1. Definition of urbanization: (size, density, proportion of population compared to rural and surrounding rural areas) 1. Proportion of the total population concentrated in urban settlements, or else to a rise in this proportion. A common mistake is to think of urbanization as simply the growth of cities. total population comprises of both urban and rural and therefore, proportion urban is function of both. If both city and rural grows at equal rate, there is no urbanization. 2. Global Cities: (Density, culture, and mobility: Tokyo,Seoul,Mexico City, London,etc.) 3. Factors Affecting Urbanization: (push and pull) 4. Consequences of Urbanization: (both positive and negative) 5. Lynch's Mental Map-Images of city: (Path,District,Edge, Landmark,and Node) 6. Graphic Presentation: (Urbanization, Suburbanization, Edge City, Natural Growth) 6. Remember: when drawing graphs, you must remember the following---city center, edge of city, population density, distance from city center, two time periods, point where two graphs cross. 7. Historical Look at City Growth Theory: Commercial, Industrial, Corporate, and Global Cities (Accumulation) 7. Commercial (1850s and beyond): 1. Merchants accumulated their wealth through commodity exchanges 2. Political connections were important. Cities like London were dominant in activities 3. Cities were heterogeneous, mixing class of people in the city. 4. Workplace and residence were connected. Socioeocnomic segregation did not increase in this period. 5. City life was easy communality. However, uneven income distribution between buyers and sellers, thus creating popular protests. 7. Industrial (late 19th century): 1. Factories relied heavily on homogenous production and labor, and also on available workers. 1. Good example would be early textile mills along the rivers of New England (Lowell, Lawrence, Waltham, and Lynn). 1. These cities relied on worker pools, rail and water access for transportation, easy access to consumer markets, and innovation techniques. Spatial characteristics--- huge factories in downtown area, newly created segregated residential development (workers near factories, industrialists away from downtown), middle and upper class moved to outside of city center, growth of shopping districts in downtown area for convenience shopping. 1. City life became intense and little choice for workers. 7. Corporate (early 20th century and present): 2. Corporations began searching for stability and security from the experiences of industrial city experience. 2. Decentralization of manufacturing (snowbelt and sunbelt, south, southwest, non-union states, low wages, cheap land), creation of downtown central business districts, suburban growth, and no visible downtown for many corporate cities. 2. No centers anywhere, diffuse economic activities everywhere. 2. Clear division among socioeconomic class, commuting became diffused (not one way, but several different ways). 2. Citis like Phoenix, San Diego, Houston, Dal ...

1. 1. Definition of urbanization: (size, density, proportion of
population compared to rural and surrounding rural areas)
1. Proportion of the total population concentrated in urban
settlements, or else to a rise in this proportion. A common
mistake is to think of urbanization as simply the growth of
cities. total population comprises of both urban and rural and
therefore, proportion urban is function of both. If both city and
rural grows at equal rate, there is no urbanization.
2. Global Cities: (Density, culture, and mobility:
Tokyo,Seoul,Mexico City, London,etc.)
3. Factors Affecting Urbanization: (push and pull)
4. Consequences of Urbanization: (both positive and negative)
5. Lynch's Mental Map-Images of city: (Path,District,Edge,
Landmark,and Node)
6. Graphic Presentation: (Urbanization, Suburbanization, Edge
City, Natural Growth)
6. Remember: when drawing graphs, you must remember the
following---city center, edge of city, population density,
distance from city center, two time periods, point where two
graphs cross.
7. Historical Look at City Growth Theory: Commercial,
Industrial, Corporate, and Global Cities (Accumulation)
7. Commercial (1850s and beyond):
1. Merchants accumulated their wealth through commodity
exchanges
2. Political connections were important. Cities like London
were dominant in activities
3. Cities were heterogeneous, mixing class of people in the city.
4. Workplace and residence were
connected. Socioeocnomic segregation did not increase in this
period.
5. City life was easy communality. However, uneven income
distribution between buyers and sellers, thus creating popular
protests.

