In power engineering the power flow analysis (also known as load flow study) is an important tool involving numerical analysis applied to a powe r system. This project deals with a model of existing power system using the actual data taking care of all parameters required for the simulation and analysis. With the help of Maharasht ra State Electricity Transmission co. Ltd.,a model of 220KV lines,of Solapur District grid usin g MATLAB software will be modeled. In this project,an algorithm will be used for power f low study and data collection and coding required for modeling. Load flow studies will be ca rried out using Newton Raphson method and voltage profile of buses will be analyzed. New meth od for the improvement of voltage profile will be suggested and analyze using the developed m odel. The optimization techniques include power factor compensation,tap changing,up gradati on of substation,up gradation of line and load shifting will be analyzed. Importance of power flow or Load flow studies is in planning future expansion of power system as well as determi ning the best operation of existing systems. From results of simulation buses with low voltage p rofile will be identified and possible solutions can be suggested.
Generation and transmission of electric energy – voltage stress –
testing voltages-AC to DC conversion – rectifier circuits – cascaded
circuits – voltage multiplier circuits – Cockroft-Walton circuits –
voltage regulation – ripple factor – Van de-Graaff generator.
Generation and transmission of electric energy – voltage stress –
testing voltages-AC to DC conversion – rectifier circuits – cascaded
circuits – voltage multiplier circuits – Cockroft-Walton circuits –
voltage regulation – ripple factor – Van de-Graaff generator.
Includes Introduction, Derivation of power flow through transmission line, Single line diagram of three phase transmission, methods of finding the performance of transmission line. 1.Analytical Method 2.Graphical method (circle diagram)., circle diagram of receiving end side and sending end side.
Amplitude and phase comparators
Over current relays
Directional relays
Distance relays
Differential relay.
Static Relays: Comparison with electromagnetic relay
Classification and their description
Over current relays
Directional relay
Distance relays
Differential relay
Introduction to reactive power control in electrical powerDr.Raja R
Introduction to reactive power control in electrical power
Reactive power in transmission line :
Reactive power control
Reactive power and its importance
Apparent Power
Reactive Power
Apparent Power
Reactive Power Formula
Introduction, Factors affecting system planning, present planning techniques, planning models, Sub-transmission and substation design. Sub-transmission networks configurations, Substation bus schemes, Distribution substations ratings, Service areas calculations, and Substation application curves, future trends in planning, systems approach, and Distribution automation.
This directional over current relay employs the principle of actuation of the relay....It has a metallic disc free to rotate between the poles of two...
Abstract: In this paper three phase load flow analysis on four bus system using Mi Power software is reformed. As power system never operates under steady state condition therefore single phase load flow analysis doesn’t provide accurate results. Hence three phase load flow analysis which can be performed under different contingencies, provide data when system is unbalanced. The system is analysing on the basis of parameter values in MW & MVAR for transmission line and generator buses. Harmonic values of resistance, reactance, and susceptance can predict the condition of small and large kind of system network. This type of analysis is useful for solving the power flow problem in different power systems which will useful to calculate the unknown parameter.
Includes Introduction, Derivation of power flow through transmission line, Single line diagram of three phase transmission, methods of finding the performance of transmission line. 1.Analytical Method 2.Graphical method (circle diagram)., circle diagram of receiving end side and sending end side.
Amplitude and phase comparators
Over current relays
Directional relays
Distance relays
Differential relay.
Static Relays: Comparison with electromagnetic relay
Classification and their description
Over current relays
Directional relay
Distance relays
Differential relay
Introduction to reactive power control in electrical powerDr.Raja R
Introduction to reactive power control in electrical power
Reactive power in transmission line :
Reactive power control
Reactive power and its importance
Apparent Power
Reactive Power
Apparent Power
Reactive Power Formula
Introduction, Factors affecting system planning, present planning techniques, planning models, Sub-transmission and substation design. Sub-transmission networks configurations, Substation bus schemes, Distribution substations ratings, Service areas calculations, and Substation application curves, future trends in planning, systems approach, and Distribution automation.
This directional over current relay employs the principle of actuation of the relay....It has a metallic disc free to rotate between the poles of two...
Abstract: In this paper three phase load flow analysis on four bus system using Mi Power software is reformed. As power system never operates under steady state condition therefore single phase load flow analysis doesn’t provide accurate results. Hence three phase load flow analysis which can be performed under different contingencies, provide data when system is unbalanced. The system is analysing on the basis of parameter values in MW & MVAR for transmission line and generator buses. Harmonic values of resistance, reactance, and susceptance can predict the condition of small and large kind of system network. This type of analysis is useful for solving the power flow problem in different power systems which will useful to calculate the unknown parameter.
Power Flow Analysis of Island Business District 33KV Distribution Grid System...IJERA Editor
The solution to power flow is one of the most important problems in electrical power systems. Traditional methods have been previously used for power flow analysis, but with prevalent drawbacks such as abnormal operating solutions and divergences in heavy loads. This paper presents power flow analysis in a power system, by modelling a typical 33kV Distribution Network, and simulating using the NEPLAN software for power flow studies. Island Business Unit’s (IBU) 33kV network of Eko Electricity Distribution Plc (EKEDP) for a scenario day is taken as case study in the analysis. The most important parameters of power flow analysis is utilized to find the magnitude and phase angles of the voltages at each Busbar, as well as the real and reactive power flowing through each distribution line within the network under consideration.
A Study of Load Flow Analysis Using Particle Swarm OptimizationIJERA Editor
Load flow study is done to determine the power system static states (voltage magnitudes and voltage angles) at each bus to find the steady state working condition of a power system. It is important and most frequently car-ried out study performed by power utilities for power system planning, optimization, operation and control. In this project a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is proposed to solve load flow problem under different load-ing/ contingency conditions for computing bus voltage magnitudes and angles of the power system. With the increasing size of power system, this is very necessary to finding the solution to maximize the utilization of ex-isting system and to provide adequate voltage support. For this the good voltage profile is must. STATCOM, if placed optimally can be effective in providing good voltage profile and in turn resulting into stable power sys-tem. The study presents a hybrid particle swarm based methodology for solving load flow in electrical power systems. Load flow is an electrical engineering well-known problem which provides the system status in the steady-state and is required by several functions performed in power system control centers.
