Broadly, a citation is a reference to a published or unpublished source (not always the original source). More precisely, a citation is an abbreviated alphanumeric expression embedded in the body of an intellectual work that denotes an entry in the bibliographic references section of the work for the purpose of acknowledging the relevance of the works of others to the topic of discussion at the spot where the citation appears.
Generally the combination of both the in-body citation and the bibliographic entry constitutes what is commonly thought of as a citation (whereas bibliographic entries by themselves are not).
References to single, machine-readable assertions in electronic scientific articles are known as nano-publications, a form of micro-attribution. Citation has several important purposes: to uphold intellectual honesty (or avoiding plagiarism), to attribute prior or unoriginal work and ideas to the correct sources, to allow the reader to determine independently whether the referenced material supports the author's argument in the claimed way, and to help the reader gauge the strength and validity of the material the author has used.
This presentation is useful for all who are preparing their projects in colleges. This presentation helps you in giving proper reference of data source.
This presentation is useful for all who are preparing their projects in colleges. This presentation helps you in giving proper reference of data source.
Research papers are of different types and it is important to define one before you are starting the work on your document. This presentation will help you to understand the most common types of research papers. Get more tips here:
https://essay-academy.com/account/blog/types-of-research-papers
Introduction to Citations and ReferencingKee-Man Chuah
This is the introductory part of the unit on citations and referencing, which are important for academic writing. The style used is APA.
Note: Reference list for the materials used in the slights is provided upon request.
Research papers are of different types and it is important to define one before you are starting the work on your document. This presentation will help you to understand the most common types of research papers. Get more tips here:
https://essay-academy.com/account/blog/types-of-research-papers
Introduction to Citations and ReferencingKee-Man Chuah
This is the introductory part of the unit on citations and referencing, which are important for academic writing. The style used is APA.
Note: Reference list for the materials used in the slights is provided upon request.
Presentation conveys process of conducting Pilot Study in Social Sciences, Pilot Study in Commerce and Management. steps in pilot study, reasons to conduct pilot study and its importance is also mentioned.
Here is a presentation that will provide you the important details about bibliography in an APA (American Psychological Association) style format.Thanks.
Here I am sharing my presentation of
Research Skills : Documentation & Fundamentals of Literary Research. Subject of presentation is 'The importance of Citation'
Are you putting together a literature review or a works cited for your scholarly work? Are you unclear about how to cite your sources? Check out this presentation to learn about the many different style manuals, what they are used for, and why they are so important for avoiding plagiarism!
The process of developing a PRS varies greatly because it takes place in different countries, under different kinds of governments and circumstances. In general, though, the process can be thought of in terms of several phases, although certain elements, particularly participatory processes, may run throughout.
Urban mobility is primary function of human being.The development of activities to increase residential population densities within the existing built-up area of a city. This may include the redevelopment of vacant land, the refurbishment of housing, the development of new business enterprises, new public transportation, new community recreation facilities.
An urban area is characterized by higher population density and vast human features in comparison to areas surrounding it. Urban areas may be cities, towns or conurbations, but the term is not commonly extended to rural settlements such as villages. Any portion of earth’s surface where physical conditions are homogeneous can be considered as a Region in geographic sense, ranging from a single feature region to compage, depending on the
criteria used for delineation. In practice, a prefix is added to highlight the attributes on which the region has been defined, for example, agriculture region, resource region, city region, planning region.
All the daily activities of human beings are carried out on land. Proper organization of these activities i.e. planning will help the human being in leading a richer and fuller life in livable surroundings or environment. "Planning" means the scientific, aesthetic, and orderly disposition of land, resources, facilities and services with a view to securing the physical, economic and social efficiency, health and well-being of urban and rural communities.
A Presentation made to the student of BDevS at Center for Development Studies, National College for Higher Education, KU in October 2014, kathmandu, Nepal
A presentation made together with speech as chief speaker at the World Food Day Observance in Kathmandu, October 16, 2014
Presenter: Rajendra P Sharma
Email: rpsharma@mailcity.com
34th World Food Day Observance in Kathmandu, 2014
THEME
Family Farming: “Feeding the World, Caring for the Earth” to stress the vast potential family farmers have to eradicate hunger and preserve natural resources
Presentation on : Urban Agriculture: Family Farming for Food Security
URBAN BASICS
Urbanization and development: Historical Perspective
An Academic Presentation to BdevS, Center for Development Studies
Kathmamndu University
2014
Rajendra P Sharma
rpsharma@mailcity.com
More from Freelancing - Urban development and Planning (20)
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
2. - to overview referencing practices in research
- to explain WHY it is necessary to cite the sources we
use to support what we write in our papers; and
- to explain HOW to cite these sources in correct
APA style (i.e., according to the Publication Manual
of the American Psychological Association).
