fault is detected, the system automatically sends SMS alerts to technicians with information about the fault type and location. This allows faults to be identified and repaired more quickly, improving power reliability and reducing equipment damage. The system was found to accurately detect and classify different fault types in real-time testing.
A Fault Detection and Classification Method for SC Transmission Line Using Ph...paperpublications3
Abstract: In this paper, fault detection and classification for Series Compensated Line (SCL) using phasor measurement unit is presented. The algorithm presented in this paper uses the PMU synchronized measurements and not depends on the data to be provided by the electricity utility. The compensated line parameters and Thevenin’s equivalent (TE) of the system at SCL terminals are calculated online, using three independent sets of pre-fault phasor measurements. The accuracy of fault location is performed with respect to fault location/position, types of fault, fault angle. The accuracy of the algorithm is simulated in MATLAB for 9-bus transmission system.
This document presents a novel methodology for fault section estimation in power systems. The methodology uses protective device settings and a search algorithm to identify isolated sections. It considers changes in network topology caused by protective devices operating. The methodology calculates a fault reference value for each section based on relay settings and topology. It then calculates the deviation between this reference and the actual weights based on operated protections to identify the most likely fault sections. The result provides operators a prioritized list of fault candidates to assist with decision making during disturbances. The methodology uses intrinsic system information rather than uncertainties used in other existing methods.
Simulation Design of DC Motor Control System Based on MC9S12D64 MCUIJERA Editor
This document describes a simulation of a DC motor control system using an MC9S12D64 microcontroller unit (MCU). The system samples an analog input voltage, uses pulse width modulation to control motor speed based on the voltage, and provides alarms and display. It was designed to simulate industry motors. The hardware and software were tested experimentally and proved reliable for controlling the DC motor and simulating different running conditions.
A real-time fault diagnosis system for high-speed power system protection bas...IJECEIAES
This paper puts forward a real-time smart fault diagnosis system (SFDS) intended for high-speed protection of power system transmission lines. This system is based on advanced signal processing techniques, traveling wave theory results, and machine learning algorithms. The simulation results show that the SFDS can provide an accurate internal/external fault discrimination, fault inception time estimation, fault type identification, and fault location. This paper presents also the hardware requirements and software implementation of the SFDS.
IRJET- Overhead Line Protection with Automatic Switch by using PLC AutomationIRJET Journal
This document describes a system to automatically protect overhead transmission lines from overload faults using a PLC-controlled air break switch. The system monitors current on the line using a sensor and can open the switch if overload is detected. This allows faulty sections to be isolated without interrupting the whole line. The automatic switch provides remote operation and is more reliable than conventional manual switches. It aims to quickly detect and resolve overload problems through automation using a PLC to control the switch based on current readings.
Similar to Practical Implementation for Stator Faults Protection and Diagnosisin 3-Ph IM Based on WPT and Neural Network (20)
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
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Practical Implementation for Stator Faults Protection and Diagnosisin 3-Ph IM Based on WPT and Neural Network
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
|| Volume || 5 || Issue || 10 || Pages || PP 52-67 || 2016 ||
ISSN (e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN (p): 2319 – 1805
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 52
Practical Implementation for Stator Faults Protection and
Diagnosisin 3-Ph IM Based on WPT and Neural Network
Sadiq I. Hassan1
, Adel A. Obed2
, Khalid M. Abdul-Hassan3
1
College of Engineering -Basra University
2
College of ElectricalEngineering Technology -Middle Technical University, Baghdad
3
College of Engineering -Basra University
--------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT-------------------------------------------------------------
This paper presents a real-time practical implementation for an online protection and diagnosis technique for
induction motor stator faults. The Artificial Neural Network (ANN), the wavelet packet transform (WPT)-
algorithms are developed as based approaches for protecting and diagnosing various stator faults occurring in
three-phase induction motors. These approaches are based on the entropy of the WPT-coefficients of line
currents using an optimized mother wavelet 'db3' at the second level of resolution with thresholds determined
experimentally during the various conditions of the motor. The algorithm is implemented in real-time using the
LabJack U3-HV instrument device as an interface between the WPT-algorithm which developed in Matlab
program/PC and the 3-ph CT’s which are used to sense the 3-ph current lines motor. The proposed technique is
tested on a laboratory induction motor which is chosen with unknown parameters. It is a rewinded motor that
realizes a different requirement. It has many output terminals from its windings in order to implement the
various faults. The online test results give a tripping signal at an instant time that through applied a new moving
frame technique. A few cycles presents to isolate the main C.B of the motor power supply in all cases of faults.