Comparative power flow analysis of 28 and 52 buses for 330 kv power grid netw...Onyebuchi nosiri
Newton-Raphson technique was formulated and used to evaluate the electrical performances of the existing 28-bus and improved 52-bus Nigerian 330kV power networks. The Jacobian matrix for both the existing 28-bus and the improved 52-bus Nigerian power system was derived using Newton-Raphson power flow solution method. The steady-state critical bus voltages, voltage and angle profiles at each bus, active and reactive power flows, transformer tap settings, component or circuit loading, generator exciter regulator voltage set points and system losses of these networks were determined to ascertain their effectiveness and proper network reconfiguration. The results obtained showed a better performance of the 52-Bus system in power quality, voltage and angle profiles over the conventional 28-bus system
Comparative power flow analysis of 28 and 52 buses for 330 kv power grid netw...Onyebuchi nosiri
Newton-Raphson technique was formulated and used to evaluate the electrical performances of the existing 28-bus and improved 52-bus Nigerian 330kV power networks. The Jacobian matrix for both the existing 28-bus and the improved 52-bus Nigerian power system was derived using Newton-Raphson power flow solution method. The steady-state critical bus voltages, voltage and angle profiles at each bus, active and reactive power flows, transformer tap settings, component or circuit loading, generator exciter regulator voltage set points and system losses of these networks were determined to ascertain their effectiveness and proper network reconfiguration. The results obtained showed a better performance of the 52-Bus system in power quality, voltage and angle profiles over the conventional 28-bus system
ASSESSMENT OF VOLTAGE FLUCTUATION AND REACTIVE POWER CONTROL WITH SVC USING PSOKashif Mehmood
Smart grid novel growth in the arena of power, this is a new scheme and apparatus for producing and distributing
electricity. Smart grids are very important part of the electrical circuit. Distribution Management System (DMS) used by the utilities for the
state Estimation (SE). Basic application distribution control system, evaluation (SE) and the control reactive power). There SE principally
used to monitor and to control the entire distributed network. In the distribution network has a problem voltage profile. It is controlled by
distributed generators (DG), which are located in diverse positions in the system to maintain the voltage within certain limits. Validation
through the implementation on the IEEE 14-bus radial transmission system indicated that PSO is reasonable to achieve the
task. MATLAB software is used for results simulation
Power Flow Analysis for Four Buses System by NR Methodijtsrd
Power flow studies provide a systematic mathematical approach for determination of various bus voltages, there phase angle, active and reactive power flows through different branches, generators and loads under steady state condition. In this paper, the purpose of power flow analysis is to determine four bus system power flows. Case studies have been performed on Lawpita Taungoo Kamarnat Hlawga 230kV Line Myanmar . This paper presents a reliable method to meet the requirements by developing a Newton Raphson based load flow calculation program through which control setting of Shunt Compensator can be determined directly. This program computes the voltage magnitude and angle at each bus in a power system under balanced steady state conditions. Real and reactive power flows for all buses, as well as line flow and line losses, are also computed. And then the compensation of shunt capacitor is proposed for load flow analysis and also for overall loss minimization and improvement in system voltage profile. Wint Yu Yu Zaw ""Power Flow Analysis for Four Buses System by NR Method"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23472.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/23472/power-flow-analysis-for-four-buses-system-by-nr-method/wint-yu-yu-zaw
The effect of load modelling on phase balancing in distribution networks usin...IJECEIAES
Due to the unequal loads in phases and different customer consumption, the distribution network is unbalanced. Unbalancing in the distribution network, in addition to increasing power losses, causes unbalancing in voltages and increases operating costs. To reduce this unbalancing, various methods and algorithms have been presented. In most studies and even practical projects due to lack of information about the network loads, load models such as constant power model, constant current or constant impedance are used to model the loads. Due to the changing and nonlinear behaviours of today's loads, these models cannot show results in accordance with reality. This paper while introducing an optimal phase-balancing method, discusses the effect of load modelling on phase balancing studies. In this process the re-phasing method for balancing the network and the harmony search algorithm for optimizing the phase displacement process have been used. The simulation was carried out on an unbalanced distribution network of 25 buses. The results show well the effect of this comprehensive modelling on phase balancing studies. It also shows that in the re-phasing method for balancing the network and in the absence of a real load model, the use of which model offers the closest answer to optimal solutions.
Since so many years a problem occurs in KSB Pump Va mbori for casting process i.e. cracks occurs in the castings & it is repeated one. Therefore the compan y has given opportunity to me to solve this problem . In case of steel casting there are mainly cracks & also blo w holes induced due to the casting procedure. There are many factors for the casting defects .The factor is unev en material feeding in casting & also due to the mo uld material & also the core material. These cracks finally brea k directly the component of the casting i.e. in cas e of pump the casting component is like Impeller,Volute casing & casing cover. At the time of feeding of steel material in to the casting the material is in liquid us form i.e. it i s hot material & this material is feeding into casting at the time o f feeding it develop different region of heat. At o ne side the temp is high &at other side the temp is low this also pr oduce cracks. To simulate that casting we use the M AGMA SOFTWARE for simulation & validate it using NDT.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DESIGN OF SIMPLE SPUR GEAR TRAIN AND HELICAL GEAR TRAI...ijiert bestjournal
In recent times,the gear design has become a highl y complicated and comprehensive subject. A designer of modern gear drive system must have to r emember that the main objective of gear drive is to transmit higher power with comparatively smaller overall dim ensions of the driving system which can be construc ted with minimum possible manufacturing cost,runs reas onably free of noise and vibration and which requir es little maintenance. In this paper single stage spur gear t rain and helical gear train with a idler gear are d esigned by American Gear Manufacturing Association (AGMA) stan dard. A idler gear is placed between two gearwheel to obtained the same direction of rotation. AGMA stres s equation is used to determined the tooth bending strength and surface contact strength. As a result,dimensio ns of gears are find out and comparative study is c arried out to select the optimum design of gear train for a give n input parameter
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CONVENTIONAL LEAF SPRING AND COMPOSITE LEAFijiert bestjournal
A leaf spring is a simple form of spring,commonly used for the suspension in wheeled vehicles. It is also one of the oldest forms of spring. Sometimes referred to as a semielliptical l eaf spring (SELS) it takes the form of a slender ar c-shaped length of spring steel of rectangular cross section. The centre of the arc p rovides location for the axle,while tie holes are provided at either end for attaching to the vehicle body. In the present work,a seven-leaf steel spring use d in passenger cars is replaced with a composite mu lti leaf spring made of glass/epoxy composites. The dimensions sand the num ber of leaves for both steel leaf spring and compos ite leaf springs are considered to be the same. The primary objective is to compare their load carrying capacity,stiffness and weight savings of composite leaf spring. Finally,fatigue life of steel and com posite leaf spring is also predicted using life dat a
Brimmed diffuser is collection�acceleration device which shrouds a wind turbine.For a given turbine di ameter,the power augmentation can be achieved by brimmed diffuser,p opularly known as wind lens. The present numerical investigation deals with the effect of low pressure region created by wind l ens and hence to analyze the strong vortices formed by a brim attached to the shroud diffuser at exit. Also in this analysis,a c omparative numerical prediction of mass flow rates through the wind turbine has been carried out with various types of wind lens wh ich in turn helps to optimize the torque augmentati on. It has been numerically proved that there is significant increase in the wa ke formation & vortex strength when brimming effect is added to a diffuser
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF CONNECTING ROD OF MG-ALLOY ijiert bestjournal
The automobile engine connecting rod is a high volume production,critical component. It co nnects reciprocating piston to rotating crankshaft,transmitting the thrust of the piston to the crankshaft. Every vehicle that uses an internal combustion engine requires at least one connecting rod depending upon the number of cylinders in the engine. As the purp ose of the connecting rod is to transfer the reciprocating motion of the piston into rotary motion of the crankshaft. Connecting ro ds for automotive applications are typically manufactured by forging from either w rought steel or powdered metal. the material used f or this process is Mg-Alloy and also finite element analysis of connecting rod
REVIEW ON CRITICAL SPEED IMPROVEMENT IN SINGLE CYLINDER ENGINE VALVE TRAINijiert bestjournal
The purpose of valve train is to operate the inlet and outlet valves of the engine. The valve train m ainly consists of rocker arm,push rod,cam,poppet valve and spring for kee p the valves closed position. The Greaves G400WG en gine valve train is operated at the maximum speed of 3600 rpm. The main objective of this project is to improve the valve train speed up to safe speed limit that is up to 5000 rpm. The valve spring parameters are optimized based on space availability,stress limit,stiffness,buckl ing of pushrod and natural frequency of the system. The optimized valv e spring configuration is used in the push rod type valve train and the valve train dynamics for different engine speed is studie d using commercially available multi-body dynamic A DMAS software. A comparative valve train dynamics analysis is also c arried out with the existing and optimized valve sp ring combinations. It is observed that valve jump engine speed with respect to optimized valve spring is enhanced to considerab le amount when compared to the existing valve spring configuration. Design improvements include detail study on following topi cs:1. Valve Spring Stiffness. 2. Push rod buckling. 3. Valve closing Velocity. 4. Contact stress between cam and follower
ENERGY CONVERSION PHENOMENON IN IMPLEMENTATION OF WATER LIFTING BY USING PEND...ijiert bestjournal
This paper consist of working of reciprocating pump which is driven by a compound pendulum. It provide s the energy required to lift the water from a tank placed approximately several meter below the ground level. Basic application of the mechanism will be for watering the garden which will be operated by means of operation opening and closing of entrance gate. Paper consists of basic concept,design of pump and compound pendulum mecha nism and fabricationed model. The concept can also be implemented in the rural areas,having the problem of electric supply. We aim at making a prototype for providing some me an for pumping of water by the pump which requires less human efforts,conside ring cost effectiveness,easy to operate and portab le mechanism.