Purpose of the presentation
4. Citation
Broadly, a citation is a reference to a published or
unpublished source (not always the original source).
More precisely, a citation is an abbreviated alphanumeric
expression embedded in the body of an intellectual work
that denotes an entry in the bibliographic references
section of the work for the purpose of acknowledging
the relevance of the works of others to the topic of
discussion at the spot where the citation appears.
Generally the combination of both the in-body citation
and the bibliographic entry constitutes what is commonly
thought of as a citation (whereas bibliographic entries by
themselves are not).
5. References to single, machine-readable assertions in
electronic scientific articles are known as nano-publications,
a form of micro-attribution. Citation has several important
purposes:
to uphold intellectual honesty (or avoiding plagiarism)[1]
to attribute prior or unoriginal work and ideas to the correct sources,
to allow the reader to determine independently whether the referenced
material supports the author's argument in the claimed way, and
to help the reader gauge the strength and validity of the material the
author has used.[2]
1. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, "What Does it Mean to Cite?" MIT Academic
integrity. http://web.mit.edu/academicintegrity/citing/whatandwhy.html.
2. Association of Legal Writing Directors & Darby Dickerson, ALWD Citation Manual: A
Professional System of Citation, 4th ed.(New York: Aspen, 2010)
6. There are literally hundreds of different referencing
styles from which to choose when you are citing the
sources of your research material.
Different academic disciplines have differing priorities of
what is important to the subsequent reader of an
academic paper, and different publishing houses have
differing rules about the citation of sources.
Which referencing style is the right one ?
7. Some styles in Practice
FACULTY RECOMMENDED REFERENCING STYLES
Arts
Harvard, Chicago, MLA, APA, University of
Auckland Style
Business and Economics APA
The Business of Writing: Written Communication
Skills for Business Students
Creative Arts and Industries APA, Chicago, Harvard, MLA
Education APA
Engineering Harvard, Chicago, UoA Engineering Numbered Style
Law New Zealand Law Style Guide
Medical and Health Sciences Vancouver, APA
Science Referencing styles recommended by Science
Departments
Scientific style and format : the CBE manual for
authors, editors, and publishers
Theology Chicago
8. 1. APA stands for "American Psychological Association"
and comes from the association of the same name.
Although originally drawn up for use in psychological
journals, the APA style is now widely used in the social
sciences, in education, in business, and numerous
other disciplines.
2. MLA comes from the "Modern Language Association of
America" and is used mainly in English and the
Humanities.
A few of the common referencing
styles and their origins
9. 3. Chicago is sometimes referred to as Turabian or
Chicago/Turabian.
It comes from the "Chicago Manual of Style" and the
simplified version of it, "A Manual for Writers of Term
Papers, Theses, and Dissertations", that Kate
Turabian wrote [Source: The Writing Center at the University
of North Carolina at Chapel Hill].
Chicago is used mainly in the social sciences,
including history, political studies, and theology.
Styles and their origins cont
10. 4. Vancouver originally came from The International
Committee of Medical Journal Editors which produced
the "Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to
Biomedical Journals" following a meeting that was held
in Vancouver in 1978 [Source: Jönköping University Library].
The Vancouver style is used mainly in the medical
sciences.
Styles and their origins cont
11. 5. Harvard came originally from "The Bluebook: A Uniform
System of Citation" published by the Harvard Law
Review Association.
The Harvard style and its many variations are used in
law, natural sciences, social and behavioural
sciences, and medicine.
Styles and their origins cont
If you are unsure which referencing system to use, consult your course
guide or ask your lecturer or tutor
Thankfully, there are some referencing styles used by the majority of disciplines !
12. APA is an author/date referencing system common in the social
sciences; it uses parenthetical in-text citations to refer readers to the list
of references at the end of the paper. Numbered notes or footnotes are
reserved for extra explanatory information that would disrupt the
continuity of the text. The date of the research is important in scientific
disciplines, since it conveys how recent or indeed historical the material
is, thus the author/'s last name and the year of publication appear within
the text. Page numbers are used in the text only in the case of direct
quotations, not for paraphrased material.
Example
Pinker (1999) notes that memory loss, including memory for words, is an
obvious and early symptom of Alzheimer's disease.
A brief outlines and difference of the
APA system, the MLA system and the Chicago notes
13. APA
The alphabetical Reference List at the end of the paper provides the
necessary information for readers to locate and retrieve any source cited
in the body of the text. It lists alphabetically in this order: the last name of
the author followed by the initials and the year of publication in brackets.
In the case of a book with one author, the title of the book comes next, in
italics, with just the initial letter of the first words of the title and subtitle
capitalised. This is followed by the place of publication, and the name of
the publisher. The information in the List of References must be detailed
enough to enable the reader to easily locate the edition or volume or
issue number, in the case of journals, or web page etc.