2. 7. Industrial (late 19th century):
1. Factories relied heavily on homogenous production and labor,
and also on available workers.
1. Good example would be early textile mills along the rivers of
New England (Lowell, Lawrence, Waltham, and Lynn).
1. These cities relied on worker pools, rail and water access for
transportation, easy access to consumer markets, and innovation
techniques. Spatial characteristics--- huge factories in
downtown area, newly created segregated residential
development (workers near factories, industrialists away from
downtown), middle and upper class moved to outside of city
center, growth of shopping districts in downtown area for
convenience shopping.
1. City life became intense and little choice for workers.
7. Corporate (early 20th century and present):
2. Corporations began searching for stability and security from
the experiences of industrial city experience.
2. Decentralization of manufacturing (snowbelt and sunbelt,
south, southwest, non-union states, low wages, cheap land),
creation of downtown central business districts, suburban
growth, and no visible downtown for many corporate cities.
2. No centers anywhere, diffuse economic activities everywhere.
2. Clear division among socioeconomic class, commuting
became diffused (not one way, but several different ways).
2. Citis like Phoenix, San Diego, Houston, Dallas, and others
are good examples.
7. Global (1980s and beyond):
3. Corporations search more for stability and seek for more
profits.
3. Outsourcing of manufacturing activities, factories closing,
corporations feel that they do not belong to any one country,
suburban fragmentation continues, still no visible centers, and
issues with job types created.
3. Most recent phenomenon is that some corporations are
coming bact to America for manufacturing activities (i.e.,
robotic assembly, high-tech background workers, etc.)

3. 3. Think globally, act locally, or think globally, act globally.
WHAT IS A CITY?
“Let us define as a city a community with a significant degree
of division of labor that makes it part of a network of cities.
That would distinguish it, for instance from a settlement of
farmers, such as Jericho, with a population believed to have
been in the region of 1-2,000. albeit protected, famously, by a
wall, but not operating in a system of cities….”

5. TIMELINE OF EARLY CITIES
FLOODPLAIN CITIES: 3500 b.c., cities of Ur, Uruk, Nineveh,
Babylon
EGYPT: Old Kingdom from around 2600 b.c.
GREEK CITY STATES: around 450 b.c.
ROME: early Roman Republic formed 509 b.c.; Julius Caesar
ruled from 60 b.c. and accelerated conquests; 412 a.d. Alaric
the Visigoth sacked Rome

7. FLOODPLAIN CITIES
Cities of Uruk, Ur, Nineveh, Babylon estimated at around
10,000

10. WESTERN ROOTS IN FLOODPLAIN CITIES
Centered around rivers for trade
Hierarchical urban space
Huge religious structures at center of city for ceremonies
Residential areas like suburbs; note flat roofs
Streets for triumphal processions

12. TIGRIS/ EUPHRATES RIVER BASIN AS CRADLE OF WEST
Tribes had farmed for centuries with herds; simple clan
structure
At some point, migrated from mountains to floodplain, where
they found fertile conditions for farming crops
This meant they had to plan ahead

14. Low Lying Territory, prone to flooding, fertile for crops

16. IRRIGATED FARMING ENCOURAGED EARLY URBANISM
Surplus grain requires sophisticated record keeping, taxation,
government
Scientific projections about the seasons; new knowledge and
new priest class
Complex division of labor
Growth of a wealthy class, which encouraged the arts, poetry,
leisure . . . .
Ambitious architecture to glorify power and wealth
PEOPLE HAD TIME ON THEIR HANDS

18. POWER OF RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS: ZIGGURAT

20. ARCHITECTURE THAT IMPOSES: BABYLON PALACE
GATES

22. LEISURE TO CREATE ART
Art to glorify rulers, impress your neighboring states, ensure
immortality
With art comes a new class of artists and creative people

24. EARLY EXAMPLE OF GIS…
This is a gridded mold, to be superimposed on a sheep’s liver
Priests, or wise men, would note blemishes or marks on the
liver and make prophecies according to location on the grid
Early spatial technology!