The IC engine has seen numerous revolutionary and e volutionary modifications in technology and design over the past few decades. The sole motto behind the modifications wa s to increase the overall efficiency of the IC Engi ne including volumetric and thermal efficiency. Recently few benchmarking techn ologies like the CRDI,MPFI,HCCI,etc. in the Otto cycle and Diesel cycle engines have created an enormous revolution in the automobile industry. In spite of these technologica l and design advances,the efficiencies are not being more than a particular l imit. However,the concept of split cycle engines has dra stically increased the overall performance in all respect. The split cycle concept basically separates the fou r strokes of the conventional cycle. The Scuderi engine one of the best-in-class engine desi gns based on the split cycle concept. The Scuderi engine works on the split cycle and gives higher efficiency than the previous split cycle engines resulting overall high perform ance. It also eliminates the problems faced by previous engines based on the spl it cycle in terms of breathing (volumetric efficien cy) and thermal efficiency. This paper throws light on the greater volumetric,thermal and overall efficiency key points related t o the Scuderi Engines.
EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION IN JOURNAL BEARING OPERAT...ijiert bestjournal
The excessive rise of temperature in the journal be aring operating at boundary/mixed lubrication regim es. Journal bearing test set- up is used to measure the temperature along the cir cumference of the bearing specimen for different lo ading conditions. Here in this journal bearing of l/d ratio 1,diameter of jo urnal is 60mm and the bearing length is 60mm,clear ance is .06mm has been designed and tested to access the temperature rise of the bearing. The result shows that as the load o n the bearing is increasing temperature also increasing. Temperature analysis o f journal bearing is also done by the Ansys workben ch software
STUDY OF SOLAR THERMAL CAVITY RECEIVER FOR PARABOLIC CONCENTRATING COLLECTOR ijiert bestjournal
Energy is one of the building blocks of the country . The growth of the country has been fueled by chea p,abundant energy resources. Solar energy is a form of renewable ener gy which is available abundantly and collected unre servedly. The parabolic concentrator reflects the direct incident solar rad iation onto a receiver mounted above the dish at it s focal point. The conversion of concentrated solar radiation to heat takes place in receiver. The heat transfer characteristics of the receiver changes during the rotation of the receiver which affects thermal performance. The working temperature may also influence the ther mal performance and overall efficiency of the system. Thermal as well as optica l losses affect the performance of a solar paraboli c dish-cavity receiver system. The thermal losses of a solar cavity receiver include c onvective and radiative losses to the air in the ca vity and conductive heat loss through the insulation used behind the helical tube surface. Convective and radiative heat losses form the major constituents of the thermal losses. The convection heat loss from cavit y receiver in parabolic dish solar thermal power sy stem can significantly reduce the efficiency and consequently the cost effectiveness of the system. It is important to assess this heat loss and subsequently improve the thermal performance of the receiver.
DESIGN, OPTIMIZATION AND FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF CRANKSHAFTijiert bestjournal
Crankshaft is a crucial component in an engine asse mbly. Crankshaft is consisting of two web sections and one crankpin,which converts the reciprocating displacement of the pist on to a rotary motion with a four link mechanism. G enerally crankshafts are manufactured using cast iron and forged steel mater ial. In this work to design and finite element anal ysis of crankshaft of 4 cylinder petrol engine of Maruti swift Vxi. of 1200 cubic capacity. The finite element analysis in ABA QUS software by using six materials based on their composition viz. Cast iron,EN30B,SAE4340,Structural steel,C70 Alloy steel and Aluminium based composite material reinforced with silicon carbide & fly ash. The parameter like von misses stress,deformation;maximum and minimum principal stress & strain were obtained from analysis software. The results of Finite element show that t he Aluminium based composite material is best mater ial among all. Compare the result like weight and Stiffness parameter. It is resulted of 65.539 % of weight,with reduction i n deformation.
ELECTRO CHEMICAL MACHINING AND ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE MACHINING PROCESSES MICRO...ijiert bestjournal
Nowadays,necessity of small components is a common trend. These requirements encourage the researcher s to develop very minutest size components to fulfill the demand. The manufact uring of these type of components is a difficult ob ligation and for that various machining methods are develop to manufacture such c omponents. In this article the Electro Chemical mac hining and Electrical Discharge Machining is reviewed. We tried to summar ize the work of various researchers. The study show s that this type of machining processes gives good alternative.
HEAT TRANSFER ENHANCEMENT BY USING NANOFLUID JET IMPINGEMENTijiert bestjournal
An experimental investigation was carried out for s tudying the heat transfer performance of the water-Al2O3 (28nm average particle size) nanofluid inside a liquid evacuated impinging jet system dest ined to the cooling of circular target surface. Results have shown that th e surface heat transfer coefficient increases consi derably when the mass flow rate is increased,but is relatively insensitive to the nozzle-to heated-surface distance. It was foun d that the use of a nanofluid can provide a heat transfer enhancement when compared t o water. Thus most practical applications of jet im pingement occur in industries where the heat transfer requirements hav e exceeded capacity of ordinary heating and cooling techniques. This work presents and discusses the results of an experiment al investigation of heat transfer between the horiz ontal smooth plate of impinged jets.