Example
Pinker, S. (1999). Words and rules: The ingredients of language.
London: Phoenix.
A brief outlines and difference of the
APA system, the MLA system and the Chicago notes
14. The MLA system, common in the arts and humanities, is similar to APA
in that it uses parenthetical in-text citations keyed to a List of Works cited
at the end of the paper. The author's last name appears in the text close
to the borrowed material along with a page number rather than the year.
Literature and language rely more on exactly where in the text the
quoted material can be found, either directly quoted or paraphrased,
rather than the year . Numbered notes or footnotes are only for extra
information that would disrupt the continuity of the text. MLA is generally
simpler and more economical than other styles; interruptions are kept to
a minimum, usually citing just the last name of the author and the
relevant page number within the text.
Some scholars in the fields of art, dance, history, music, religion, theatre
and theology use Documentation Notes (endnotes or footnotes) to
document sources. In this case, a list of works cited or a bibliography
may be unnecessary.
Example
Pinker notes that memory loss, including memory for words, is an
obvious and early symptom of Alzheimer's disease (281).
15. MLA
The List of Works Cited at the end of the paper provides the necessary
information for readers to locate and retrieve any source cited in the
body of the text. It lists alphabetically in this order: the last name of the
author followed by the first names. In the case of a book with one author,
the title of the book comes next, italicised, with the initial letter of each
significant word in the title capitalised. This is followed by the place of
publication, and the name of the publisher, the year of publication, and
finally the medium.
Example
Pinker, Steven. Words and Rules: the Ingredients of Language. London:
Phoenix, 1999. Print.
16. The Chicago notes-bibliography citation system, used by some
humanities and social sciences, signals to the reader by a superscript
number at the end of the sentence that a source has been used:
Example
According to Pinker, memory loss, including memory for words, is an
obvious and early symptom of Alzheimer's disease.1
The source of the quotation and information about the author, title
and publication details and the relevant page numbers are then cited
in a correspondingly numbered footnote at the bottom of the page, or
endnote at the end of the paper. If the text is cited again, the
subsequent notes may be shortened.2
________________________________________
1 Steven Pinker, Words and Rules: The Ingredients of Language (London:
Phoenix, 1999), 281.
2 Pinker, Words and Rules, 297.
Chicago notes
17. Although the same information appears in both the notes and the
bibliography it serves two different functions: The notes supply a quick
check of the source, and the bibliography illustrates the extent of the
research and the relationship to earlier studies. Thus both notes and
bibliography are usually provided.
There are, however, slight differences in punctuation since the notes are
designed to be read as text and the bibliography constitutes a list of
independent entries.
The author's name appears in the notes as first name last name, Mickey
Mouse, while the bibliography entry inverts them, Mouse, M.
Number all notes consecutively from 1. Substantive notes are inserted
as appropriate within the list of footnotes.3
________________________________________
3 Supplementary information that would disrupt the flow of the text ...
Chicago notes
18.
19. How and when to cite within text according to APA style
How to create a References list, citing a variety of
sources:
Print sources
Electronic sources
Media sources
What to do if we come across something unusual not
covered
In this presentation, We will cover
Personal communication
Materials in Websites
Unpublished sources
20. Why Should be Cited?
1. Citing identifies sources used in a research project
2. It gives credit to those researchers, authors, and writers
whose words or ideas you borrow, acknowledging their
role in shaping your research.
3. It allows others to follow-up on or retrieve this material
4. To avoid charges of plagiarism
21. What is Plagiarism?
Plagiarism is:
The unacknowledged use or appropriation of another
person’s words or ideas
A form of cheating or stealing
A serious academic offense
When we borrow words or ideas from sources to support
our argument or research we must give proper credit. By
crediting our sources, we avoid plagiarism.
If we do not cite a source--intentionally or unintentionally--
we are guilty of plagiarism.
22. When Should be Cited?
Many students plagiarize unintentionally.
Remember, whenever we summarize,
paraphrase or quote another author's
material we must properly credit our
source.
If we are using another person’s idea, we
must also cite our source!
My parent always said,
“Don’t wet your bed”
(Mom, 1990).
When in doubt, give credit to source!
23. Summary, Paraphrase, Quote
A summary (aka ‘abstract’) briefly captures the main
ideas of your source
A paraphrase is a restatement of the text of your source
in your own words
Quotations can be direct (using quotation marks) or
indirect (no quotation marks and often introduced by
‘that’)
A noted psychologist states, “As recently as 20 years ago, a bed-
wetter was psychologically castigated for what could have been
a physiological problem” (Tikling, 2009).
