A presentation on "Evolution of town, cities and urban: A world perspective, by Rajendra P Sharma, Social Anthropologist and Planner, Kathmandu, Nepal can be reached at rpsharma@mailcity.com
An urban area is characterized by higher population density and vast human features in comparison to areas surrounding it. Urban areas may be cities, towns or conurbations, but the term is not commonly extended to rural settlements such as villages. Any portion of earth’s surface where physical conditions are homogeneous can be considered as a Region in geographic sense, ranging from a single feature region to compage, depending on the
criteria used for delineation. In practice, a prefix is added to highlight the attributes on which the region has been defined, for example, agriculture region, resource region, city region, planning region.
All the daily activities of human beings are carried out on land. Proper organization of these activities i.e. planning will help the human being in leading a richer and fuller life in livable surroundings or environment. "Planning" means the scientific, aesthetic, and orderly disposition of land, resources, facilities and services with a view to securing the physical, economic and social efficiency, health and well-being of urban and rural communities.
An urban area is characterized by higher population density and vast human features in comparison to areas surrounding it. Urban areas may be cities, towns or conurbations, but the term is not commonly extended to rural settlements such as villages. Any portion of earth’s surface where physical conditions are homogeneous can be considered as a Region in geographic sense, ranging from a single feature region to compage, depending on the
criteria used for delineation. In practice, a prefix is added to highlight the attributes on which the region has been defined, for example, agriculture region, resource region, city region, planning region.
All the daily activities of human beings are carried out on land. Proper organization of these activities i.e. planning will help the human being in leading a richer and fuller life in livable surroundings or environment. "Planning" means the scientific, aesthetic, and orderly disposition of land, resources, facilities and services with a view to securing the physical, economic and social efficiency, health and well-being of urban and rural communities.
Concentric Zone Model Theory and Its Limitations. Concentric Zone Model Theory was created by sociologist EW Burgess in 1925. Based on a study of land use patterns and social group in Chicago. City grows outward beginning with the CBD. Similar & functionally related activities will locate at the same distance from CBD.
concentric zone theory paper
concentric zone theory articles
chicago's concentric zone theory
concentric zone model definition
concentric zone theory of crime
concentric zone model example
concentric zone model strengths
concentric zone theory and statistics
Lecture (second of three parts) for the 2018 UP Plano Board Exam Review Sessions; content credited to The City Reader (2016) and my Plan 201 learnings.
URBAN BASICS
Urbanization and development: Historical Perspective
An Academic Presentation to BdevS, Center for Development Studies
Kathmamndu University
2014
Rajendra P Sharma
rpsharma@mailcity.com
Concentric Zone Model Theory and Its Limitations. Concentric Zone Model Theory was created by sociologist EW Burgess in 1925. Based on a study of land use patterns and social group in Chicago. City grows outward beginning with the CBD. Similar & functionally related activities will locate at the same distance from CBD.
concentric zone theory paper
concentric zone theory articles
chicago's concentric zone theory
concentric zone model definition
concentric zone theory of crime
concentric zone model example
concentric zone model strengths
concentric zone theory and statistics
Lecture (second of three parts) for the 2018 UP Plano Board Exam Review Sessions; content credited to The City Reader (2016) and my Plan 201 learnings.
URBAN BASICS
Urbanization and development: Historical Perspective
An Academic Presentation to BdevS, Center for Development Studies
Kathmamndu University
2014
Rajendra P Sharma
rpsharma@mailcity.com
history of contemporary architecture - 18. The capitalist city, Megalopolis, ...Dania Abdel-aziz
history of contemporary architecture - 18. The capitalist city, Megalopolis, Edge cities, The indigenous city, The colonial city
الشكر للدكتورة مجد الحمود
1. Definition of urbanization (size, density, proportion of popul.docxSONU61709
1. Definition of urbanization: (size, density, proportion of population compared to rural and surrounding rural areas)
1. Proportion of the total population concentrated in urban settlements, or else to a rise in this proportion. A common mistake is to think of urbanization as simply the growth of cities. total population comprises of both urban and rural and therefore, proportion urban is function of both. If both city and rural grows at equal rate, there is no urbanization.
