Semiconductor device fabrication is the process used to create the integrated circuits that are present in everyday electrical and electronic devices. It is a multiple-step sequence of photo lithographic and chemical processing steps during which electronic circuits are gradually created on a wafer made of pure semiconducting material. Silicon is almost always used, but various compound semiconductors are used for specialized applications.
Semiconductors are materials that have electrical conductivity between conductors such as most metals and nonconductors or insulators like ceramics. How much electricity a semiconductor can conduct depends on the material and its mixture content.
Semiconductors can be insulators at low temperatures and conductors at high temperatures. As they are used in the fabrication of electronic devices, semiconductors play an important role in our lives.
Ion implantation is used in semiconductor device fabrication and in metal finishing, as well as in material science research.
it is a low temperature process that includes the acceleration of ions of a particular element towards a target, altering the chemical and physical properties of the target.
Semiconductor device fabrication is the process used to create the integrated circuits that are present in everyday electrical and electronic devices. It is a multiple-step sequence of photo lithographic and chemical processing steps during which electronic circuits are gradually created on a wafer made of pure semiconducting material. Silicon is almost always used, but various compound semiconductors are used for specialized applications.
Semiconductors are materials that have electrical conductivity between conductors such as most metals and nonconductors or insulators like ceramics. How much electricity a semiconductor can conduct depends on the material and its mixture content.
Semiconductors can be insulators at low temperatures and conductors at high temperatures. As they are used in the fabrication of electronic devices, semiconductors play an important role in our lives.
Ion implantation is used in semiconductor device fabrication and in metal finishing, as well as in material science research.
it is a low temperature process that includes the acceleration of ions of a particular element towards a target, altering the chemical and physical properties of the target.
In MOS, source-drain regions of adjacent MOS transistors together with interconnection metal lines may constitute parasitic MOS transistors unless they are isolated from each other. Hence, each MOSFET must be electrically isolated from each other. Device Isolation Techniques in VLSI microfabrication of MOS are discussed.
Cmos fabrication is a part of semiconductor electronics that deals with the designing and fabrication process with NMOS and Cmos and other processes like Twin tub techniques and etc.
In MOS, source-drain regions of adjacent MOS transistors together with interconnection metal lines may constitute parasitic MOS transistors unless they are isolated from each other. Hence, each MOSFET must be electrically isolated from each other. Device Isolation Techniques in VLSI microfabrication of MOS are discussed.
Cmos fabrication is a part of semiconductor electronics that deals with the designing and fabrication process with NMOS and Cmos and other processes like Twin tub techniques and etc.
MONOLITHIC IC PROCESSES A monolithic integrated circuit (IC) is a set of circuitry on a single semiconductor plate or chip rather than built of separate elements as a discrete circuit is.
A key vacuum deposition technique for making highly homogenous and high-performance solid-state thin films and materials is Chemical vapor deposition. The types of CVD systems and their key applications would also be discussed in this presentation. It is a key bottom-up processing technique, widely used in graphene fabrication, also the fabrication of various oxides, nitrides is possible, with this technique.
The signal processing algorithms can be implemented on hardware using various strategies such as DSP processors and ASIC. This PPT compares and contrasts the two methods.
Keypad is a common interface with any microcontroller. This presentation gives details of keypad can be interfaced with 8051. The key pressed may be dispalyed on LCD/7 segment/LED displays.
This presentation is all about interfacing of a character LCD with 8051 micro-controller. It discusses various LCD commands, LCD pin description and a simple LCD working code in assembly for interfacing.
This presentation discusses the support for interrupts in 8051. The interrupt types, interrupts versus polling etc are discussed. The register formats of IE, IP register are discussed. The concept of priority among the interrupts is discussed.
This presentation discusses the Serial Communication features in 8051, the support for UART. It also discusses serial vs parallel communication, simplex, duplex and full-duplex modes, MAX232, RS232 standards
This presentation discusses the details of the I2C protocol and interfacing of EEPROM with 8051 based on I2C protocol. It also discusses the other applications of I2C protocol
This presentation is about brief introduction to Timers/Counters in Intel 8051. It discusses the registers involved and modes of programming timers in 8051
This presentation gives the details about the data types available in Embedded C. It also discusses the pros and cons of writing codes in C for 8051. Different example codes are considered.