A noted psychologist observes that just two decades ago bed-
wetters suffered psychologically for a medical problem that may
have had a physiological source (Tikling, 2009).
In any of these cases, must credit to source
24. How to Cite?
There are two parts to citing according to APA style:
1. Brief In-text citations (often in parentheses) within the
body of your essay or paper
2. List of full citations in the References page at the end of
your paper
Note:
Sources cited in the text must appear in the References page.
Conversely, each entry in the References page must be cited in the
text.
25. What is APA?
APA = American Psychological Association
Promulgates guidelines for preparing research papers and
projects and scholarly manuscripts in the social science
“APA style” refers to a system of citing research sources
For all papers in APA style, use 12-pt, Times New Roman
font
26. Purpose of APA-style references in the
body of a paper?
The references in the body of the paper gives appropriate
credit to the person or persons whose words or ideas we
are using to support what we have written in our paper.
If we do not give credit to those whose work we use, we are
guilty of plagiarism, which is a VERY serious violation of
academic integrity.
27. APA provides guidelines for citations
In-text citations:
“References . . . are cited in text with an author-date . . .
and are listed alphabetically in the reference list cited”
(Publication Manual, 2010).
Reference list citations:
“Choose references judiciously . . . [and] reference data
must be correct and complete” (Publication Manual, 2009).
28. If we use a direct quotation from an original source, we
give the author(s) credit for her/his/their words as
follows.
Where we must include the page number(s) of the
quotation to enable the readers to find it.
“Cognitive therapy is more effective than psychoanalysis
in the treatments of phobias” (Jones & Smith, 2002, p.
44).
29. If we paraphrase from a source (i.e., translate it into our
own words), we should give the author(s) credit for their
ideas as follows.
According to Jones and Smith (2002), phobias can be
treated more successfully by cognitive therapy than
psychoanalysis.
30. If we refer to a primary source (e.g., a journal article by
Jones) we read about in a secondary source (e.g., a
textbook by Smith), we must create the following type of
citation.
According to Jones (as cited in Smith, 2003), phobias
can be treated more successfully by cognitive therapy
than psychoanalysis.
31. If we refer to a personal communication (e.g., an e-mail
message or conversation) that is not available to the
readers, we must include it in the body of our paper in
the following way.
According to P. J. Jones, Director of the Counseling
Center (personal communication, May 1, 2002),
phobias can be treated more successfully by cognitive
therapy than psychoanalysis.
32. If we refer to an online source (e.g., the website of the
British Psychological Association), we must include it in
the body of our paper in the following way.
Phobias can be treated more successfully by cognitive
therapy than psychoanalysis (British Psychological
Association, n.d.).
33. Important details to remember...
Use an ampersand (&) between authors when their
names are within parentheses.
. . . is the most effective treatment (Smith & Jones, 1999)
Use a regular “and” between authors when their names
are not within parentheses.
. . . is the most effective treatment according to Smith and Jones
(1999).
If our source does not have a date, replace the date in
the citation with n.d., which is the abbreviation for “no
date.”
. . . British Psychological Association (n.d.).
35. In-Text Citations
Place the parenthetical reference at the end of the
sentence before the punctuation mark.
Bedwetting emissions have been determined to consist mostly of
two parts hydrogen to one part oxygen, plus assorted diurnal
chemicals (Wasser, 2009).
We must provide information that will allow the reader to
locate exactly where we found information in our source.
Usually this is the author's last name and the year of
publication, for example: (Wasser, 2009)
36. In-Text Citations, Cont’d
When the author's name appears as part of sentence (known
as a “signal phrase”), do not use it again in the parenthetical
citation. Just give the year of publication:
Wasser (2009) argues that bedwetting is ultimately a genetically
predisposed behavior.
When there are two authors, name both authors every time
their work is referenced in your paper:
Among epidemiological samples, Selbst and Tikling (2008) found
that early onset social anxiety disorder results from adverse
parental responses to bedwetting.
The study also showed that there was a high rate of alcohol and
drug abuse associated with unresolved bedwetting issues (Selbst
and Tikling, 2008).
37. Other Citation Possibilities
When there are between 3 and 5 authors, name all at their first citing, including
the year of publication. At subsequent citing in your paper, retain only the first
author and replace the others with “et al.”:
Selbst, Tikling, Wang, Getz, and Wasser (2009) believe that bedwetters have a
genetic predisposition for their behaviors.
In work with the Human Genome Project, Selbst et al. (2009) have identified the
unique gene that contributes to bedwetting propensity.
When there are 6 or more authors, use first author’s surname and “et al.” for the
others as in second example above in all citing instances.