MODIFICATION AND OPTIMIZATION IN STEEL SANDWICH PANELS USING ANSYS WORKBENCH ijiert bestjournal
The demand for bigger,faster and lighter moving ve hicles,such as ships,trains,trucks and buses has increased the importance of efficient str uctural arrangements. In principle two approaches exist to develop efficient structures:e ither application of new materials or the use of new structural design. A proven and well-establi shed solution is the use of composite materials and sandwich structures. In this way high strength to weight ratio and minimum weight can be obtained. The sandwich structures have potential to offer a w ide range of attractive design solutions. In addition to the obtained weight reduction,these so lutions can often bring space savings,fire resistance,noise control and improved heating and cooling performance. Laser-welded metallic sandwich panels offer a number of outstand ing properties allowing the designer to develop light and efficient structural configuratio ns for a large variety of applications. These panels have been under active investigations during the last 15 years in the world.
IMPACT ANALYSIS OF ALUMINUM HONEYCOMB SANDWICH PANEL BUMPER BEAM: A REVIEW ijiert bestjournal
Bumper is a energy absorbing protective element whi ch absorb the energy in front collision and protect valuable parts like radiator etc. Bumper is act like protect ive shield generally made of steel material. As eco nomic point of view and to reduce consumption of fuel manufacturin g of light weight vehicle is requirement of current situation. Application of composite material in automobile sec tor is now day common thing. Aluminum honeycomb san dwich panel is basically material from aerospace industri es and known for its high strength to weight ratio. Sandwich structure basically having its properties due to ge ometry. To determine various properties of sandwich structure conducting experiments is expensive,so generally F EA is used .However complex geometry is hurdle so t here are various theories are available for simplification o f model. These theories convert 3D model in to homo genous model .As far as concerning India manufacturing rate of s andwich structure is very less,so generally cost i s more. Greatest giant manufacturer is china we can observe their bu llet train and metro transport facility constructio n. Recently in march 2014 largest selling Indian cars are failed in NCap test in 100% frontal crash test. So requirement of more energy absorbing material with economy cons ideration is important.
Robotic welding requires specialized fixtures to ac curately hold the work piece during the welding operation. Despite the large variety of welding fix tures available today the focus has shifted in maki ng the welding arms more versatile,not the fixture. T he new fixture design reduces cycle time and operat or labor while increasing functionality;and allows co mplex welding operations to be completed on simple two axis welding arms
ADVANCED TRANSIENT THERMAL AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF DISC BRAKE BY USING ANS...ijiert bestjournal
In these paper structural fields of the solid disc brake during short and emergency braking with four different materials is studied. The distribution of the tempe rature depends on the various factors such as frict ion,surface roughness and speed. The effect of the angular velo city and the contact pressure induces the temperatu re rise of disc brake. The finite element simulation for three -dimensional model was preferred due to the heat fl ux ratio constantly distributed in circumferential direction . Here value of temperature,friction contact power,nodal displacement and deformation for different pressure condition using analysis software with four materi als namely cast iron,cast steel,aluminium and carbon fibre reinforced plastic are taken. Presently the D isc brakes are made up of cast iron and cast steel. With the v alue of simulation result best suitable material fo r the brake drum with higher life span is determined.
REVIEW ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NON-ASBESTOS COMPOSITE MATERIAL USED IN BR...ijiert bestjournal
Metallic matrix composites are combinations of two or more different metals inter metallic compounds or second phases in which dispersed phases are embe dded within the metallic matrix. They are produced by controlling the morphologies of the constituents to achieve optimum combination of properties. Properties of the composites depend on the properti es of the constituent phases,their relative amount,and dispersed phase geometry including particle siz e,shape and orientation in the matrix. In this pap er,The mechanical properties,behaviour and micro stru ctural evolution of aluminium metal matrix metallic composites fabricated under various process conditi ons were investigated to understand their process- structure�property relations by optimization proces s. Addition of silicon carbide to aluminum has show n an increase in its mechanical properties.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF COTTON SEED OIL FOR MULT...ijiert bestjournal
A lubricant is a substance that reduces friction an d wear by providing a protective film between two moving surfaces. Good lubricants possess the proper ties such as low toxicity,high viscosity index,hi gh load carrying capacity,excellent coefficient of fr iction,good anti-wear capability,low emission int o the environment,high ignition temperature. So tribolog y related problems can be minimized by proper selection of lubricant from wear consideration. Tod ay,the depletion of reserves of crude oil,the gro wing prices of crude oil and concern about protecting th e environment against pollution have developed the interest towards environment-friendly lubricants. B ecause of these the purpose of this work is to eval uate the anti-wear characteristics of cottonseed oil and to check the suitability of cottonseed oil as a lu bricant for multi-cylinder engine. Four ball testing machin e is used for anti-wear testing as per ASTM D 4172. The wear preventive characteristic of cottonseed oi l is obtained by measuring wear scar diameter. The present study shows the potential of cotton seed oi l as an alternating lubricant.
Magnetic abrasive finishing is a machining process where the tooling allowance is remove by media wi th both magnetic and abrasive properties,with a magnetic f ield acting as a binder of a grain. Such machining falls into the category of erosion by abrasive suspension and lend itself to the finishing of any type of surface . The possibility of finishing complex surfaces is a spec ial benefit of this machining. Magnetic abrasive fi nishing process is most suitable for obtaining quality fini sh on metallic and non-metallic surfaces. Magnetic abrasive finishing used for complicated product finishing & Roughness and tolerance band achieved that is diffi cult using conventional machine process. The product dimension al requirement easily possible with taking trial wi th MAF parameters.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
1. NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY [IJIERT]
ISSN: 2394-3696
VOLUME 2, ISSUE 5, MAY-2015
1 | P a g e
LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS FOR A 220KV LINE – CASE STUDY
Sadanand A. Salgar
Department of Electrical Engineering
Fabtech College of Engineering and Research,
Sangola, INDIA
Prof. CH. Mallareddy
Department of Electrical Engineering
Fabtech College of Engineering and Research,
Sangola, INDIA
ABSTRACT
In power engineering the power flow analysis (also known as load flow study) is an important
tool involving numerical analysis applied to a power system. This project deals with a model of
existing power system using the actual data taking care of all parameters required for the
simulation and analysis. With the help of Maharashtra State Electricity Transmission co. Ltd., a
model of 220KV lines, of Solapur District grid using MATLAB software will be modeled. In
this project, an algorithm will be used for power flow study and data collection and coding
required for modeling. Load flow studies will be carried out using Newton Raphson method and
voltage profile of buses will be analyzed. New method for the improvement of voltage profile
will be suggested and analyze using the developed model. The optimization techniques include
power factor compensation, tap changing, up gradation of substation, up gradation of line and
load shifting will be analyzed. Importance of power flow or Load flow studies is in planning
future expansion of power system as well as determining the best operation of existing systems.
From results of simulation buses with low voltage profile will be identified and possible
solutions can be suggested.