In addition, the WPT-algorithm is developed to issue online a flagging fault message window which helped to
diagnose the faults type.
Keywords:WPT,ANN,Entropy, IM, Flagging message, Fault diagnosis.
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Date of Submission: 3October 2016 Date of Accepted: 18 October 2016
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I. INTRODUCTION
The induction motor faces various stresses duringoperation conditions. The conditions of monitoring, diagnosis
of faults and protection become needful in order to avoid tragic failures. Stator faults show responsible for most
of the faults in the induction motor. The faults of the stator in an induction motor are approximately (30-40)% of
its total failures which caused by the windings damage. Insulation damages are usually caused the stator faults
like a turntoturnfault in a coil, phasetoground or phaseto phase short-circuit faults [1-4]. Over the years, a
general problem with respect to the protection of an induction motor is the absence of accessibility of complete
data for a system which driven by the motor. Many techniques are used for failure diagnosis in induction
machines which can narrative as the signal processing [5]. The fault diagnosis of the electrical motors can be
achieved by motor current signature analysis(MCSA) which can detect most of the electrical faults [6]. Various
types of wavelet transform are used with signal processing of start-up motor faults such as DWT, WPT and
CWT. The wavelet transform is a powerful tool in the analysis of transient phenomena because of its ability to
extract time and frequency information from the transient signal [7]. The evolution of the entropy of WPT-
coefficients using an optimized mother wavelet 'db3' at the second level of decomposition provides an accurate
and effective classification criterion for the faults in inductionmotor. The Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
presentsa based approach for protecting and diagnosing of the stator faults of the induction motor. Artificial
neural networks (ANN) have been used for many different applications. The feature that is most attractive in
condition monitoring is their ability to represent complicated, non-linear relationships and to self-learn in pattern
recognition tasks.
II. STATOR WINDING FAULTS IMPLEMENTATION
Typically, short circuits in stator windings occur between turns of one phase, or between turns of two phases, or
between turns of all phases [8,9]. Figure 1 shows the types of stator faults which are assigned on the three-phase
windings. A turntoturn phase short circuit fault in a 3-ph IM a high current to flow and consequently heat in the
fault turns. So, the generated heat is proportionate to the square of the caused current which exceeds the limiting
value, the motor may occur a completely failed [10]. The phase to ground fault is carried out by connecting a
phase to the ground. The phasetophase fault was carried out by connecting two phases. Single phasing (loss of
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phase) is a type of fault may be created by the mechanical or electrical failure of an internal break, a machine
terminal connector, or an electrical failure in one of 3-ph power supply [11].
Figure 1: Various faults in the stator of induction motor.
III. WAVELET PACKET TRANSFORM (WPT)
The wavelet packet transform is an alternative base; it forms linear-collections wavelet components. They have
to get a property like time-frequency location of their identical wavelet components. A wavelet packet
component is composed of three indices (m), (k) and (n), as given in the following equation [12-14]:
..... (1)
where: is the scale operations index, is the translation operations index, is modulation parameter index,
and is wavelet packet component.
The wavelet packet transform allows making multi-resolution analysis of signals as they are possible to have a
similarity of the connected scaling function and smooth wavelet with consolidated support through low pass
filter (LPF) and high pass filter (HPF). The diagnostic faults are an important purpose for the induction motors.
