Homer Hoyt developed the sector theory or sector model of urban land use in 1939 as an alternative to the concentric zone model. The sector model posits that a city develops in wedge-shaped sectors centered around major transportation routes rather than concentric circles. Land uses cluster around transportation routes, with industry locating near ports, railroads, or roads. Residential areas then develop, with lower income housing nearer the industrial areas and transportation. Middle and high-income housing is located further out. The model was applied to Chicago and found to accurately describe the city's development around railroad lines.
Concentric Zone Model Theory and Its Limitations. Concentric Zone Model Theory was created by sociologist EW Burgess in 1925. Based on a study of land use patterns and social group in Chicago. City grows outward beginning with the CBD. Similar & functionally related activities will locate at the same distance from CBD.
concentric zone theory paper
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chicago's concentric zone theory
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Concentric Zone Model Theory and Its Limitations. Concentric Zone Model Theory was created by sociologist EW Burgess in 1925. Based on a study of land use patterns and social group in Chicago. City grows outward beginning with the CBD. Similar & functionally related activities will locate at the same distance from CBD.
concentric zone theory paper
concentric zone theory articles
chicago's concentric zone theory
concentric zone model definition
concentric zone theory of crime
concentric zone model example
concentric zone model strengths
concentric zone theory and statistics
Importance of evolution of human settlementsVijesh Kumar V
IMPORTANCE OF EVOLUTION OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
1.Origin of civilization,
2.Effects of civilization on Human settlements,
3.Determinants of Human settlements,
4.Ancients towns in India.
DOXIADIS
HUMAN SETTLEMENT AND PLANING
CONSTANTINOS APOSTOLOU DOXIADIS
THEORY OF EKISTICS
Minor shells- Micro-settlements- Meso-settlements- Macro-settlements-Ekistics Logarithm Scale:-
BY EVOLUNITARY PHASE
BY FACTOR AND DISCIPLINE
CASE STUDY: ISLAMABAD
Master Plan
Comparison of Land cover
CONCEPT OF CITY PLANNING
ROAD NETWORK & HIERARCHY
ROAD NETWORK & TRANSPORT
HOUSES AND STREET PATTERN
GRID SYSTEM
CURRENT CHALLENGES FACED BY THE CITY
Geographic Regions: by definition There three types of regions Formal regions are areas where a certain characteristic is found throughout. Functional regions consist of a central place and the surrounding places affected by it. Perceptual regions are defined by people’s attitudes and feelings about areas. 4.
Elements of city planning_Building and Town PlanningA Makwana
All the individual objects that are included in an urban area area the elements of city plan. These objects include residential building, public buildings, parks, factories, roads etc.
Importance of evolution of human settlementsVijesh Kumar V
IMPORTANCE OF EVOLUTION OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
1.Origin of civilization,
2.Effects of civilization on Human settlements,
3.Determinants of Human settlements,
4.Ancients towns in India.
DOXIADIS
HUMAN SETTLEMENT AND PLANING
CONSTANTINOS APOSTOLOU DOXIADIS
THEORY OF EKISTICS
Minor shells- Micro-settlements- Meso-settlements- Macro-settlements-Ekistics Logarithm Scale:-
BY EVOLUNITARY PHASE
BY FACTOR AND DISCIPLINE
CASE STUDY: ISLAMABAD
Master Plan
Comparison of Land cover
CONCEPT OF CITY PLANNING
ROAD NETWORK & HIERARCHY
ROAD NETWORK & TRANSPORT
HOUSES AND STREET PATTERN
GRID SYSTEM
CURRENT CHALLENGES FACED BY THE CITY
Geographic Regions: by definition There three types of regions Formal regions are areas where a certain characteristic is found throughout. Functional regions consist of a central place and the surrounding places affected by it. Perceptual regions are defined by people’s attitudes and feelings about areas. 4.
Elements of city planning_Building and Town PlanningA Makwana
All the individual objects that are included in an urban area area the elements of city plan. These objects include residential building, public buildings, parks, factories, roads etc.
BK 7210 Urban plan typology Rotterdam Zuid – ir. Evelien Brandesjornvorn
This first part forms the introduction to the lecture series " Urban Analysis and Design" of the Minor Green Blue City. Focus is on urban residential typologies in Rotterdam Zuid. Exemined will be various forms of city maps that can be used for successful analytical methods. The lecture is given by Evelien Brandes, coordinator of the Urban Analysis and Design course.
Allan Cain, Director, Development Workshop, presented at the Pro-Poor Urban Development Conference in Nairobi, 07/30/2012: Introductory Session on participatory mapping of urban poverty
KKKH4284 URBAN PLANNING OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
TASK 7 : URBAN RENEWAL
LECTURERS :
PROF. IR. DR. RIZA ATIQ ABDULLAH O.K. RAHMAT
DR. NAZRI BORHAN
DR. NORLIZA MOHD AKHIR
The sector model, also known as the Hoyt model, is a model of urban land use proposed in 1939 by land economist Homer Hoyt. It is a modification of the concentric zone model of city development. The benefits of the application of this model include the fact it allows for an outward progression of growth.
ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF TOWN PLANNING WITH THE MODELS PROPOSED FOR TOWN PLANNING VIZ CONCENTRIC ZONE THEORY, SECTOR MODEL THEORY AND MULTIPLE NUCLEI MODEL. ADDITIONALLY THE URBAN FORMS OD THE CITIES.
Central Business District or CBD is the focal point of a city. It is the commercial, office, retail, and cultural center of the city and usually is the center point for transportation networks.