KEYWORDS— Power flow analysis, active and reactive power flow, tie line flow, voltage
variations
INTRODUCTION
Power flow analysis is the backbone of power system analysis and design[1]. They are necessary
for planning, operation, economics scheduling and exchange of power between utilize. Power
flow analysis is required for many other analyses such as transient stability, optimal power flow
and contingency studies. The principal information of power flow analysis is to find the
magnitude and phase angle of voltage at each bus and the real and reactive power flowing in
each transmission lines. Power flow analysis is an importance to involving numerical analysis
applied to a power system. In this analysis iterative technique can be used due to there no known
analytical method to solve the problem. This resulted nonlinear set of questions or called power
flow equations are generate. To finish this analysis there is methods of mathematical calculations
2. NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY [IJIERT]
ISSN: 2394-3696
VOLUME 2, ISSUE 5, MAY-2015
2 | P a g e
which consist plenty of step depends on the size of system. This process is difficult and takes
much time to perform by hand. By develop a toolbox for power flow analysis surely will help the
analysis become easier. High speed, low storage, and reliability for ill-conditioned problem are
the characteristics requirements of superior power flow method. For regular power flow studies,
newton raphson method is versatile, reliable and accurate to commonly use[2]. Newton Raphson
method based power flow simulations are performed for different operations schemes of a big
industrial petrochemical complex and finally best operation configuration of the system is
indicate[4].
A comparison of load flow analysis using DistFlow, Gauss-Seidel, and optimal load flow
algorithms:
The state of a power system and the methods of calculating this state are extremely important in
evaluating the operation of the power system, the control of this system, and the determination of
future expansion for the power system. The state of the power system is determined through load
flow analysis that calculates the power flowing in the lines of the system. There are several
different methods to determine the load flow of a given system. For the purposes of this paper,
only three methods of load flow algorithms are evaluated: Gauss-Seidel, optimal load flow, and
the DistFlow method[5]
Load Flow Analysis with Voltage-Sensitive Loads
This paper conducts load-flow analysis of a five-bus test system containing voltage sensitive
loads. Generalized equations that are suitable for the voltage sensitive loads and applicable to the
Newton-Raphson method are developed. Three load flow studies are carried out. In the first
study, all loads are assumed as constant power loads. In the other two studies, all loads are
assumed as constant current or constant impedance loads respectively [7].
Load flow analysis of 132 / 11 kV distribution substation using static var compensator for
voltage enhancement — A case study
In a power system, load varies from one hour to another; reactive power varies accordingly
which results into unacceptable voltage variation. This affects the performance of load and other
parameters like power loss and power factor. This paper deals with Simulation of 132/11 kV
Distribution Sub Station using SVC for voltage enhancement. Load Flow is carried out,
considering balanced system during peak load condition, with the voltage enhancement is the
main objective. Other objectives of the paper are the reduction in power loss and improvement in
power factor[8]. Simulation is developed in Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP)
environment and recorded parameters are compared with Simulation results[9].
MATPOWER: Steady-State Operations, Planning, and Analysis Tools for Power Systems
Research and Education
MATPOWER is an open-source Matlab-based power system simulation package that provides a
high-level set of power flow, optimal power flow (OPF)[11], and other tools targeted toward
3. NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY [IJIERT]
ISSN: 2394-3696
VOLUME 2, ISSUE 5, MAY-2015
3 | P a g e
researchers, educators, and students. The OPF architecture is designed to be extensible, making it
easy to add user-defined variables, costs, and constraints to the standard OPF problem. This
paper presents the details of the network modeling and problem formulations used by
MATPOWER, including its extensible OPF architecture. This structure is used internally to
implement several extensions to the standard OPF problem, including piece-wise linear cost
functions, dispatch able loads, generator capability curves, and branch angle difference limits.
Simulation results are presented for a number of test cases comparing the performance of several
available OPF solvers and demonstrating MATPOWER's ability to solve large-scale AC and DC
OPF problems. MATPOWER is an open-source Matlab-based power system simulation package
that provides a high-level set of power flow, optimal power flow (OPF), and other tools targeted
toward researchers, educators, and students. The OPF architecture is designed to be extensible,
making it easy to add user-defined variables, costs, and constraints to the standard OPF problem.
This paper presents the details of the network modeling and problem formulations used by
MATPOWER, including its extensible OPF architecture. This structure is used internally to
implement several extensions to the standard OPF problem, including piece-wise linear cost
functions, dispatch able loads, generator capability curves, and branch angle difference limits.
Simulation results are presented for a number of test cases comparing the performance of several
available OPF solvers and demonstrating MATPOWER's ability to solve large-scale AC and DC
OPF problems [10].
Distributed Fast Decoupled Load Flow Analysis
This paper presents an implementable distributed load flow calculation method for online
analysis, for power systems having multiple, geographically separated areas. The system is
partitioned into multiple areas, with each area having its own control centre. Adjacent areas share
a tie-line and the power flowing in these tie-lines are expected to be known to the control centers
concerned before the analysis is started. Since each area may be governed by different
companies, it is justified to expect that the power that is traded through a tie-line would be
known to the control centers sharing the line. The proposed method uses the fast decoupled load
flow approach and it suitably adds elements to the B' and B" matrix to find out the state variables
of the boundary buses. Results on the IEEE 14 and 30 bus systems show that the distributed
analysis converges as fast as the centralized ones[11].
Modified Newton-Raphson load flow analysis for integrated AC/DC power systems
The significant increase in planned offshore wind parks and the tendency towards large parks in
considerable distances offshore, make the well-established HVDC technology a favorable
solution for the connection of these large & distant offshore wind parks to the main power grid
onshore. It is therefore necessary to adequately model the HVDC transmission links and
integrate them in the load flow analysis of the complete AC-DC system. In this paper, the well-
known Newton-Raphson method for the load flow analysis is modified to achieve compatibility
for AC-DC systems with integrated DC links in the AC network. The elements of the residual
vector and the Jacobian matrix for the AC network are kept unchanged and are merely
complemented by a new vector and a new matrix, which represent the modifications due to the
DC link. The modified Jacobian equation includes the DC real and reactive power at the AC-DC
4. NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY [IJIERT]
ISSN: 2394-3696
VOLUME 2, ISSUE 5, MAY-2015
4 | P a g e
buses, and their dependency on the AC system variables. The modified Newton-Raphson method
is evaluated on an AC-DC test system with a load flow computation in Matlab and the results are
presented [12].
Distribution system power flow analysis-a rigid approach
This approach is oriented toward applications in three phase distribution system operational
analysis rather than planning analysis. The solution method is the optimally ordered triangular
factorization Y BUS method (implicit ZBUS Gauss method) which not only takes advantage of the
scarcity of system equations but also has very good convergence characteristics on distribution
problems. Detailed component models are needed for all system components in the simulation.