2. Global Cities: (Density, culture, and mobility: Tokyo,Seoul,Mexico City, London,etc.)
3. Factors Affecting Urbanization: (push and pull)
4. Consequences of Urbanization: (both positive and negative)
5. Lynch's Mental Map-Images of city: (Path,District,Edge, Landmark,and Node)
6. Graphic Presentation: (Urbanization, Suburbanization, Edge City, Natural Growth)
6. Remember: when drawing graphs, you must remember the following---city center, edge of city, population density, distance from city center, two time periods, point where two graphs cross.
7. Historical Look at City Growth Theory: Commercial, Industrial, Corporate, and Global Cities (Accumulation)
7. Commercial (1850s and beyond):
1. Merchants accumulated their wealth through commodity exchanges
2. Political connections were important. Cities like London were dominant in activities
3. Cities were heterogeneous, mixing class of people in the city.
4. Workplace and residence were connected. Socioeocnomic segregation did not increase in this period.
5. City life was easy communality. However, uneven income distribution between buyers and sellers, thus creating popular protests.
7. Industrial (late 19th century):
1. Factories relied heavily on homogenous production and labor, and also on available workers.
1. Good example would be early textile mills along the rivers of New England (Lowell, Lawrence, Waltham, and Lynn).
1. These cities relied on worker pools, rail and water access for transportation, easy access to consumer markets, and innovation techniques. Spatial characteristics--- huge factories in downtown area, newly created segregated residential development (workers near factories, industrialists away from downtown), middle and upper class moved to outside of city center, growth of shopping districts in downtown area for convenience shopping.
1. City life became intense and little choice for workers.
7. Corporate (early 20th century and present):
2. Corporations began searching for stability and security from the experiences of industrial city experience.
2. Decentralization of manufacturing (snowbelt and sunbelt, south, southwest, non-union states, low wages, cheap land), creation of downtown central business districts, suburban growth, and no visible downtown for many corporate cities.
2. No centers anywhere, diffuse economic activities everywhere.
2. Clear division among socioeconomic class, commuting became diffused (not one way, but several different ways).
2. Citis like Phoenix, San Diego, Houston, Dal ...
Broadly, a citation is a reference to a published or unpublished source (not always the original source). More precisely, a citation is an abbreviated alphanumeric expression embedded in the body of an intellectual work that denotes an entry in the bibliographic references section of the work for the purpose of acknowledging the relevance of the works of others to the topic of discussion at the spot where the citation appears.
Generally the combination of both the in-body citation and the bibliographic entry constitutes what is commonly thought of as a citation (whereas bibliographic entries by themselves are not).
References to single, machine-readable assertions in electronic scientific articles are known as nano-publications, a form of micro-attribution. Citation has several important purposes: to uphold intellectual honesty (or avoiding plagiarism), to attribute prior or unoriginal work and ideas to the correct sources, to allow the reader to determine independently whether the referenced material supports the author's argument in the claimed way, and to help the reader gauge the strength and validity of the material the author has used.
The process of developing a PRS varies greatly because it takes place in different countries, under different kinds of governments and circumstances. In general, though, the process can be thought of in terms of several phases, although certain elements, particularly participatory processes, may run throughout.
Urban mobility is primary function of human being.The development of activities to increase residential population densities within the existing built-up area of a city. This may include the redevelopment of vacant land, the refurbishment of housing, the development of new business enterprises, new public transportation, new community recreation facilities.
A Presentation made to the student of BDevS at Center for Development Studies, National College for Higher Education, KU in October 2014, kathmandu, Nepal
A presentation made together with speech as chief speaker at the World Food Day Observance in Kathmandu, October 16, 2014
Presenter: Rajendra P Sharma
Email: rpsharma@mailcity.com
34th World Food Day Observance in Kathmandu, 2014
THEME
Family Farming: “Feeding the World, Caring for the Earth” to stress the vast potential family farmers have to eradicate hunger and preserve natural resources
Presentation on : Urban Agriculture: Family Farming for Food Security
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Evolution of Town, Cities and Urban: World Perspective
1. Evolution of Town, Cities
and Urban
world perspective
Rajendra P Sharma
Social Anthropologist and Planner, Kathmandu, Nepal
rpsharma@mailcity.com
2.