This presentation discusses the hardware details of 8051 microcontroller, viz. the pin description, reset circuit, port architectures, oscillator circuit and machine cycle etc in 8051
This presentation discusses the internal architecture of Intel 8051. It discusses basic families of 8051, the programmer view, register sets and memory organiszation of 8051
This presentation gives a brief over view of Embedded Systems. It describes the common characteristics of Embedded systems, the design metrics, processor technologies and also summarizes differences between Microcontrollers and Microprocessors.
This presentation discusses the basics about how to realize logic functions using Static CMOS logic. This presentation discusses about how to realize a Boolean expression by drawing a Pull-up network and a pull-down network. It also briefs about the pass transistor logic and the concepts of weak and strong outputs.
Interconnects occupy upto 90% of the area in Reconfigurable Architectures and affect the speed and noise of the chip. This presentations gives briefs about interconnects, particularly in context of Reconfigurable Architecture (eg FPGAs)
This presentation gives an overview of FPGA devices. An FPGA is a device that contains a matrix of re-configurable gate array logic circuitry. When a FPGA is configured, the internal circuitry is connected in a way that creates a hardware implementation of the software application.
FPGA devices can deliver the performance and reliability of dedicated hardware circuitry.
Design and Implementation of a GPS based Personal Tracking SystemSudhanshu Janwadkar
Design and Implementation of a GPS based Personal Tracking System
Tracking based applications have been quite popular in recent times. Most of them have been limited to commercial applications such as vehicular tracking (e.g tracking of a train etc). However, not much work has been done towards design of a personal tracking system. Our Research work is an attempt to design such personal tracking system. In this paper, we have shared glimpses of our research work.
The objective of our research project is to design & develop a system which is capable of tracking and monitoring a person, object or any other asset of importance (called as target). The system uses GPS to determine the exact position of the target. The target is aided with a compact handheld device which consists of a GPS receiver and GSM modem. GPS receiver obtains location coordinates (viz. Latitude & Longitude) from GPS satellites. The location information in NMEA format is decoded, formatted and sent to control station, through a GSM modem. Due to use of Open CPU development platform, no external Microcontroller is required, with additional advantage of compact size product, reduced design & development time and reduced cost.
Thus, the proposed system is able to track the accurate location of target. This system finds applications in tracking old-age people, tracking animals in forest, tracking delivery of goods etc. Our final designed system is a small-size compact l.S"X3.7S" Tracker system with position accuracy error <30m (100 feet).
With advancement in CMOS technology, a lot of research has been done to develop various logic styles to improve the performance of logic circuits. D flip-flops (DFF) are fundamental building blocks in almost every sequential logic circuit. Hence, in sequential logic circuits, the overall performance of the circuit is affected by the performance of constituent DFFs. In recent years, the focus has been towards incorporating higher clock rates in a processor for better performance. To achieve high clock rates, fine granularity pipelining techniques are used, which implies that there are relatively a fewer levels of logic in each pipeline stage. A major consequence of this design trend is that the pipeline overhead has becoming more significant. The primary cause of pipeline overhead is the latency of the flip-flop or latch used to design the processor and the clock skew of the system. This calls out for the need of incorporating the logic functionality within the architecture of flip-flop. The new family of flip-flops are called Embedded Logic Flip Flops. In this Paper, we have reviewed various Flip-flop architectures which have been proposed so far. Our attempt is to do a qualitative analysis and comparison of the proposed Embedded logic flip-flop designs.
This presentation discusses the basics of Pass Transistor Logic, its advantages, limitation and finally implementation of Boolean functions/Combinational Logic circuits using Pass Transistor Logic.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
3. Crystal Growth
Electron Grade Silicon (EGS), a polycrystalline material of high purity is the raw
material for the preparation of Single Crystal Silicon
The metallurgy grade silicon is not suitable - impurities of Boron, Carbon and
residual donors should be in ppb range
Czocharalsky (CZ) technique – Crystal Growth
Crystal Growth involves a phase change from solid/liquid/gas phase to a
crystalline solid phase.
CZ technique involves solidification of atom in liquid state at the interface.