Utilizing the phase frame representation for all network elements, a program called Generalized
Distribution Analysis Systems, with a number of features and capabilities not found in existing
packages, has been developed for large-scale distribution system simulations. The system being
analyzed can be balanced or unbalanced and can be a radial, network, or mixed-type distribution
system. Furthermore, because the individual phase representation is employed for system and
component models, the system can comprise single, double, and three-phase systems
simultaneously
Complex-Variable Newton-Raphson Load-Flow Analysis with FACTS Devices
Based on complex voltage variables, the paper develops a Newton-Raphson (NR) load-flow
analysis formulation which includes FACTS devices. Detailed analysis of the formulation
confirms that significant reduction in memory access is achieved by the complex-variable NR
formulation in comparison with the traditional formulation based on the real form. The
significant reduction in memory access achieved will lead to the advantage of substantial
reduction in computing time when load-flow analysis is implemented in parallel-computing
environment. This advantage is also applicable in the case of single-processor computing
environment, depending on memory cycle time. The formulation removes the approximation
used in the previously-published NR load-flow analysis in complex form. The new method
preserves fully the powerful convergence property of the NR algorithm. In addition, complex-
variables offer a flexible and direct approach for modeling FACTS devices. The formulation is
tested by simulation with representative power systems, including that with FACTS devices
Load Flow Analysis Framework for Active Distribution Networks Based on Smart Meter
Reading System
With the expansion of distributed generation systems and demand response programs, the need
to fully utilize distribution system capacity has increased. In addition, the potential bidirectional
flow of power on distribution networks demands voltage visibility and control at all voltage
levels. Distribution system state estimations, however, have traditionally been less prioritized
due to the lack of enough measurement points while being the major role player in knowing the
real-time system states of active distribution networks. The advent of smart meters at LV loads,
on the other hand, is giving relief to this shortcoming. This study explores the potential of bottom
up load flow analysis based on customer level Automatic Meter Reading (AMRs) to compute
5. NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY [IJIERT]
ISSN: 2394-3696
VOLUME 2, ISSUE 5, MAY-2015
5 | P a g e
short time forecasts of demands and distribution network system states. A state estimation frame-
work, which makes use of available AMR data, is proposed and discussed.
Numerical methods for on-line power system load flow analysis
Newton-Raphson method is the most widely accepted load flow solution algorithm. However LU
factorization remains a computationally challenging task to meet the real-time needs of the
power system. This paper proposes the application of very fast multifrontal direct linear solvers
for solving the linear system sub-problem of power system real-time load flow analysis by
utilizing the state-of-the-art algorithms for ordering and preprocessing. Additionally the
unsymmetrical multifrontal method for LU factorization and highly optimized Intel® Math
Kernel Library BLAS has been used. Two state-of-the-art multifrontal algorithms for
unsymmetrical matrices namely UMFPACK V5.2.0 and sequential MUMPS 4.8.3 (“Multifrontal
Massively Parallel Solver”) are customized for the AC power system Newton-Raphson based
load flow analysis. The multifrontal solvers are compared against the state-of-the-art sparse
Gaussian Elimination based HSL sparse solver MA48. This study evaluates the performance of
above multifrontal solvers in terms of number of factors, computational time, number of
floating-point operations and memory, in the context of load flow solution on nine systems
including very large real power systems. The results of the performance evaluation are reported.
The proposed method achieves significant reduction in computational time.
A Fast Continuation Load Flow Analysis for an Interconnected Power System
The paper provides an algorithm for a fast continuation load flow to determining critical load for
a bus with respect to its voltage collapse limit of an inter connected multi-bus power system
using the criteria of singularity of load flow Jacobian matrix. For this purpose, load flow
Jacobian matrix of an interconnected multi-bus power system is transformed into a two by two
elements Jacobian matrix with respect to a target/selected bus by incorporating the effect of all
the other buses of the system on the target bus. The validity of the proposed method has been
investigated for the IEEE 30 and IEEE 118 bus system [12].
Load Flow Analysis: An Overview
The load flow study in a power system constitutes a study of paramount importance. The study
reveals the electrical performance and power flows (real and reactive) for specified condition
when the system is operating under steady state. This paper gives an overview of different
techniques used for load flow study under different specified conditions.
A Simple and Reliable Algorithm for Computing Boundaries of Power Flow Solutions due
to System Uncertainties
Power flow studies are typically used to determine the steady state or operating conditions of
power systems for specified sets of load and generation values, and is one of the most intensely
used tools in power engineering. When the input conditions are uncertain, numerous scenarios
need to be analyzed to cover the required range of uncertainty, and hence reliable solution
algorithms that incorporate the effect of data uncertainty into the power flow analysis are needed.
To address this problem, this paper proposes a new solution methodology based on the use of
6. NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY [IJIERT]
ISSN: 2394-3696
VOLUME 2, ISSUE 5, MAY-2015
6 | P a g e
optimization techniques and worst-case scenario analysis. The application of these techniques to
the power flow problem with uncertainties is explained in detail, and several numerical results
are presented and discussed, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed methodology [13].
Load Flow Analysis on IEEE 30 bus System-
Power flow analysis is the backbone of power system analysis and design. They are necessary
for planning, operation, economic scheduling and exchange of power between utilities. The
principal information of power flow analysis is to find the Magnitude and phase angle of voltage
at each bus and the real and reactive power flowing in each transmission lines. Power flow
analysis is an importance tool involving numerical analysis applied to a power system. In this
analysis [14], iterative techniques are used due to there no known analytical method to solve the
problem. To finish this analysis there are methods of mathematical calculations which consist
plenty of step depend on the size of system. This process is difficult and takes a lot of times to
perform by hand. The objective of this project is to develop a toolbox for power flow analysis
that will help the analysis become easier. Power flow analysis software package develops by the
author use MATLAB programming the economic load dispatch plays an important role in the
operation of power system, and several models by using different techniques have been used to
solve these problems [15]. Several traditional approaches, like lambda iteration and gradient
method are utilized to find out the optimal solution of nonlinear problem. More recently, the soft
computing techniques have received more attention and were used in a number of successful and
practical applications [16].
Novel Load Flow Algorithm for Multi-Phase Balanced/ Unbalanced Radial Distribution
Systems :
In this work, distribution system load flow analysis is formulated and tested for fundamental
steady-state and harmonics power flow. For the steady-state analysis, a novel power flow
formulation method for the general multiphase balanced and/or unbalanced radial distribution
systems is presented. The special topology of the power distribution system has been fully
exploited to facilitate obtaining a direct solution using the graph theory. Only one developed
matrix used in conjunction with simple standard formulation is enough to obtain the power flow
solution[17]. This matrix is the branch-path incident matrix. A feature of using this method is
that it significantly reduces the number of power flow equations, as compared to conventional
methods, hence very low computation time and memory storage[18]. The presence of nonlinear
loads in the power system causes the circulation of harmonics currents in the system, leading to
harmonics voltage drops. The harmonics flow analysis in this paper, uses the
network techniques in conjunction with graph theory resulting in a powerful algorithm for
nonlinear load flow analysis. Six pulse converters model were used to represent the nonlinear
load. Two MATLAB programs have been built and used to solve for the load flow solution of
standard test systems in both steady-state and harmonics cases. The results of the distribution
system cases studies are presented and shows a very good resemblance with a standard
results[20].
7. NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY [IJIERT]
ISSN: 2394-3696
VOLUME 2, ISSUE 5, MAY-2015
7 | P a g e
POWER FLOW ANALYSIS OF A CONTINUOUS PROCESS PLANT:
(A CASE STUDY):
For the continuous evaluation of the performance of the power system, power flow solutions are
essential for exhibiting suitable control actions in case of requirement. This case study presents
analysis of the electrical power system of continuous process plant having its own captive
generation along with the provision of the Grid connectivity. The different power system
elements are modeled as per the manufacturer’s data sheet. To evaluate the steady state
performance, power flow simulations and analysis of the complex power system for various
invasive operating conditions are carried out[21].