The signature diagnosis criterion uses the non-normalized Shannon entropy as a criterion. The Shannon entropy
values represent the energy value of the coefficients.The entropy values of the signal ( )of any subspace of
wavelet packet tree is [11,15-18].
…. (2)
IV. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP FOR PROTECTION BASED ON WPT ALGORITHM AND
NEURAL NETWORK
The on-line implementation of theproposed protection technique involves the development of the experimental
setup that includes both the hardware and a software component as present in following.
4.1 Hardware Experimental
The complete experimental setup for the testing of the proposed algorithm as well as the testing results of
different faulted and normal un-fault conditions are provided in the following sections. A 1hp laboratory three-
phase induction motor is used in the testing. The induction motor chosen is with unknown parameter values. It is
rewinded motor used for experimental requirement. A box has many output terminals from its winding. They
are three phase main winding terminals, 10% turns winding of phase-a which represents the end of the first coil,
25% turns winding of phase-b which represents the end of the second coil, 50% turns winding of phase-c which
represents the end of the third coil, and the command point of three winding terminal box which as shown in
Figs 2 and 3.
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Figure 2: 1hp laboratory rewinded 3-ph I.M
Figure 3: Induction motor and terminal box
Three current transformers CT‟s (50/5 A, 5VA) are connected with the stator terminals of the induction motor.
The current ratiois suitable of the high fault currents without any saturation in the sensed signals. The CT‟s are
shown in Fig. 4.
Figure 4: The current transformers (CT‟s)
The signals of3-ph stator currents are converted usingA/D LabJackU3-HVdevice.A LabJack design
manufacturesmeasurement and automation peripherals that enable the connection of a PC to the real-world as
shown in Fig. 5. It is compatible with the Matlab and other programs [19]. For this purpose, a protection
algorithm is written in the Matlab program which processed in a personal computer. The results are recording in
through special program called a stream program.
Figure 5: Lab Jack U3-HV instrument
The hardware parts also are included a connection faults panel. It helps to simulate the actual faults of the
induction motor, which consists of all electrical devices (CBʼs, contactors, timer relays, switches, lamps, etc.) to
implement the multi-faults which provide safer during the fault period for searcher which is shown in Fig. 6.
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Figure 6: The designed faults panel
The hardware includes a relay control circuit, when WPT algorithm is reflected the digital signal processor to be
used for making a decision on the status of the trip signal. The signal is fed back to the LabJack U3-HV device
by the DAC terminal which uses as a pulse to the NPN relay control circuit. The circuit will operate the 12VAC
contactor relay. Figures 7 and 8 show the schematic diagram and the actual implemented of the complete circuit
for the control circuit system. A normally closed auxiliary contact of the contactor relay is connecting in series
with the control supply of the three-phase main contactor coil as shown in Fig. 9 which is isolated the main
power supply of the induction motor.
Figure 7: Schematic diagram of relay control circuit
Figure 8: The actual Schematic of relay control implemented circuit
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The practical implementation for induction motor protection against stator faults is presented for this work. The
tripping signal produced from the proposed WPT for different stator faults is used to drive a relay control
circuit. Figure 9 shows the schematic diagram for the online testing of the motor protection. Switch (CS1) which
is a normally closed to isolate the coil of the main contactor from the supply when a tripping signal is initiated.
To ensure diagnosis of stator faults, the neural network is used which is assigned in the same block of PC WPT.
The complete experimental implementation is shown in Fig. 10.
Figure 9:The protection schematic block for testing of the 3-ph IM.
Figure10: The complete implementation experimental protection of the 3-ph IM.
4.2 Software for Experimental Protection
The software part consists of the WPT based algorithm which can be employed to extract certain features for
induction motor currents to detect the healthy and faulty conditions with diagnosis the fault types. The entropy
criterion is applied to diagnose the stator faults. The wavelet packets transform (WPT) based algorithm on the
samples of fault currents is used as signal processing technique. It is reflected the proposed signature method
and decision on the status of the detection signal. The complete software setups for this testing of the proposed
algorithm are provided in the following sections.