3. 21st Century - the Urban Century
• 1900 only 13 cities had 1
million people
• 1999 about 362 cities
had 1 million
• By 2025 there will be
650 cities of 1 million or
more
• Sometime in 21st cent.
The world will become
mostly urban
• Western Europe, US &
Canada are 4/5 urban
• China and India are only
4. Urban Definitions
• Urban-The buildup of the
central city and the suburban
realm – the city and the
surrounding environs
connected to the city (a general
term for towns, cities and suburban
areas)
• City- a conglomeration of
people and buildings clustered
together to serve as a center
of politics, culture, and
economics (nucleated settlement
with many functions and a central
business district)
• Town-small than a city-less
5. Urban Definitions 2
• Central City-main city
around which suburbs
have grown
• Urbanized area-continuously
built up area
with buildings & population
density with no reference
to political boundaries
• Metropolitan area-a large
scale functional entity
containing several
urbanized areas that are
6. Urban
Morphology
The layout of a city,
its physical form
and structure.
Berlin, Germany
With wall (above)
And without wall
(right)
7. Ancient Cities
• Hearth Between 7,000
& 5,000 b.p. agricultural
societies became more
complex with irrigation
& larger scale farming
• Stratified societies
developed with priests,
merchants,
administrators, soldiers
and farmers
• Central authority or the
state developed which
led to the rise of ancient
civilizations such as
Egypt, Greece & the
8. Attributes of Cities
• Centers of political
power
• Centers of industrial
power
• Centers of
technology
• A market place for
goods
• Specialization in
products and
services
• Cultural and Artistic
pursuits
• Centers of education
and research
• Entertainment of all
types
• Sports teams, arenas
and parks
• Medical advances
9. Five hearth of Urbanization
• Mesopotamia, 3500 BCE
• Nile River Valley, 3200 BCE
• Indus River Valley, 2200 BCE
• Huang He and Wei River Valleys, 1500 BCE
• Mesoamerica, 200 BCE
10. Five Hearths of Urbanization
In each of these hearths, an agricultural surplus and
social stratification created the conditions
necessary for cities to form and be maintained.
11. Function & Location
Earliest civilizations probably
developed with the need for
organization to create
irrigation and provide enough
food
Availability of water, good
farmland and defensible
sites helped certain towns
thrive
Positions on travel & trade
routes created urban growth.
Urban elites or decision
makers evolved.
12.
13. Theocratic Centers
• God-kings or theocratic
rulers developed in
some ancient cities.
• Priests, temples and
shrines took center
stage in the Yucatan,
Guatemala and
Honduras.
• They also served as
educational centers
with teachers and
philosophers
14. Indus River Valley
Harappa and
Mohenjo-Daro were
two of the first cities of
the Indus River Valley.
- intricately
planned
- houses equal
in size
- no palaces
- no monuments
16. Roman Urban
System
• The Romans
created the largest
urban system with
an excellent
transportation
system
• The Romans were
masters of
engineering
efficiency creating
aqueducts, sewers,
roads, bridges and
great public
20. Urban Growth
• China-rapid growth in
the Han Dynasty
period-Xian became
the Rome of East Asia.
• Timbuktu developed in
West Africa in the 14th
cent. While Meroe on
the upper Nile
developed advanced
metallurgy.
• Tenochtitlan, the
Aztec capital was the
most advanced city in
the world with 100,000
by the 16th cent.
21. Pre industrial
Europe
• Paris, Amsterdam,
Antwerp, Lisbon, Naples
and Venice revived and
grew.
• By mid-15th cent. London
had 80,000 and Paris
had 120,000. By 19th
cent. London was 1 m.
while Paris had only
670,000
22. Urban Environments
• By 17th cent.
Europe’s cities were:
– Slum ridden
– Unsanitary
– Fire traps
– Plagued by
frequent epidemics
– Crime ridden
– Places of social
dislocation
23. Primate Cities
• Gideon Sjoberg was also
the first to study the
primate city.