If the author is a group (e.g., corporation, association, government agency),
use the entire name in your in-text cite, though some groups’ names can be
abbreviated after the first instance:
According to government figures, boys are 35% more likely across the socio-
economic spectrum than girls to wet their beds (National Institute of Mental
Health, 2000). Next instance: (NIMH, 2000)
When a work has no identified author, cite in text the first few words of the
reference list entry; if article, chapter or web page, use quotation marks, if
periodical, book, report, use italics:
Bedwetters also wet couches (“IKEA Report,” 2005)
A popular college prep handbook, College Bound Seniors (2008), recommends
use of the upper bunk if your roommate is a bed-wetter.
38. Other Citation Possibilities
When there are between 3 and 5 authors, name all at their first citing, including
the year of publication. At subsequent citing in your paper, retain only the first
author and replace the others with “et al.”:
Selbst, Tikling, Wang, Getz, and Wasser (2009) believe that bedwetters have a
genetic predisposition for their behaviors.
In work with the Human Genome Project, Selbst et al. (2009) have identified the
unique gene that contributes to bedwetting propensity.
When there are 6 or more authors, use first author’s surname and “et al.” for the
others as in second example above in all citing instances.
If the author is a group (e.g., corporation, association, government agency),
use the entire name in your in-text cite, though some groups’ names can be
abbreviated after the first instance:
According to government figures, boys are 35% more likely across the socio-
economic spectrum than girls to wet their beds (National Institute of Mental
Health, 2000). Next instance: (NIMH, 2000)
When a work has no identified author, cite in text the first few words of the
reference list entry; if article, chapter or web page, use quotation marks, if
periodical, book, report, use italics:
Bedwetters also wet couches (“IKEA Report,” 2005)
A popular college prep handbook, College Bound Seniors (2008), recommends
use of the upper bunk if your roommate is a bed-wetter.
39. Other Citation Possibilities
Sometimes you may want to refer to more than one source in your in-text citation. In that
case, you should place them alphabetically, separated by a semicolon:
Primary enuresis in young children is the expression of auto-erotic pleasure (Freud
1901; Jung 1905).
To cite a specific part of a source, indicate the page, especially if a direct quotation;
chapter; figure; table; or equation at the appropriate point in the your text:
In a letter to Freud, Ferenczi wrote, “I believe that syphilis leads to erythrophobia only
in those people who in their childhood had to energetically suppress their rage toward
their parents because of unjust punishment [especially because of punishment for
enuresis]” (Brabant, Falzeder, and Giampieri-Deutsch, 1992, p. 271).
Jung establishes the significance of the father in the development of enuresis in young
children (1916, chapter 3).
40. In-text Citing of Electronic Sources
Treat electronic sources the same as print sources.
Direct quotations from e-sources which don’t have page numbers are referenced
by paragraph or heading and paragraph number, if available:
Eiberg, Berendt, and Mohr (1995) concluded in a Danish study that “nocturnal
enuresis, or nightly bedwetting in children more than seven years of age
affects about 10% of seven-year-old children, with a wide range of
frequencies between populations” (para. 4).
A recent Italian study found that “the prevalence of enuresis was higher when
the child was from a family of low socio-economic status despite the child's
age group” (Chiozza et al., 2002, “Results,” para 3). [This source has > 6
authors (in fact, 8), so ‘et al.’ is used for all authors after the first named
author.]
42. References List
The References list appears at the end of your paper on
its own page.
Everything you referenced in your text must be listed in
your References list .
Conversely, everything you list in the References list must
be cited in your essay.
The References list provides the information needed for a
reader to find and retrieve any source used in your paper.
43. Sample References Page
*Sources are listed alphabetically
Indent all lines after
the first ½ inch for
each reference
listed
*The entire
References page
is double-spaced
Title “References” is centered
at the top of the page
Be sure to
include the digital
object identifier
(doi), if the
source has one
All citations end
in a period (.),
except those with
a doi or URL
*All papers in APA
style must be in 12-
pt., Times New
Roman font
44. Most Periodical Citations Will Include:
Author
Date
Title
Source information
DOI (Digital Object Identifier)
Bennett, H. J. (2004, December). Bedwetting: An overview
of treatment options. Nutrition Health Review, 90, 5-7.
doi:10.9911.1137/1 Page numbers
Last Name, Abbreviated First
Commas
Source in italics
Year, Month (in parentheses)
Period
All words in title are lower case--
except for first word, first word after a
colon, and proper nouns
Volume # in italics
“digital object identifier”
45. Digital Object Identifier (doi)
A unique alphanumeric sequence, starting with “10,” used to
identify and to locate an item on the Internet
Example: doi:10.1000/186.ken888.888lee (no period at the end)
Also assigned to print sources
In a database, the doi is sometimes hidden behind a button with
the name of the database on it (e.g., PsychINFO) or the word
“Article.”