26. GRAPHIC RENDERING OF FLOODPLAIN CITY

28. ZIGGURATAS THOUGHT TO BE BIBLICAL “TOWER OF
BABEL”
Medes, Persians, Syrians were the “bad guys” of the Old
Testament
Likewise the golden calves, the false idols

30. ANCIENT EGYPT
Memphis, Thebes and later Alexandria; Egypt was “urban” but
had few cities

33. EGYPT: A NEW DIMENSION OF SYMBOLISM & BEAUTY

35. EGYPT WELL DEFENDED, PROTECTED BY CLIFFS

37. EGYPT: BUILDING AS SYMBOL
Egyptian obsession with death and the afterlife
The fertile Nile allows plenty of leisure time for building
Buildings express religious power, they powerfully symbolize
death, birth and the afterlife

39. SACRED TOMB OF QUEEN HATCHEPSUT

41. EGYPT: BUILDING AS SYMBOL OF DEATH

46. LESS KNOWN ABOUT EGYPTIAN DOMESTIC LIFE;
MAYBE MORE CHEERFUL
Maybe history distorts our perceptions
Lives of ordinary Egyptians are lost; only granite monuments
remain

48. EXAMPLES OF EQYPTIAN ART

50. THE ANCIENT GREEK “POLIS”
Athens, Mycaenae, and numerous city states

54. ANCIENT GREECE BRINGS NEW DIMENSION TO URBAN
PLANNING

55. GREEKS: NEW THINKING ABOUT PLANNING
What is civic life?

56. What are civic obligations?
What is democracy, what is tyranny?
What is the perfect city?
Said the perfect city has 10,000 people-- ha ha!

57. OLIVES FOR CIVIC BONDING
Early Greek ruler gave an olive tree to each household, good
food source

58. But also . . . Fostered good neighborliness because the roots
were so invasive

59. TERRAIN KEPT CITIES SMALL; GOOD SITING

61. SITING THE PARTHENON

63. CREATIVE USE OF OUTDOORS IN ANCIENT GREECE

65. STOA, AS CENTER OF GREEK GOVERNMENT

67. EARLY PLAN OF MILETUS, note stoa and agora

69. WORSHIP OF THE MALE BODY
Cultivated health, physical prowess and physical beauty--in
males
Origins of the Olympics, Marathon, Athletic stadiums
Celebration of the outdoors

71. POWER OF GREEK THINKING
Aristotle
Sophocles
Socrates
Plato
Hypocrates
Demosthenes
Pythagoras

73. GREEK AGORA

75. ANCIENT ROME
Also the towns of Ostia, Pompeii, and numerous Roman towns
in Britain (Londinium, Eboracum), Spain, France

78. ROMAN CITIES AS CENTERS OF POWER AND
GOVERNMENT

80. ROMAN EMPIRE AT MAXIMUM
NORTH to Scotland, Germany
WEST to Portugal, Spain, France
SOUTH to Morocco, Egypt, Sudan, Lybia
EAST NORTH to Jordan, Armenia, Syria, Iraq, Azerbaijan

82. ROMANS AS PLANNERS
Romans were the empire builders; rulers, and regional planners
Created blueprints for planned cities throughout the empire
Absorbed Greek thinking, and exported it
Master-builders, massive proliferation

84. ROMAN FORUM
Buildings organized to convey power and authority
Public space acquires a new meaning
Looks familiar, doesn’t it? Why?
Use of concrete

86. ROMAN LANDSCAPE FERTILE, EASY TO TRAVEL

88. ROMAN ROAD NEAR OSTIA

90. PONT DU GARDE, NIMES

91. ROMANS: REGIONAL PLANNING

93. TYPICAL STREET, POMPEII

95. WALL PAINTINGS IN POMPEII

97. 1st CENTURY, ROMAN CITIES HAD APARTMENT BLOCKS
Apartments for less wealthy citizens
7-8 Stories high max.
Dwellings above shops at street level (bakeries, wine shops etc.)
Could get crowded and dirty; often one family per room
Familiar to apartment living: slum landlords, rent control,
zoning to limit height--just like today
Was running sewage, though basic