• A nation’s leading city in
size that serves as an
expression of national
culture.
– Not necessarily large
– Dominated by religious
and govt. buildings
– Spacious with wealth near
the center
24. The Modern Western City
• Medieval city was bleak and
grimy with narrow dangerous
streets.
• Unpaved streets provided poor
sanitation
• The tallest buildings were the
Church & Castle
• Mercantile cities of the 16th &
17th cent. were nodes of
regional, national and
international trade
• Great cities like London,
Amsterdam, Lisbon and
25. The Second Urban Revolution
A large scale movement
of people to cities to
work in manufacturing.
Made possible by:
1. second agricultural
revolution that
improved food
production and
created a larger
surplus
2. industrialization,
which encouraged
growth of cities near
26. The Modern Western City
• Manufacturing city
first developed in
Britain, later Western
Europe and North
America.
• Rapidly growing factory
system with railroads
and tenement slums
• Sanitary systems, water
supplies and housing
were overwhelmed with
27. The Modern Western City
• Modernization of American
cities took place in late 19th
cent.
• Electric trolley and other
forms of mass transportation
transformed cities-transport
systems became
circumferential and radial.
• Suburbanization of the city
became possible with 1920s
revolution of the automobile
• Modern cities of North
America are sprawling
expanses of suburbs,
28. • Hinterland - a German
word that means land
behind the city
• Spacing of cities-large
cities lie farther apart-smaller
settlements are
closer to each other
• Industrial Revolution
began in Europe-arrived
in the US around 1870-in
only 50 yrs. US surpassed
Europe
• 25 million European
29. Urbanization and Location
• 1800-despite Ind. Rev.
Europe was still rural-by
1950 Europe was
50% urban-today 85%
urban
• World today is 50%
urban
• Agglomeration-clustering
of industries
for mutual benefit
• Specialization-certain
industries dominate
certain regions-
30. • Urban Planners look at:
– How cities are arranged
–What cities look like
– Transport & communications
– Why people move from place to place
within the city
• Hinterland: the surrounding service area of
a city that includes smaller villages and
hamlets
• Centrality: the economic power or draw of a
place compared to its competition
31. • Hamlet-small collection of houses-may have
services.
• Village-several dozen services-stores, gas
stations and so forth
• Town-larger than a village-higher level of
specialization-banks, schools, libraries,
specialized stores-furniture, appliances,
hardware, etc.
• City-more functional specialization-larger
hinterland, greater centrality, well defined
CBD and suburbs
• Metropolis or Metropolitan area-urban area
larger than a city
32. Site and Situation
Site
absolute location of
a city
a city’s static
location, often
chosen for trade,
defense, or
religion.
Situation
relative location of
a city
a city’s place in the
region and the
world around it.
33. • Paris-situational
advantage-grew
as the hinterland
prospered;
became
multifunctional-religious,
cultural, political,
industrial center;
today a
megacity of 10
million; the next
largest city is
Lyon, France at
1/7th the size
• A primate city
35. Paris’s 450 parks and gardens cover over 7,400 acres-almost
30% of the city-one of Europe’s greenest cities.
36. Shenzhen, China
Shenzhen changed from a fishing village to a major metropolitan area in just
25 years. 25 years ago, all of this land was duck ponds and rice paddies.
37. Modern Urbanization
Highest level of Urbanization-Western Europe, North
America, Japan & Australia
70% & higher-Mexico, Cuba, France
Former Soviet Union-Russia-73%, Ukraine-70%,
Transcaucasus-55%, Central Asia-28%
South America-cone of Argentina, Chile & Uruguay-highest
urbanization-next Brazil & Venezuela,
Paraguay, Bolivia, Guyana, Suriname & French
Guiana lag behind.
Sub-Saharan Africa-some of the world’s lowest
urbanization rates-Nigeria-16%, Ethiopia, Rwanda,
Burundi & Uganda are even lower. Tropical Africa-only
a few nations that are 40% or higher-South
38. Southwest Asia-North Africa-great variety of
urbanization.
Much of Middle East, esp. Arabian Peninsula are
highly urbanized due to nucleation of the oil
industry.