When a doi is present, the URL is not necessary
46. General Tips: Print Resources
Author’s last name first, then his first (and middle) name(s) abbreviated.
Lee, K.
If more than one author, but no more than six, list all authors, separated
by a comma, and connecting the last with an ampersand:
Schulman, S. L., Colish, Y., von Zuben, F. C., & Kodman-Jones, C.
Titles of books and periodicals are italicized and only the first word in
title and after a colon and proper nouns are capitalized:
Water world: Enuresis, the wet and dry of it.
Clinical Pediatrics
Article and chapter titles appear in regular font with same rules for
capitalization:
To treat bed-wetting, healthy doses of patience.
47. Books : What Should Be Included?
Author(s) or Editor(s).
(Date of publication).
Complete title.
Edition (if indicated).
Place of publication:
Publisher.
DOI (if available).
Butler, R. J., Green, D., & Procter, H.
(2007).
Child within: Taking the young
person's perspective by
applying personal construct
psychology.
(2nd ed).
Chichester, England:
Wiley & Sons.
10.1007/978-1-84882-023-4
48. Book Examples
With one author:
Seligman, L. (1999). Selecting effective treatments: A comprehensive,
systematic guide to treating mental disorders. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
With three to six authors:
Tikling, S. F., Avulsion, D. T., Bonds, B., & Huckabee, T. S. (2008).
Unstoppable leakages: Every child deserves plumbing. Lanham, MD:
Rowman & Littlefield.
List all authors Last Name in full, then first
(and middle) name(s) abbreviated
Italicize title of book
Use a colon between the
main title and the subtitle
Remember to indent all
lines after the first line ½
inch
Date of publication in parentheses,
followed by a period
Publisher’s
name
If city of
publication is
not welknown,
add state
postal code
49. Books, Cont
Editors as authors:
Schmandt, J., & Schmundt, R. (Eds.). (1999). Regional bedwetting
styles: Impacts and response strategies. New York: Oxford
University Press.
Book by a corporate author:
National Research Council. (1992). China and the damming of the
Three Gorges: Opportunities for psychic enuresis. Washington:
National Academy.
For books with editors, list the editor’(s)
name(s) followed by “Eds.” in parentheses.
Follow with a period.
For corporate author, use full name
50. Two or More Sources by the Same Author(s):
Firor, J., Aberding, F. T., & Jakins, P. R. (2009). The changing
atmosphere: Enuretic raindrops. New Haven, CT: Yale University
Press.
Firor, J., Aberding, F. T., & Jakins, P. R. (2010). The adipose
greenhouse: Population, climate change, and creating a sustainable
water supply. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
List sources by the same author(s) in chronological order of their publication date.
51. Periodical Articles:
What Should Be Included?
Author(s).
Article title.
(Publication date in
parenthesis.).
Periodical title (journal,
magazine) italicized.
Volume # italicized, (Issue # in
parentheses),
Page numbers of the article.
Digital Object Identifier or URL
preceded by the phrase,
“Retrieved from” (w/o quotation
marks)
Depends on the type of
periodical: Journal,
Magazine, or Newspaper
But they generally require
this information
52. What Should Be Included?
Journal Articles
Author(s).
(Date of publication.).
Article title.
Periodical title (journal, magazine,
newspaper) Italicized.
Volume #(Issue #),
Page #.
Digital Object Identifier.
Farley, H. W., Long, H., Close, G.,
& Short, M.
(2008).
The scientific case for modern
anthropogenic causes for enlarged
prostate due to childhood enuresis in
adult males.
Monthly Review
60(3),
68-90.
doi:10.1037/0735-7036.122.116.
53. Articles
Journal article with doi:
Farley, H. W., Long, H., & Short, M. (2008). The scientific case for modern anthropogenic causes for
enlarged prostate due to childhood enuresis in adult males. Monthly Review, 60(3), 68-90.
doi:10.1037/0735-7036.122.116.
Magazine:
Manthorpe, C, Womening, M., Evadam, J., & Biternatura, L. (2009, May). "Feminists look at the scienc
of enuretic doppelgangers. New Scientist 85(3), 29-31.
Newspaper:
Tilgham, S. M. (2009, September 30). Science vs. women--a radical solution. New York Times, pp. F1,
F5.
Volume numbers in italics
Dates: For journals, year; for magazine, month and if applicable,
week; for daily newspaper, date. Note Formats: YYYY, MMM, DD.
Issue # in parentheses
Periodical titles in italics
In a newspaper article reference, use “pp.” if more
than one page, “p.” if only a single page.