Voltage stability assessment using continuation power flow:
This Paper presents voltage stability assessment through P-V curve and bus voltage sensitivity
factor. It addresses a measure of how close the system is to voltage instability? Active power
margin is used to measure the distance to instability. Continuation power flow is used to obtain
P-V curve of power system. Continuation power flow starting with initial operating point and
increasing load to the maximum loading point. Voltage stability index and weakest bus is found
from the result. A power system analysis tool is used to run continuation power flow[22].
Coordinated power flow control by multiple FACTS devices:
This work describes a development of a control system and control strategies capable of
governing multiple flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices[23]. The main purposes
of the presented coordinated control system are to remove overloads and to achieve specified
power flows in transmission lines of a power system in the normal and N-1 steady-state
operational modes. Proposed control strategies are based on heuristic rules; therefore they do not
require intensive computations. A prototype of a control system has been designed as a real time
tool constantly monitoring power flows and generating appropriate control signals to each
FACTS device in order to maintain acceptable power flow levels. It has been interfaced with
load flow software to test its effectiveness through non-linear simulations using the 380/220 kV
Swiss power system as the study case. The results obtained are presented[24].
Calculation of transmission losses from a planning viewpoint
An analytical technique based on statistical methods is developed to evaluate the expected
difference in the transmission losses, in a defined study area, between two overall systems that
use two different 500 kV line configurations that are technically and environmentally acceptable.
A study area is carefully chosen so that essentially all the difference in IR loss between any two
alternatives occurs in that study area[25]. The annual load duration curve of the entire system is
used to define the annual generation schedule pattern of the study area. AC load flows are
performed on a reduced system that has all of the study area represented. Using power
conservation equation and Maclaurin series, the interface flow is eliminated from the study area
8. NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY [IJIERT]
ISSN: 2394-3696
VOLUME 2, ISSUE 5, MAY-2015
8 | P a g e
loss function. The load-duration curve, which is a reliability function, is expressed as a
continuous function of the study area load demand. This function is used to derive the probability
density function of the study area load demand. The annual expected value of the difference in
the study area losses between two alternatives is evaluated using the above probability density
function and the derived loss function. Calculated values show very good agreement with those
obtained with load flow studies[27].
Convergence regions of Newton method in power flow studies: Numerical studies
Power flow study is a fundamental task of power system operation and planning. Of the several
methods developed in commercial package for power flow study, the Newton-Raphson method
is the most successful one. It is however well recognized that the NR method may diverge in
power flow study[28]. In this paper, we numerically study the convergence regions of power
flow solutions using Newton-Raphson(NR) method. This study of convergence region is
motivated by the need to determine an initial guess which converges to one of the power flow
solution. It will be numerically shown that the convergence region of NR method, if exist, has a
fractal boundary and is hence sensitive to initial conditions. Several fractal features will be
investigated considering the convergence regions of power flow at the base case and at various
loading conditions, and with different load models. An IEEE 14-bus system will be used to
illustrate the fractal boundary via numerical results[29].
Inclusion of slack bus in Newton Raphson load flow study
Load flow solution is an inevitable tool for power system planning and operation. Among
various methods of load flow solution techniques Newton Raphson (N-R) and its derivatives are
the most popular and widely used ones. In Newton Raphson method one of the generator buses is
treated as slack bus which is kept out of calculation during iterations. This is because of the fact
that the slack bus is to carry entire loss of the system and total loss cannot be calculated before
the end of iterations[29]. The exclusion of slack bus from the load flow iteration restricts many
analyses to make. Consideration of distributed slack bus, load flow for Micro grids, study on
minimization of system losses etc. cannot be performed when the slack bus is excluded from the
iterations. This paper reports the development of a method of including slack bus into the
Jacobians for N-R load flow study. The method involves formulating the loss equation and then
devising the formula for the terms to be included with the elements of the Jacobian matrix. The
modified N-R method is applied to all of the buses and the losses are calculated in each iteration
and included with the slack bus[30]. The results obtained using the modified method is compared
with those using conventional method. The agreement of the results confirms the accuracy of the
developments.
Newton-Raphson method in complex form [power system load flow analysis]
A new algorithm that may be used for the solution of three-phase (or unsymmetrical) power flow
analyses of both power transmission or distribution systems under unsymmetrical operating
conditions and power quality problems, is presented. This technique is both new and robust, and
is developed on the basis of the extension of the Newton-Raphson method and its Jacobian in a
9. NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY [IJIERT]
ISSN: 2394-3696
VOLUME 2, ISSUE 5, MAY-2015
9 | P a g e
complex form, that gives the solutions in a whole phasor format. A comparative example is
presented to illustrate the convergence characteristics of the proposed numerical method[32].
Load Flow Analysis with Voltage-Sensitive Loads
This paper conducts load-flow analysis of a five-bus test system containing voltage sensitive
loads. Generalized equations that are suitable for the voltage sensitive loads and applicable to the
Newton-Raphson method are developed[33]. Three load flow studies are carried out. In the first
study, all loads are assumed as constant power loads. In the other two studies, all loads are
assumed as constant current or constant impedance loads respectively[34].
AI technique for load flow planning and contingency analysis
An outline is presented of the development process of the intelligent load flow engine. Building
the engine proceeds from simple to hard tasks by incrementally improving the organization and
the representation of the knowledge base. Interface programs are designed to provide the
communication from the engine to a load flow and contingency analysis program[37].
Load flow analyzes of power system of PETK M Petrochemical Aliaga complex
This study presents load flow simulations of a big petrochemical plant having both external and
internal supplying facilities. First its power system is modeled and modeling accuracy is verified
by comparison the simulation results with the actual measurements for two different loading
conditions[38]. Then, load flow simulations are performed for four different operation schemes
and the results are compared with each other from several points of view. Finally, best operation
configuration and expansion possibilities of the system are discussed[39].
CONCLUSION:
Load flow studies are important for planning future expansion of power system as well as
determining the best operation of existing system. The principal information obtained from the
power flow study is the magnitude and phase angle of the voltage at each bus and the rael and
reactive power flowing in each line. Load flow analysis will be conducted on 220KV & 132KV
Lines in the Maharashtra State Electricity Transmission Company Ltd., Solapur District Power
system Network using MATLAB. Overloaded bus will be identified and suitable measures for
reducing the overloading can be suggested. Up gradation of substation, tap changing of
transformer, Static capacitor banks for reactive power compensation, Capacitor bank shifting
techniques, replacing single circuit’s lines by double circuit’s lines are found to be effective in
improving the voltage.
10. NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY [IJIERT]
ISSN: 2394-3696
VOLUME 2, ISSUE 5, MAY-2015
10 | P a g e
REFERENCES
[1] Stott, B., “Review of load-flow calculation methods”, Proceedings of the IEEE, 62, 1974.
[2] Ray. D Zimmerman and Hsiao-Dong. H, “Fast decoupled power flow for unbalanced radial
distribution systems," IEEE-PES Winter Meeting,paper no. 95, New York, 1995
[3] Stagg, G. W. and A. H. EL-Abiad, Computer methods in power system analysis, McGrow-
Hill Book Co.1968.
