This document discusses urban mobility and poverty. It begins with an introduction to urbanization trends like rural to urban migration. It then covers different types of urban population movements such as gentrification, suburbanization, urban sprawl, and counter-urbanization. The document defines poverty and its dimensions. It identifies reasons for urban poverty such as urbanization, migration, and lack of education/jobs. It concludes by stating that basic services, women's participation, and community-led programs are essential for effective poverty alleviation strategies.

1. Urban Mobility and Poverty
Issues and schemes
Rajendra P Sharma
GPO 21488, Kathmandu, Nepal
rpsharma@mailcity.com

2. introductionintroduction
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introductionintroduction

3. Shift from
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Rural – Market -Town-City
City Metropolis Megalopolis
City Metropolis Megalopolis
City Metropolis Megalopolis

4. Urban Renewal /
Re-urbanization
Rural-urban migration
Movement of People in Urban Environments
Gentrification
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Suburbanization
Urban Sprawl
Counter-urbanization

5. Gentrification – Inward Movement
Gentrification
is a general term for the arrival of wealthier people in an existing urban district, a
related increase in rents and property values, and changes in the district's character and
culture.
Page 5 http://www.eurasianet.org/node/62653Gentrification in Istanbul (Tophane)

6. The development of activities to increase residential population
densities within the existing built-up area of a city.
This may include the redevelopment of vacant land, the
refurbishment of housing, the development of new business
enterprises, new public transportation, new community
recreation facilities.
Urban Renewal (Re-urbanization) – Inward Movement
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Regeneration of the London Docklands

7. Suburbanization – Outward Movement
The outward growth of towns and cities to engulf surrounding villages and rural
areas.
This may result from the out-migration of population from the inner urban areas to
the suburbs.
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the suburbs.

8. Urban Sprawl – Outward Movement
The unplanned and uncontrolled physical expansion of an urban area into the
surrounding countryside. It is closely linked to the process of suburbanization.
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9. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Sprawl takes place up the sides of the surrounding mountains as favela
communities (shanty towns) grow.
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10. Counter urbanization - Outward Movement
The migration of people
from an urban area into
the surrounding rural
area
(mostly in the low income
countries).
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It might mean daily
commuting, but could
also require lifestyle
changes and the
increased use of
Information
Communications
Technology (ICT).

11. Suburbanization Processes
Re-urbanization Processes
Inner city decline
Dereliction
Poor environments – pollution, crime, noise
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Re-urbanization Processes
Regeneration, Gentrification
Disillusionment with commute
Walking distance to work, entertainment, education,
health care
Refurbished neighborhoods', renovated housing, new
condos, parks

12. Growth in Urban Population
UNFPA, 2007 (Percentage)
Page 12Which region matches which colored bar?
The regions are: North America, Africa, Oceania, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Europe?

13. Poverty is the inability of getting choices and opportunities, a violation of human
dignity.
It means
lack of basic capacity to participate effectively in society. It means not having
enough to feed and clothe a family, not having a school or clinic to go to, not
having the land on which to grow one’s food or a job to earn one’s living, not
Definitions of poverty
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having the land on which to grow one’s food or a job to earn one’s living, not
having access to credit.
insecurity, powerlessness and exclusion of individuals, households and
communities.
susceptibility to violence, and it often implies living in marginal or fragile
environments, without access to clean water or sanitation.
- United Nations
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14. World Bank:
Poverty is pronounced deprivation in well-being, and comprises
many dimensions
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many dimensions

15. Dimensions of urban povertyDimensions of urban poverty
Urban poverty is usually characterised by multiple sources of deprivation:
1. Inadequate household income;
2. Limited asset base for individuals, households or communities;
3. Inadequate provision of ‘public’ infrastructure and services;
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3. Inadequate provision of ‘public’ infrastructure and services;
4. Inadequate protection by the law;
5. ‘Voice-less-ness’ and powerlessness within the political system;
6. Exploitation and discrimination;
7. Limited access to employment opportunities, adequate health and education
opportunities;
8. Inadequate and insecure housing and unhealthy environment. 15

16. Reasons for urban povertyReasons for urban poverty
1. Urbanization
2. Migration from rural to urban
3. High population growth
4. Illiteracy
5. Large families
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5. Large families
6. Improper training
7. Slow job growth
8. Unequal distribution of income
9. Livelihood issues and financial insecurities
10. Identity crisis and personal insecurities
11. Political and social exclusion
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17. Conclusion
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18. ConclusionConclusion
1. Basic Services to the Urban Poor, is an essential component of any poverty
alleviation strategy.
2. The Urban Poverty Eradication Programme of the Government has recognized
many of the inter-related problems associated with poverty.
3. The national programme recognizes that the needs of women and children must
be an integral part of the national strategy, with women's participation forming
the framework for concerted action.
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the framework for concerted action.
4. In project cities and communities, with neighbourhood groups moving towards
self-reliant action, dramatic improvements have been seen in health and
education indicators, with the communities and families themselves taking
greater responsibility than earlier, with government playing a facilitating role.
5. Related improvements in community environments; increased employment
opportunities, and efficient means of thrift and savings has resulted in credit
systems which can now reach the poorest enabling them to directly improve
their homes and settlements. 18

19. 1. While millions more need to be reached, indications are that a solid
foundation is in place demonstrating on a large scale the positive potential of
the poverty alleviation strategy.
2. It is hoped that these inter-related themes will be a part of the National
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It is hoped that these inter-related themes will be a part of the National
Action Plans and will be considered integral to settlements planning for the
future.
3. We can then come closer to realizing locally and in the cities as a whole, the
global goals set forth.
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20. 1. www.india.gov.in/official-website-ministry-housing-and-urban-poverty-alleviation
2. www.mhupa.gov.in/programs/housing/twenty_point.htm
3. www.planningcommission.nic.in/aboutus/committee/wrkgrp12/hud/wg_Final_Urb_Pvt.pdf
4. http://ideas.repec.org/a/icf/icfjme/v04y2006i3p79-89.html
ReferencesReferences
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4. http://ideas.repec.org/a/icf/icfjme/v04y2006i3p79-89.html
5. http://www.jnnurm.nic.in
6. www.web.worldbank.org/wbsite/external/topics/exturbandevelopment/exturbanpoverty
7. http://www.niua.org/publications/working_papers/nakul_ruchira_urban_poverty.pdf
8. Picture courtesy: www.Google images and MHUPA website
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21. Thank you
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For further information, write to:
GPO: 21488
Kathmandu, Nepal
rpsharma@mailcity.com