5. Crystal Growth
In the crystal-growing process, polycrystalline silicon (EGS) is placed in the crucible and
the furnace is heated above the melting temperature of silicon.
A seed crystal is suspended over the crucible in a seed holder.
The seed is inserted into the melt.
Part of it melts, but the tip of the remaining seed crystal still touches the liquid surface.
It is then slowly withdrawn.
Progressive freezing at the solid-liquid interface yields a large, single crystal.
The wafers are obtained by cutting single-crystal ingot into thin slices
Typically, wafers have dimensions: diameter between 4 to 12 inch & at most 1mm
thickness
Surface grinding and polishing operations follow
Chemical etching follows
6. Epitaxial Growth
This Process involves growth of single-crystal semiconductor layers on a single-crystal
semiconductor substrate.
Epitaxy - Greek words epi (meaning "on") and taxis (meaning "arrangement").
Epitaxial layer can be grown at a temperature well below the melting point, usually 30-40%
lower than the melting point
Homoepitaxy: The epitaxial layer and the substrate materials are the same, material. For
example, an n-type silicon can be grown epitaxially on an n+-silicon substrate.
Heteroepitaxy: The epitaxial layer and the substrate are chemically and often
crystallographically different, we have, such as the epitaxial growth of AlxGa(1-x)As on GaAs
Techniques: Chemical Vapour Deposition , Molecular Beam Epitaxy
7. Epitaxial Growth (Chemical Vapour
Deposition- CVD Process)
CVD is a process whereby an epitaxial layer is formed by a chemical reaction
between gaseous compounds at appropriate pressure
SiCl4 (gas) + 2H2 (gas) Si (solid) + 4HC1 (gas
*Note: Figure Intended only for Understanding of the Concept
8. Epitaxial Growth(CVD Process)
The mechanism of CVD involves a number of steps:
(a) The reactants such as the gases and dopants are transported to the substrate
region
(b) They are transferred to the substrate surface where they are adsorbed
(c) A chemical reaction occurs, catalysed at the surface, followed by growth of the
epitaxial layer
(d) The gaseous products are desorbed into the main gas stream, and
(e) The reaction products are transported out of the reaction chamber.
9. Epitaxial Growth (Molecular Beam Epitaxy)
MBE is an epitaxial process involving the reaction of one or more thermal beams of
atoms or molecules with a crystalline surface under ultrahigh-vacuum conditions
MBE can achieve precise control in both chemical compositions and doping profiles.
Single-crystal multilayer structures with dimensions on the order of atomic layers can
be made using MBE
10. Oxidation
The Oxidation process is chiefly used to form silicon dioxide (SiO2)
Thin Oxide – Gate Oxide Layer Thick Oxide – Field Oxide Layer
Gate-oxide layer is a thin-film under which a conducting channel can be formed between
the source and the drain.
Field-Oxide layer is a thick layer of silicon dioxide, which acts as the insulator between
the neighbouring devices
Semiconductors can be oxidized by various methods: thermal oxidation, electrochemical
anodization, and plasma reaction. Among these methods, thermal oxidation is by far the
most important for silicon devices.
12. Oxidation
Dry and Wet Oxidation:
Si (solid) + 02 (gas) + SiO2 (solid) Dry Oxidation
Si (solid) + 2H20 (gas) + SiO2 (solid) +2H2 (gas) Wet Oxidation
The oxidation temperature is generally in the range of 900"-1200°C and the typical
gas flow rate is about 1 liter/min.
Oxides grown in dry oxygen have the best electrical properties,
Considerably more time is required to grow the same oxide thickness at a given
temperature in dry oxygen than in water vapor.
For relatively thin oxides such as the gate oxide in a MOSFET (typically 120 nm),
dry oxidation is used.
However, for thicker oxides such as field oxides (220 nm ) in MOS integrated
circuits, oxidation in water vapor (or steam) is used.
13. Impurity Doping : Diffusion and Ion
Implantation
Impurity doping is the introduction of controlled amounts of impurity dopants into
semiconductors.
The impurity doping is done to mainly to change the electrical properties of the
semiconductors.