[4]A. Oudalov, R. Cherkaoui, A.J. Germond, "Application of fuzzy logic techniques for the
coordinated power flow control by multiple series FACTS devices", Proceedings of the 22nd
IEEE Power Engineering Society International Power Industry Computer Applications
Conference (PICA'01), Sydney, Australia, pp. 74-80
[5] J. M. Vanderleck “Instrumentation for Power Loss and Meteorological measurements at
Ontario hydro's Cold water Project", AIEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,
pp.388 -396 1961
[6] L. K. Kirchmayer Economic Operation of Power Systems, pp.48 -110 1958 :John Wiley
& Sons
[7] J. D. Kalbfleish and R. L. Prentice The Statistical Analysis of Failure Time Data, pp.5 -9
1980 :John Wiley & Sons
[8] P. L. Meyer Introductory Probability and Statistical Applications, pp.62 -76 1965 :Mass:
Addison Wesley
[9] T. Halpin "Analysis of Automatic Contingency Selection Algorithms", IEEE Trans. on
Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. PAS-103, no. 5, pp.938 -945 1984
[10] Matthew Varghese; James S. Thorp; Hsiao-Dong Chiang. "Fractally deformed basin
boundaries of pendulum systems: New approaches in the study of swing dynamics ". Proceedings
of the 26th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, 1987.
[11] Thorp, J.S.; Varghese, M."Truncated fractal basin boundaries in three machine power
systems ". ISCAS, 1988.
[12] Varghese, N.; Thorp, J.S. "An analysis of truncated fractal growths in the stability
boundaries of three-node swing equations ". IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, 1988.
[13] D. Shirmohammadi, H. W. Hong, A. Semlyen, and G. X. Luo, “A Compensation-based
power flow Method for weakly Meshed Distribution and Transmission Networks”, IEEE
Transactions on Power System, Vol. 3, No. 2, May 1988, pp. 753-762.
11. NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY [IJIERT]
ISSN: 2394-3696
VOLUME 2, ISSUE 5, MAY-2015
11 | P a g e
[14] Tamby, J. P. and John, V. I, "Q' Harm-A Harmonic Power Flow Program for Small Power
Systems", IEEE Transaction on power systems, Vol. 3, No. 3, August 1988.
[15] Thorp, J.S.; Naqavi, S.A. "Load flow fractals". Proceedings of the 28th IEEE Conference on
Decision and Control, 1989.
[16] HEYDT, G.T, "The Present Status of Harmonic Power Flow Studies", Electric Energy
Conversion in Power System-CAPRI, May, 1989.
[17] Thorp, J.S.; Naqavi, S.A.; Chiang, H.-D. "More load flow fractals". Proceedings of the 29th
IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, 1990.
[18] N.H. Hingorany, "Flexible AC Transmission System", IEEE Spectrum, April 1993, pp.40-
[19] M. Noroozian, G. Anderson, "Power Flow Control by Use of Controllable Series
Components", IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, Vol.8, No.3, pp.1420-1429, July 1993
[20] M. Iravani, "Application of Static Phase Shifters in Power Systems", IEEE Trans. Power
Delivery, Vol.9, No.3, pp.1600-1608, July 1994
[21] IEEE Special Stability Controls Working Group, "Static VAR Compensator Models for
Power Flow and Dynamic Performance Simulation" IEEE Trans. Power Systems, Vol.9, No.1,
pp.229-240, February 1994
[22] J. Paserba, N. Miller, E. Larsen, R. Piwko, 1994, "A TCSC Model for Power System
Stability Analysis" IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol.10, No.3, July 1995, p.1471-1478
[23] J.A. Momoh, X.W. Ma, K. Tomsovic, "Overview and literature survey of fuzzy set theory in
power systems", IEEE Trans. Power Systems, vol. 10, no. 3, August 1995, pp.1676-1690
[24] L. Gyugyi, CD. Schauder, S.L. Williams, T.R. Reitman, DR. Torgenson, A. Edris, "The
Unified Power Flow Controller: A New Approach to Power Transmission Control", IEEE Trans.
Power Delivery, Vol.10, No.2, pp.1085-1097, April 1995
[25] IEEE Task Force on Harmonics Modeling and Simulation, “Modelling and Simulation of
the Propagation of Harmonics in Electric Power Networks. Part II: Sample systems and
examples", IEEE Transaction on power delivery, Vol. 11, No. 1, January 1996.
[26] Thorp, J.S.; Naqavi, S.A. "Load-flow fractals draw clues to erratic behaviour ". IEEE
Computer Applications in Power, 1997.
[27] IEEE 399-1997, “IEEE Recommended Practice for Industrial and Commercial Power
Systems Analysis”, The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 1998.
12. NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY [IJIERT]
ISSN: 2394-3696
VOLUME 2, ISSUE 5, MAY-2015
12 | P a g e
[28] ] A. Oudalov, R. Cherkaoui, A.J. Germond, "Coordinated control of multiple series FACTS
devices", Proceedings of the 1999 Power System Automation and Control Conference
(PSAC'99), Bled, Slovenia, ISBN 961-6210-68-8, pp. 71-77;
[29] S. K. Goswami and S. K. Basu, "Direct solution of distribution systems," IEE Proc., pt. C,
vol. 188, no. 1, pp. 78-88, 1999.
[30] D. Thukaram, H. M. Wijekoon Banda, and J. Jerome, "A Robust three phase power flow
algorithm for radial distribution systems," Electric Power System Research, vol. 50, no. 3, pp.
227-236, Jun. 1999.
[31] W. M. Lin, Y. S. Su, H. C. Chin, and J. H. Teng, "Three-Phase unbalanced distribution
power flow solutions with minimum data preparation,"IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, vol. 14,
no. 3, pp. 1178-1183, Aug. 1999.
[32] AN ARES 2000 Simulator, Users Manual, ESI, Irkutsk, Russia, anares@isem.sei.irk.ru,
2000.
[33] P. A. N. Garcia, J. L. R. Pereira, S. Carnerio, V. M. da Costa, and N. Martins, "Three-Phase
power flow calculations using the current injection method," IEEE Trans. on Power Systems
,vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 508-514, May 2000.
[34] W. M. Lin and J. H. Teng, "Three-Phase distribution networks fast decoupled power flow
solutions," Electric Power and Energy Systems, vol.22, no. 5, pp. 375-380, Jun. 2000.
[35] P. Aravindhababu, "A new fast decoupled power flow method fordistribution systems,"
Electric Power Components and Systems ,vol. 31, no. 9,pp. 869-878, Sept. 2003.
[36] K. Ramalingam and C. S. Indulkar, "Transmission Line Performance With Voltage Sensitive
Loads," Int. J Elect. Eng. Educ., vol. 41, pp.64-70, Jan. 2004. Energy Systems, vol. 17, no. 5, pp.
335-346, Oct. 1995.
[37] P. Kundur, “Power System Stability and Control”, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishers, 2008.
[38]Serrican A., Ozdemir A., Ihan s., “Load flow analyzes of power system of PETK M
Petrochemical Aliaga complex, EUROCON 2009, IEEE, Conference Publications, May 2009
, Page(s): 470 – 474
[39] D P Kothari and I J Nagrath., “Modern Power System Analysis”, Third Edition, Chapter
No.6, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishers, 2010