54. General Tips
Electronic Resources
Digital Object Identifier (doi): Imperative that you include the doi if it’s
available
e.g., doi:10.3598.23444/k8iei.777 (no period at the end)
Uniform Resource Locator (URL): If the doi is not available, use the URL
(begins with “http:”) preceded by the phrase “Retrieved from”
e.g., Retrieved from http://www.netlibrary.com (no period at the end)
Database: Generally not necessary to identify, unless the database is
archival (e.g., JSTOR, ERIC)
55. Internet Sources
What Should Be Included?
Author(s), if available:
(Date electronic
publication was last
updated.).
Title of the document.
Title of scholarly project,
database, periodical, or
website.
URL address
Woo, C., & Hwang, D.
(2010).
Adjunctive behaviors in enuretic
preschoolers.
In S. Sue (Ed.), The Stanford
encyclopedia of philosophy (Fall 2010
ed.).
Retrieved from
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/behavi
oralism
56. Websites
Joyce, J., Dedalus, S., Bloom, L., & Bloom, M. (2009). Chiastic structure and
its affect on Mobius strips, Escher prints, and enuretic behaviors of gimpy
gertys. HyperJoyce Studies. Hypermedia Joyce Studies, 10. Retrieved from
http://hjs.ff.cuni.cz/main/essays.php?essay=joyce
Yee, P., & Yee, K. (2008). Climatological impacts on and fractal patterns of
urinal stains. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved from
http://www.epa.gov
57. Electronic Articles
Journal:
Laurance, A. R. A. B. (2008). Can carbon-
laundering save bedsheets? Bioscience, 58(4),
286-87. doi:10.2010.1492/cc.3shps
Digital Object Identifier
No period
Volume #(Issue#),
page numbers
58. Electronic Articles, Cont..
Newspaper:
Ball, J. N., Chain, A., & Bonds, B. (2008, October 9).
“Warmer climates a determinant in free-flow enuretic
behaviors.” Wall Street Journal, pp. A1, A5.
Source in italics
Date article was published
If only a single page, use “p.”; if continuous pages, use
hyphen, e.g., A1-A5
59. Electronic Books
Electronic versions of print book:
Salty, J. (2009). Bed-time stories for bedwetters: Putting a cork in it [10th ed.]. doi:
10.1036/00713393722
Sweet, W. (2010). Kicking the bedwetting habit: What it takes to dry up [Rev. ed.].
Retrieved from http://www.netlibrary.com
Electronic-only book:
Trojan, S. C. (n.d.). Creating a climate for change: Communicating change and
facilitating social change. Retrieved from http://www.googlebooks.com/itemID=456
Info re: editions, volume numbers, page numbers go
in brackets followed by a period
60. Other Sources
Other sources can also be used and cited
•Technical & research
reports
•Meetings & symposia
•Doctoral dissertations &
master’s theses
•Audiovisual media
•Data sets, software,
measurement instruments, and
apparatus
•Internet messages boards,
electronic mailing lists, online
communities
61. Other Sources
What Should Be Included?
Technical reports:
Browning, R. & Barrett, E. (2006). Romantic auras and enuretic halos
(Report No. 1869). Devonshire, England.
National Institute of Mental Health. Task Force on Female Enenurism.
(2008). Report on the sexualization of prepubscent girls diagnosed
with enurism. Retreived from
http://www.nimh.gov/taskforceenurism/sexualization
Meetings & symposia, published proceedings:
Hegel, J., Bach, J. S., & Maeterninck, F. (2008, May). Dialectics, atonal
harmony, francophile politics and interdisciplinary enuretics. In
Godel, J. (Chair), 109th Symposium of Enuretics Anonymous.
Symposium conducted at the meeting of Enuretics Anonymous,
Thailand.
62. What is the purpose of APA-style
references in a reference section?
The references in your reference section provide
your readers with the information necessary to
retrieve the sources you cited in the body of your
paper by performing a library or online search.
63. What questions are answered in an APA-
style reference that will enable a reader to
perform a successful search?
Who wrote this document?
When was it written?
What was its title?
Where was it published?
Who published it?
65. Example
Suppose you paraphrased information from a book titled
Sigmund Freud: Champion of the Unconscious by Gerald
R. Smith and Thomas T. Ferguson that was published by
Worth Publishers of St. Paul, Minnesota in 2001.
67. When was it written?
Smith, G. R., & Ferguson, T. T. (2001).
68. What was its title?
Smith, G. R., & Ferguson, T. T. (2001). Sigmund
Freud: Champion of the unconscious.
69. Where was it published?
Smith, G. R., & Ferguson, T. T. (2001). Sigmund Freud:
Champion of the unconscious. St. Paul, MN:
If two or more publisher locations are given, use the
location listed first in the book or, if specified, the
location of the publisher’s home office.
70. Who published it?
Smith, G. R., & Ferguson, T. T. (2001). Sigmund Freud:
Champion of the unconscious. St. Paul, MN: Worth.