99. ROMAN CIVILIZATION IN REMOTE PARTS OF EMPIRE

101. MEDIEVAL EUROPE
Most European cities! Bremen, Carcasonne, Bruges, Ghent,
Seville

105. THE ENCHANTED MEDIEVAL CITY, ON A HILL

106. MEDIEVAL CITY: A CITY OF DEFENSE AGAINST
DANGERS

108. FEAR OF FORESTS DEFINED HOW PEOPLE LIVED

110. Period of Chivalry
Not much by way of city-building! Too much fighting!
Lord of the Ring as medieval
Opinions differ as to the violence of the Middle Ages, whether
or not they were clean and livable

112. The importance of gates in the Middle Ages, to keep intruders
out
Here you see the PORTE MORDELAISE, RENNES, FRANCE

114. IMPORTANCE OF THE CHURCH IN MIDDLE AGES
One third of people were employed by the church
Churches were built by common people, artisans
The church was typically the largest visible building

116. SIZE OF THE CHURCH IN RELATION TO CITY
Church towered visually and psychologically over residents
Sound of bells ten times a day; call to work, call to prayer

118. THE MEDIEVAL STREET
Today we try and recreate the medieval street; it’s intimate,
narrow, winding and informal
We love the long-lost togetherness; strong nostalgia at work

120. RENAISSANCE CITIES
Famously Florence, Venice, Rome, Milan

123. RENAISSANCE MAN AT CENTRE

127. RENAISSANCE CITIES

129. RENAISSANCE CITIES
Size, splendor as rulers and wealthy leaders seek to enhance
their prestige
New attention to architecture, classicism; professional
architects
Rules about architecture: Palladio

131. ENGLISH LANDSCAPE GARDEN STYLE
Origins of suburbia as we know it
English stately homes of Stowe, Stourhead; this style influenced
suburban living in the U.S.

134. “SCHOLAR” GARDENS OF SOUTH CHINA
Naturalistic, free flowing to copy nature
Vanishing rivers and paths; willows dipping into the
water…image of peace and tranquillity

138. THE STORY TURNS TO ENGLAND; REVOLT AGAINST
FORMAL GARDENS
Sir William Chambers, a Scottish architect (1723-1796) traveled
to China in the 1740s
Returned to English court; described the beauty of Chinese
gardens
English gardens at the time were stiff and formal (see clipped
shrubs and hedges)

142. LEGACY OF ENGLISH 18th CENTURY “LANDSCAPE”
GARDENS
Stourhead as 18th Century garden: Artificial landscape of man-
made lakes and hills to create illusions of nature
Age of Enlightenment
Aimed at seclusion and privacy; reaction against artificial and
urban

144. HUMPHREY REPTON & THE RED BOOK
Landscape architects designed the estates of wealthy aristocrats;
ambitious plans to include rivers, lakes and artificial hills
Repton’s “Red Book” showed before and after scenarios
Always the illusion of solitude

146. TREES, SWANS AND LAWN, PLUS A FEW FAKE RUINS

148. HOUSE SET IN “WILDERNESS”
Artificially created home in natural setting--note there are no
people around. The nearby village was carefully screened off
Aristocratic vision of stately isolation--that’s behind today’s
suburbs

150. CENTRAL PARK INFLUENCED BY ENGLISH SCHOOL

152. THE LEGACY OF ENGLISH GARDENS ON THE US
Frederick Law Olmsted visited England before designing
Central Park; came back inspired by romantic parks and gardens
Built Central Park; Franklin Park and many others
Arguably the root of Americans’ taste for secluded, suburban
homes

154. OUR DESIRE TO CREATE WILDERNESS IN THE CITY

155. SO TODAY, WE ALL WANT TO LIVE WITH NATURE (!)
Sprawl
Chemicals for grass
Loss of community

156. Sad catalogue of suburban evils…….