4.2.1 Moving Frame Technique
The technology followed the test to process the stator currents signal of the induction motor by the WPT
algorithm requires data every quarter cycle. It collects the samples of every quarter cycle looks like a packaged
frame periodically. The length of the quarter cycle is „64‟ samples of the signal. In other words, it creates an
enormous number of the frames with length „64‟ samples of each one. A cause for concern that probability of
occurring fault during this frame which means the WPT algorithm will waiting for the next frame for
processing. Then, the delay in the processing time is more than quarter cycle time.
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In order to reduce the time delay as less as possible, a new technique is adopted. At start time, the WPT
algorithm waits for „64‟ samples to create the first frame, then moving this frame with the same frequency of the
sample rate current signal which takes the stream rate of LabJack U3-HV device. Conceivable that frame is
moving on the tremendous amount of fixed samples signal. After created the first frame, the second frame is
created by entering the sample number „65‟ and outer the sample number „1‟ which process by the WPT
algorithm. The third frame creates by entering the sample number „66‟ and outer the sample number „2‟ and so
on. Thus, this technique is able to detect a fault at early established which much less than a quarter cycle. A
minimizing of a faulting time has a consideration in the motor protection systems. Figures 11 and 12 show the
result of practical on-line WPT algorithm detector for each technique which applied on 10% turntoturn (phase a)
stator fault. It is clear that the time needed to detect this type of fault is reduced from (5msec) to (0.25msec)
approximately.
Figures 11: WPT delectation signal for a quarter cycle frame technique
Figures 12: WPT detection signal for moving frame technique.
4.2.2 Developing of ANN
In implementing the algorithm of faults protection for the induction motor using ANN, the 3-ph stator currents
are used as the input to the network. To generate the realizable training pattern for the ANN-based protection,
the samples of the summation of squared three-phase stator currents are framed as a packet each 64 samples, the
signal is decomposed by wavelet packet transform with optimized mother wavelet „db3‟ and optimized
decomposition level ( level). The coefficients of WPT entropy train the neural network so that it can
recognize and differentiate these various faults condition.
In this section, the ANN involves two stages: network development and actual usage of the network. During the
network development, the neural network is trained to capture the relationship between the input and output. A
three-layer feed forward network is chosen in this work for implementing the ANN-based protection of the
induction motor. The model outputs include healthy, loss-phase, turn-to-turn, phase-to-ground, phase-to-phase,
respectively.Therefore, the values 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 in the output neurons indicate to these cases, respectively. The
optimal structure of the neural network is contained one neuron in the input layer, nine neurons hidden layer
with tan-sigmoid activation function and five neurons in the output layer with linear activation function.
The best fit line for prediction properties for training and testing samples of ANN model is calculated using
regression analysis as shown in Figs 13 and 14. It was observed that the cost function is 7.4e-16 and 2.5e-15 for
training and testing samples, respectively.A comparison between the experimental and the predicted ANN
model results for testing sample is shown in Fig. 15. It can be seen that ANN is able to predict of the entropy of
the WPT-coefficients of induction motor currents with a reasonable accuracy.
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Figure 13: The best fit line for prediction of the WPT-coefficients entropy of I.M currents by ANN model for
training samples
Figure 14: The best fit line for prediction of the WPT-coefficients entropy of I.M currents by ANN model for
testing samples
Figure 15: Comparison between the experimental and the predicted ANN model results for the WPT-
coefficients entropy of I.M currents testing samples
4.2.3 Flagging Message of Fault
The WPT algorithm is developed to issue a message flagging fault, where an information type of fault monitors
on the creating window. A simple design uses message-based to provide software flagging of the type faults in
Matlab program. It is used to help the diagnosing fault which occurs in the stator of the induction motor. There
are four flagging message type, loss phase (single phasing), turntoturn, phasetoground, and phasetophase faults.