Ex: Creation of Source/Drain Regions, Well & Substrate Contacts etc
Two approaches for this – Diffusion & Ion Implantation
Generally, Both diffusion and ion implantation are used in fabrication
Typically, diffusion is used to form a deep junction (e.g., a twin well in CMOS)
whereas ion implantation is used to form a shallow junction (e.g., a source/drain
junction of a MOSFET).
15. Diffusion
Diffusion in a semiconductor can be visualized as atomic movement of the
diffusant (dopant atoms) in the crystal lattice
Diffusion of impurities is typically done by placing semiconductor wafers in a
carefully controlled high-temperature quartz-tube furnace and passing a gas
mixture that contains the desired dopant through it.
The temperature usually ranges between 800°C and 1200°C for silicon
For diffusion in silicon, boron is the most popular dopant for introducing a p-type
impurity, whereas arsenic and phosphorus are used extensively as n-type dopants.
The final dopant concentration is greatest at surface and decreases in a Gaussian
manner deeper in the material.
Diffusion Equation
17. Ion Implantation
Ion implantation is the process of introduction of energetic charged particles
(dopant ions) into the substrate
The main advantages of ion implantation are its more precise control and
reproducibility of impurity doping and its lower processing temperature compared
with those of the diffusion process.
The energetic ions lose their energies through collision with electrons and nuclei in
the substrate and finally come to rest at some depth within the lattice.
The average depth can be controlled by adjusting the acceleration energy. The
dopant dose can be controlled by monitoring the ion current during implantation.
The principle side effect is the disruption or damage of the semiconductor lattice
due to ion collisions.
Therefore, a subsequent annealing treatment is needed to remove these
damages.
19. Deposition
Repetitive deposition of layers of a material over the complete wafer to act as
buffers for a processing step or as insulating or conducting layers.
Si3N4 (Silver nitride) is used as sacrificial buffer material during formation of the
filed oxide
Silver Nitride is deposited everywhere using Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD)
Polysilicon is deposited using a chemical deposition process, in which silane gas
flows over the heated wafer coated with SiO2 at 650 deg C. The resulting reaction
produces a non-crystalline material called Polysilicon
To increase the conductivity of the material, deposition has to be followed by an
implantation step.
Aluminium interconnect layers are deployed using a process called sputtering –
Aluminium is evaporated in a vacuum with the heat of evaporation delivered by
ion-beam bombarding.
20. Lithography
Lithography is the process of transferring patterns of geometric shapes on a mask to a
thin layer of radiation-sensitive material (called resist) covering the surface of a
semiconductor wafer.
The resist patterns defined by the lithographic process are the replicas of circuit features,
to be designed
These patterns define the various regions in an integrated circuit such as the
implantation regions, the contact windows etc
Techniques:
Classical: Optical Lithography or Photolithography
Advanced: Electron-beam lithography, X-ray lithography, ion-beam lithography etc
21. Lithography
Masks
Masks used for IC manufacturing are usually reduction reticles.
Designers describe the circuit pattern to be generated on a CAD (Computer Aided
Design) tool.
The digital data produced by the CAD tool, then drives a pattern generator, which
transfers the pattern directly to the (electron-sensitized*) mask.
The patterns on a mask represent one level of an IC design.
The composite layout is broken into mask levels that correspond to the IC process
sequence such as the isolation region on one level, the gate region on another,
and so on.
Typically, 15-20 different mask levels are required for a complete IC process cycle
*Note: Detailed explanation on Mask can be referred from Page 411 of S.M Sze
22. Lithography (Photolithography or Optical
Lithography)
Photoresist:
The photoresist is a radiation-sensitive compound
Photoresists can be classified as positive and negative, depending on how they
respond to radiation.
For positive resists, the exposed regions become more soluble and thus are easily
removed in the development process. The net result is that the patterns formed
(also called images) in the positive resist are the same as those on the mask.
For negative resists, the exposed regions become less soluble, and the patterns
formed in the negative resist are the reverse of the mask patterns.
23. Lithography
Positive Photoresist
Prior to exposure, the photosensitive compound is insoluble in the developer
solution. After exposure, the photosensitive compound absorbs radiation in the
exposed pattern areas, changes its chemical structure, and becomes soluble in the
developer solution.
After development, the exposed areas are removed.