Check for more presentations at - www.archistudent.net
Cahndigarh City & Housing
Chandigarh is one of the most significant urban planning experiments of the 20th century. It is the only one of the numerous urban planning schemes of Le Corbusier to have actually been executed. It is also the site of some of his greatest architectural creations. The city has had a far-reaching impact, ushering in a modern idiom of architecture and city planning all over India. It has become a symbol of planned urbanism. It is as famous for its landscaping as for its architectural ambience. Most of the buildings are in pure, cubical form, geometrically subdivided with emphasis on proportion, scale and detail. It was one of the early planned cities in post-independent India and is internationally known for its architecture and urban design. The master plan of the city was prepared by Swiss-French architect Le Corbusier, which transformed from earlier plans created by the Polish architect Maciej Nowicki and the American planner Albert Mayer. Most of the government buildings and housing in the city, were designed by the Chandigarh Capital Project Team headed by Le Corbusier, Jane Drew and Maxwell Fry
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
2. HOMER HOYT(1895–1984)
Homer Hoyt (1895–1984) was a
land economist, a real estate appraiser,
and a real estate consultant. In his
long and accomplished life, he
conducted path-breaking
research on land economics,
developed an influential approach to
the analysis of neighborhoods and housing markets, refined local
area economic analysis, and was a major figure in the development
of suburban shopping centers in the decades after World War II.
His sector model of land use remains one of his most well-known
contributions to urban scholarship
3. Sector Model
theory of urban structure
also known as Hoyt Model
developed in 1939 by Homer Hoyt
states that a city develops in sectors, not
rings
certain areas are more attractive for
different activities because of an
environmental factor or by mere chance.
Hoyt modified the concentric zone model
to account for major transportation
routes
according to this model most major cities
evolved around the nexus of several
important transport facilities such as
railroads, sea ports, and trolly lines that
eminated from the city's center.
Hoyt theorized that cities would tend to
grow in wedge-shaped patterns, or
sectors, eminating from the CBD and
centered on major transportation routes.
4. It is a monocentric representation of urban areas
He posited a CBD around which other land uses cluster
But important factor is not distance from CBD as in the concentric
zone model, but direction away from CBD
As growth occurs, similar activities
stay in the same area and extend outwards
The Hoyt model realized that transportation (in particular) and
access to resources caused a disruption of the Burgess model.
For example a rail line or major highway to a nearby city may
result in business development to preferentially develop parallel
to the rail line or major highway. So one side of a city may be
completely industrial with another sector may be completely
rural.
5. DIFFERENT SECTORS
Industry
• Industry follows rivers, canals, railroads, or roads
• Lower class workers work here. Paid little, bad
working conditions.
• Produces goods or other domestic products for city
Low Class Residential
• Low income housing
• Near railroads that feed factories or
• Inhabitants tend to work in factories
• Live near industry to reduce transportation costs
• Pollution or poor environmental conditions due to
industry (traffic, noise and pollution make it cheap)
Middle Class Residential
• More desirable area because it is further from industry
and pollution
• Access to transportation lines for working people who
work in the CBD, making transport easier
• Largest residential area
High Class Residential
• Housing on outermost edge
• Furthest away from industry
• Quiet, clean, less traffic
• Corridor or spine extending from CBD to edge has best
housing.
6. +VE & -VE
Where it does and doesn’t apply (some weaknesses)
Applies well to Chicago
Low cost housing is near industry and transportation
proving Hoyt’s model
Theory based on 20th century and does not take into
account cars which make commerce easier
With cars, people can live anywhere and further from the
city and still travel to the CBD using their car. Not only do
high-class residents have cars, but also middle and lower
class people may have cars.
8. BREIF INTRO
Chicago, a city in the U.S. state of Illinois, is the third most
populous city in the United States and the most populous
city in the American Midwest; with approximately
2.7 million residents. Its metropolitan area (also called
"Chicagoland"), which extends
into Indiana and Wisconsin, is the third-largest in the
United States, after those of New York City and Los
Angeles, with an estimated 9.5 million people. Chicago is
the county seat of Cook County,though a small portion of
the city limits also extends into DuPage County.
11. CASE STUDY (SHIVAJINAGAR)
Shivajinagar is an area in the heart Pune city. This is the
most important area of the city as the district court
(Pune), Pune Municipal Corporation, College of Engineering
(Pune), Agricultural College (Pune), Shivaji preparatory
military school etc. are located in this area. The bus stand at
Shivajinagar connects the city to destinations in the state
of Maharashtra. Shivajinagar Railway Station is an important
station for the suburban railway traffic of Pune
This area also has roads like the Ambedkar road (University
road) which links Pune Railway Station area to Pune
University and Aundh via Shivajinagar and Mumbai Pune old road which links Dehu Road to Pune Railway
Station area via Shivajinagar, Khadki,Pimpri, Chinchwad, and
Nigdi.
13. inference
Decentralization (or decentralisation) is the process of
redistributing or dispersing functions, powers, people or
things away from a central location or authority.[1][2] While
decentralization, especially in the governmental sphere, is
widely studied and practiced, there is no common
definition or understanding of decentralization. The
meaning of decentralization may vary in part because of
the different ways it is
Benefits—less tax,have to leave some space for residential
use
14. Mixed land use
Mixed-use development is — in a broad sense — any
urban, suburban or village development, or even a single
building, that blends a combination of
residential, commercial, cultural, institutional, or industrial
uses, where those functions are physically and functionally
integrated, and that provides pedestrian
connections.[1][2] The term ("a mixed-use development")
may also be used more specifically to refer to a mixed-use
real estate development project — a building, complex of
buildings, or district of a town or city that is developed for
mixed-use by a private developer, (quasi-)governmental
agency, or a combination thereof
15. benefits include:[3]
greater housing variety and density
reduced distances between
housing, workplaces, retail businesses, and other
destinations
more compact development
stronger neighborhood character
pedestrian and bicycle-friendly environments