These messages will online be appeared after the tripping signal isolated the motor from the power supply.
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V. THE INTERLOCK BETWEEN THE WPT ALGORITHM AND THE IM STARTER
The WPT algorithm is required to stopthe motor working at instant of fault initialized through the control
circuit. From Fig. 9, the normally closed switch (CS1) will open and disconnect the main contactor coil from
supply. Therefore, it is required to make interlock between the hardware of the motor starter and the software of
the PC algorithm. The interlock signal is backed from the main contactor to the AIN3 input of the labjack and
reached to PC as a condition to break the online WPT algorithm. The other advantage of this interlock is that the
WPT algorithm does not work unless the backs signal from the starter of the induction motor that it is ready.
VI. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS FOR ONLINE TESTING PROTECTION
The testing for the proposed algorithm for this motor showed an excellent ability to protect and diagnosis and
respond to the different type of current flowing through the motor in the stator. This motivates the application of
the proposed algorithm with the modified experimental setup on it in order to show the capability of the WPT
algorithm in protection the induction motor.
Four different faults current are investigated in order to test the WPT-based algorithm on stator motor: (a) loss
phase (single phasing) fault (b) turntoturn fault, (c) phasetoground fault, and (d) phasetophase fault. Normal
operation is investigated in order to test the WPT-based algorithm as healthy states. Each fault condition was
performed that the proposed algorithm identified the disturbance properly and initiated the decision as a trip
signal. The decision will back to the LabJack device which is using as feedback for a circuit breaker to isolate
the main supply almost at the instantaneously or within much less than a quarter cycle. It is worth mentioning,
that the figures almost appeared few cycles fault waves. It is implemented with a real-time fault which consists a
delay time of the devices that passing through them (PC response, LabJack, switching signal transistor, auxiliary
relays, and main contactor circuit).
6.1 Abnormal (Faulted) Conditions
The proposed WPT protection algorithm is tested for various stator winding faults. The WPT algorithm
identifies all faults as abnormal condition and generated a trip for protection. The Trip signals,the three-phase
currents and the flagging massages are shown Figs. 16-23.
Figure 16: Trip signal,three phase currents and flagging message of (10% turns of phase-a) fault condition
response applied on-line test WPT-protection.
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Figure 17:Trip signal,three phase currents and flagging message of (25% turns of phase-b) fault condition
response applied on-line test WPT-protection.
Figure 18:Trip signal, three phase currents and flagging message of (50% turns of phase-c) fault condition
response applied on-line test WPT-protection.
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Figure 19:Trip signal, three phase currents and flagging message of (phase-a to ground) fault condition
response applied on-line test WPT-protection.
Figure 20:Trip signal, three phase currents and flagging message of (10% turns of phase-a and 25% turns of
phase-b) fault condition response applied on-line test WPT-protection.
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Figure 21:Trip signal, three phase currents and flagging message of (10% turns of phase-a and 50% turns of
phase-c) fault condition response applied on-line test WPT-protection.
Figure 22:Trip signal,three phase currents and flagging message of (25% turns of phase-b and 50% turns of
phase-c) fault condition response applied on-line test WPT-protection.
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Figure 23:Trip signal, three phase currents and flaggingmessageof loss phase-a fault condition response applied
on-line test WPT-protection.
6.2 Normal (un-Faulted) Conditions
The proposed WPT algorithm protection was tested for normal and suddenly loads currents. The WPT algorithm
identified them as normal conditions which never generate any trip signal as shown in Fig. 24.
Figure 24:Trip signal and three phase currents of (normal un-faulted) condition response applied on-line test
WPT-protection algorithm.
VII. I.M UNDER SUDDEN LOAD CHANGE
The stability is an important qualitative characteristic of induction motors, providing the reliability of its work.
One example of the changes is suddenly external load. The type of sudden load is typical for hoisting
mechanisms (hoists, lifts, elevators, cranes) [20-22]. The concern is with the behavior of the motor when a
sudden load occurs it may be consider as a fault state.A practical testing is implemented on the induction motor.