Jordan an exception-no oil wealth-but urban due
to long tradition
Southern Arabia is oil poor and rural
Contrast-oil rich Libya is urban, oil poor
Afghanistan is rural
39. South Asia-low in urbanization, despite huge
cities like Mumbai and Calcutta
Most nations in South Asia are under 30% urban
India-26%
Pakistan-28%
Bangladesh-16%
Subsistence farming
dominates life here
40. Southeast Asia- Singapore is the only 100%
urban state
Brunei & Malaysia are the only other nations with
over 50% urban
Indonesia-31%
Myanmar-25%
Vietnam-20%
Thailand-19%
Subsistence farming
dominates life here
41. East Asia- Averages 36%
Only Japan, South Korea and
Taiwan are highly urbanized in
East Asia
China below-25%
Yet Shanghai & Beijing
Have 25 million between
Them, however most of
China’s 1.2 m. are rural
42. Great Cities
• North America-several megalopolitan regions:
Boston -Washington, DC
– Chicago-Detroit-Pittsburgh
– San Francisco-Los Angeles-San Diego
– Montreal-Toronto-Windsor
– Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach
• Europe:
– London-20 m. in Metro area
– Germany-Ruhr, Rhine zone of Dusseldorf-Essen &
Cologne
– Poland-Saxony & Silesia
– Also Moscow, St. Petersburg & Madrid-not yet
43. • Asia-Tokyo-Yokohama, Osaka-Kobe-Kyoto
• Mega Cities:
• UN says by 2025 at least 15 cities will be over
20 million
– Many of the world’s most populous cities are found
in the poorest nations-Mexico City, Shanghai,
Calcutta, Mumbai & Cairo
– Close are Bangkok, Indonesia; Lima-Callao, Peru;
Saigon-Cholon, Vietnam
– Mexico City, Sao Paulo and Shanghai will have
over 30 million by 2025
44.
45. Urban Problems
• Zoning laws are
lacking in many poor
countries
• Squatters occupy any
open space on the
outskirts of the city
• Sharp contrast between
fancy hotels of
downtown and slums
on outskirts
46.
47. Urban Function
• Every city or town has an economic base.
• Basic sector-workers who produce goods for
export or local consumption
• Non Basic sector or Service sector-workers
who maintain the city, work in offices and provide
services for others
• The number of Non basic sector workers is
always greater than Basic sector workers-as cities
increase in size the ratio increases
• Most large cities have a ratio of 1 to 2
• Multiplier Effect-if a business adds 50
manufacturing jobs-another 100 non-basic
48. Central Place Theory
• Central Places-hierarchy is based on population,
function & services.
• Economic reach-how functions & services attract
customers from areas beyond the urban limits.
• Centrality-the central position & ability to attract
customers to a village, town or city.
• Range of Sale-the distance people are willing to
travel to buy goods or services
49. Central Place Theory
• Christaller tried to
determine the degree of
centrality of various
places.
• He created a model to
show how central places
in the urban hierarchy
are spatially distributed.
• He assumed:
– No physical barriers
– Soil and surface of equal
quality
– Even distribution of
population
51. Functional
Zonation
The division of the
city into certain
regions (zones) for
certain purposes
(functions).
Cairo, Egypt
Central city (above)
Housing projects (right)
52. Problems in Urbanization
200 years ago only 5% of world was urbanized
Today about 50% is urban
Germany, Spain & Belgium are over 90%
urban
World wide urban problems are:
pollution
poor sanitation
drugs and crime
congestion and noise
substandard housing & slums
53. Problems cont..
• With urban sprawl and
expanding suburbs-inner
city shrinks
• CBD is often reduced to
serving just the inner
metro area
• As basic sector jobs
leave-large cities have
shifted to service
industries
• Loss of tax base as
businesses, industries
and services leave
54. New Urbanism
• Development, urban revitalization, and
suburban reforms that create walkable
neighborhoods with a diversity of housing
and jobs.
• some are concerned over privatization of
public spaces
– some are concerned that they do nothing
to break down the social conditions that
create social ills of the cities
– some believe they work against urban
sprawl