Include only the publisher’s name, without any
unnecessary words like Publisher, Co., or Inc., but do
retain the words Books or Press.
71. Important details to remember...
Spacing
Use of the ampersand (&)
Use of italics
Capitalization
Hanging indentation
Primary and secondary sources
72. Spacing
Follow each punctuation mark (e.g., comma, period,
and colon) with one space.
Smith, G. R., & Ferguson, T. T. (2001). Sigmund
Freud: Champion of the unconscious. St. Paul,
MN: Worth.
73. Use of the ampersand (&)
Use an ampersand before the final author and
precede it with a comma.
Smith, G. R., & Ferguson, T. T. (2001). Sigmund
Freud: Champion of the unconscious. St. Paul, MN:
Worth.
74. Use of italics
Italicize the title of the book.
Smith, G. R., & Ferguson, T. T. (2001). Sigmund
Freud: Champion of the unconscious. St. Paul, MN:
Worth.
75. Capitalization
Capitalize only the first word in the title of a book,
except for proper nouns and the first word that follows
a colon.
Smith, G. R., & Ferguson, T. T. (2001). Sigmund
Freud: Champion of the unconscious. St. Paul,
MN: Worth.
76. Hanging paragraph indentation
Use Word’s hanging indent command to indent the second and all
following lines of your reference.
(FormatParagraphIndent and SpacingSpecial Hanging)
Smith, G. R., & Ferguson, T. T. (2001). Sigmund Freud: Champion
of the unconscious. St. Paul, MN: Worth.
78. All the important words in the title of a journal
are capitalized, and the journal title and its
volume number are italicized. If page numbers
start at 1 in each issue of a volume, put the
issue number in parenthesis—but not in
italics—immediately after the volume number.
Jones, L. K. (2003). The social life of chimpanzees.
Journal of Animal Behavior, 7(2), 1-18.
79. If two references by the same author(s) with the same date appear
in the text of your paper, one will appear as Jones (2006a) and the
other will appear as Jones (2006b).
The a or b will be determined by how they are alphabetized in the
reference section, not the order in which they appear in the text.
In this case, the references in the reference section would look like
the following because the B in Birds comes before the Z in Zebra.
(Please note that an A or a The at the beginning of a title is
ignored in the alphabetizing process.)
Jones, T. J. (2006a). Birds are smart creatures. Dallas, TX: Harcourt.
Jones, T. J. (2006b). A zebra is a striped horse. Peoria, IL: Wiley.
80. When a book has no author, use
the publisher as the author and
replace the publisher with the
word “Author.”
Harvard University. (1999). The diary of
William James. Cambridge, MA: Author.
81. When referencing an online source,
follow the title with the date you
retrieved it and its url. Do not put a
period after the url.
Smith, J. N. (n.d.). Careers for psychology majors.
Retrieved October 1, 2008, from Yale University,
Psychology Department Web site:
http://www.YalePsych.edu/jobs
If the document is contained within a large and complex Web site
(such as that for a university or government agency), identify the
host organization and the relevant program or department before
giving the URL for the document itself.
82. When referencing a publication of limited
circulation (e.g., a class syllabus or handout),
follow its title with the mailing and/or email
address of where it can be obtained.
Jones, P. J. (2004). Syllabus for PSY B301
Abnormal Psychology. (Available from the
Butler University Psychology Department, 402 Main
Street, Indianapolis, IN 46222-3456)
83. Personal communications that cannot be
retrieved by readers (e.g., conversations,
classroom discussions, email messages)
are not included in the reference section
of your paper.
84. Other Sources
What Should Be Included?
Doctoral dissertations:
Wannabee, R. J. (1996). Bedwetters and broomsticks: An inquiry into
discipline and enurism (Master’s thesis). Retrieved from University
Microfilms. (Accession No. 192883-96)
Audiovisual Media, video:
Hitchcock, A. (Director). (1957). Rear window on enuretic behavior among
adults [DVD]. Available from Universal Studios.
Internet message boards, electronic mailing lists, and online communities—
blog post:
Jobs, S. (2010, June 6). I-phone 4 and enuretic ring tones [Web log comment].
Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/newproducts/iphone/4/php
85. Publication manual of the American Psychological Association. (2010.)
6th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Trimmer, J. F. A guide to MLA documentation: with an appendix to APA
style. (2010.) 8th ed. Boston: Wadsworth.
If you come across
anything not mentioned in
this presentation or need
further information, consult
the Publication Manual of
the APA in the library!
Subtitle for this slim, but handy guide is “with an appendix to APA style.”
86. The End
Please send comments or suggestions about this presentation to
Rajendra P Sharma
GPO: 21488
Kathmandu, Nepal
January 2015
rpsharma@mailcity.com