It is in unloaded-state at the starting up period. The sudden load can be considered through the release of the
spring handle to strain at the full-load of the induction motor which is shown in Fig 25. The resulting test is no
detection signal that shows for this case, therefore, the WPT algorithm identified it as a normal condition and
isn‟t generated any detection signal. The three phase currents transient of the induction motor is presented in
Figs26 and27.
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Figure 25: The propped method of the sudden load change on IM.
Figure 26: On-line test WPT based detection signal and 3-ph currents of suddenly Load duration condition.
Figure 27: On-line test WPT based detection signal and 3-ph currents of suddenly Load-to-noload duration
condition.
VIII. THE STARTING TEST OF WPT BASED ALGORITHM
The new WPT algorithm is developed based on signature current analysis of starting current of the induction
motor operating under different transient faults (inter-turn and inter-coil short-circuits) for diagnostic purposes.
The algorithm is applied to detect a healthy motor from the stator faulted motor which conducted on the entropy
criterion.
The proposed WPT algorithm was tested for normal (un-faulted) currents at starting instant. The WPT algorithm
identified it as a normal condition and does not generate any trip signal as shown in Fig. 28. A light density of
entropy for this case due to transient starting that WPT algorithm sets as a normal healthy condition which is
shown in Fig. 29. Figures 30 and 32 show different type of stator faults (10% turns fault of phase-a, phase-a to
ground fault, respectively). The three-phase currents, as well as the WPT detection signal of the proposed
algorithm, are shown. Heavy densities of entropy for these cases due to a fault during the starting time are
shown in Figs. 31 and 33, respectively.
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Figure 28: Online starting test WPT based detection signal and 3-ph currents of the normal condition.
Figure 29: The density of entropy for online starting test WPT based indicator response and 3-Ph currents of the
(normal un-faulted) condition.
Figure 30: Online starting test WPT based detection signal and 3-ph currents of (10% turns of phase-a) fault
condition.
Figure 31: The density of entropy for online starting test WPT based indicator response and 3-ph currents of
(10% turns of phase-a) fault condition.
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Figure 32: Online starting test WPT based detection signal and the 3-ph currents for phase-to-ground (phase a)
fault condition.
Figure 33: Online starting test WPT based indicator response and the 3-ph currents for phase-to-ground (phase
a) fault condition.
IX. CONCLUSION
The online practical implementation ofthe proposed WPT-algorithm and neural networkare applied on3-ph I.M
to protect and diagnose thestator faults. It can be concluding:
1. The WPT testing produce well results to diagnose between healthy and faulty motor case by using the
entropy values in the second level of the wavelet coefficients of the stator currents.
2. A new moving frame technique is applied on the WPT based detection algorithm to reduce the time delay
as less as possible which requires for detecting the various faults.
3. The resulting test of a sudden load of the induction motor is no detector signals that shown for this case.
Therefore, there is no side effect when using WPT method for the induction motor leads hoisting
mechanisms load.
4. The Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is used as a based approach for protecting and classifying of the
stator faults of the induction motor.
5. The entropy-wavelet packet transform is applied to extract the features from the three-phase stator currents
signal. The entropy data was developed by simulating various faults in the ANN network training and
testing systems.
6. The WPT algorithm is developed to issue online a message flagging fault, where the diagnosing fault type
monitors on the creating caution window.
7. The ability to make a complete protection for steady state and starting period cases of the induction motor
uses unified algorithm. The algorithm includes these two modes, through the starting algorithm mode works
during the starting time which requires as input value, and then the steady state algorithm mode works
along the normal operation time. The operation of this algorithmbecomes more like an integrated protection
device, as in the practical protection relays.
Appendix (A)
Induction Motor Parameters
Rated power
Rated stator voltage
Rated frequency
Rated speed
Nominal Stator current
No. of poles
1hp
380 V
50 Hz
1470 rpm
1.98 A
4
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