24. Lithography
Negative Photoresist:
Negative photoresists are polymers combined with a photosensitive compound.
After exposure, the photosensitive compound absorbs the optical energy and
converts it into chemical energy to initiate a polymer linking reaction. This reaction
causes cross linking of the polymer molecules. The cross-linked polymer becomes
insoluble in the developer solution.
After development, the unexposed areas are removed.
Drawback: In the development process, the whole resist mass swells by absorbing
developer solvent. This swelling action limits the resolution of negative
photoresists.
25. Etching
Once a material has been deposited, etching is used selectively to form patterns
such as wires and contact holes
Also, the material that is not covered by photoresist are selectively removed by
etching
Wet and Dry Etching
26. Wet-etching
Wet-Etching Process: makes use of acid or basic solutions – depends on the
material that is to be removed
For example,
In wafer etching, Mixture of Hydrochloric acid and Nitric acid are held in an acid
tank.
Batches of tens of wafers are introduced and are rotated to maintain uniformity-
desired thickness wafers are obtained
In a wet chemical etching, the etch rate is generally isotropic (i.e., the lateral and
vertical etch rates are the same –
results in undercutting of the layer underneath the mask, resulting in a loss of
resolution in the etched pattern.
Go for dry etching
27. Dry etching
Also called plasma etching
A wafer is placed in etch tool processing chamber and given a negative electric
charge
The chamber is heated to 100 deg C and filled with positively charged plasma
(usually a mixture of nitrogen, chlorine & boron trichloride)
The opposing electric charges causes rapidly moving plasma molecules to align
themselves in vertical direction – the microscopic chemical action removes the
exposed material
Plasma etching offers the advantage of well-defined directionality to the etching
direction
30. 1. Oxidation Layering:
Optional Step
Deposit a thin layer of SiO2 over complete wafer by exposing to high purity oxygen and
hydrogen at 1000 C
Oxide layer is used as insulation layer (& in gate formation)
2. Photoresist Coating
Light sensitive polymer (photoresist) is evenly applied across the wafer
Positive Photoresist or negative photoresist – what ?
3. Stepper Exposure
A glass mask(or reticle) containing the pattern we want to transfer to the silicon is brought in
proximity to the wafer
Mask is opaque in the region that we want to process and transparent in others (negative
photoresist) – and vice versa
Combination of mask and wafer is now exposed to ultraviolet light
Areas where mask is transparent become insoluble (negative photoresist) and vice-versa
31. 4. Photoresist Development and baking
The wafers are developed in acid/base solution to remove exposed areas of photoresist
Once the exposed photoresist is removed, the wafer is soft-baked at low temperature to harden
the remaining photoresist.
5. Acid Etching:
Material is selectively removed from areas of wafer that are not covered by photoresist
Accomplished through use of different types of acid and base solutions
Choice of solvent based on material that is to be removed.
6. Spin-rinse & dry
Special tool is used to clean the wafer with deionized water and dry it with nitrogen
At microscopic scale, even a dust particle can destroy the circuitary
Wafers must be constantly cleaned to avoid contamination and remove leftover of previous
steps
32. 7. Various Process steps
The exposed area is subjected to various process steps like ion-implantation, metal deposition
etc
8. Photoresist Removal:
A high temperature plasma is used to selectively remove the remaining photoresist without
damaging device layers.
In a CMOS design there are mainly two types of oxide layers.Gate oxide or Thin Oxide: It is a thin layer of Silicon di oxide present beneath the polysilicon gate that serves as dielectric for gate oxide capacitance. When properly biased an electric field is produced which is responsible for channel formation. It may also be referred as field oxide. In recent submicron technologies this oxide layer is less than 5 nm thin and that's why it is also referred as thin oxide layer. Transistor separation: This is relatively a thicker Silicon dioxide layer present with source and drain regions used to isolate one transistor from other transistors. However, in deep submicron regimes more advanced techniques of separating transistors separation is used like trench isolation etc.
Annealing Step – Wafer is heated to around 1000 deg C for 15 to 30 minutes and allowed to cool slowly. The heating step vibrates the atoms and helps bonds to reform
SiH4 - Silane
Reticles: a net of fine lines or fibers in the eyepiece of a sighting device such as Microscope or Telescope