Ppt presentation for the classroom about the study of the rural and urban areas. 3º ESO G&H

1. UNIT 4
TOWNS AND CITIES

2. CONTENTS
AND
ACTIVITIES

3. 1. Rural habitats across the world.
The rural population is currently about 3 400 million
(something like 47% of the world’s population) but it is
in decline, especially in developing countries or
emerging powers.
2.1.Towns and villages
Jungle and Woods: hamlets difficult to reach.
Areas of intensive agriculture: Dispersed
settlements, individual farms dotted over local
area.
Extensive agricultura: Largervillages. Fishing áreas: Small villages.

4. 1. RURAL HABITATS
It can be defined as the one that has an
extensive use of the land, large natural
spaces, low population density and a
constant relationship with the
environment.
RURAL SPACE
NATURAL SPACE
AGRICULTURAL AREAS
ISOLATED SETTLEMENTS
DISPERSE SETTLEMENTS
CONCENTRATED SETTLEMENTS
RURAL
PROBLEMS
Isolation
Backwardness
Emigration
SOLUTIONS
Rural tourism
Second residences
Economic
diversification

5. ISOLATEDCONCENTRATED
DISPERSE

7. ACTIVITY
• Look at the picture and
answer:
• What kind of settlement
do you observe?Where
would you locate it?
(Areas studied)
• What other kind of
settlement do you know?
• What are the most
important changes that in
the rural areas are
occurring for having a
better future? Explain
them.

8. 2. URBAN HABITATS.
During the last few
decades, cities have
become more densely
populated. 53% of the
human population is
urban.
To be considered a
city, a human
settlement needs:
Demographic
size
Functions
(Tertiary sector or
secondary)

9. 2. URBAN SETTLEMENTS
ARE CHARACTERIZED FOR
BEING
Secondary and tertiary activities
centers
High population density
Shopping centers and political
decision-making places
The economic investment heart
PHASES OF A CITY
EVOLUTION
Urbanization (Immigration)
Suburbanization (extension)
Desurbanization (commuter town)
Redevelopment (historic center)
URBAN
SETTLEMENTS
MODELS
SOUTH AMERICAN
NORTH AMERICAN
EUROPEAN
ASIAN & AFRICAN

10. 2. URBAN HABITATS. Structure and morphology
• Urban structure
refers to the
functional internal
organisation of cities
as well as to their
different uses.
• Residential
• Business centres
• Administrative
• Industrial
• Shopping
• Entertainment…
• Urban morphology refers to
the external appearance of a
city, distribution of the streets
and cities.
• Plans:
• Orthogonal
• Radial
• irregular

11. Orthogonal plan
Also called grid plan , this plan
consits of straight, wide streets
that cross at right angles.
ADVANTAGES
- Organization
- Space
- Facilitates the
traffic
- Regular
buildings…
DISADVANTAGES
- Longs distances to
cover (solved by
diagonals)

12. Irregular plan
This plan doesn’t have a defined
geometric shape and is formed
by short, narrow streets and
alleys of irregular layouts.
DISADVANTAGES
- Traffic problems
- No open spaces or
Green areas

13. Radiocentric plan
This plan consits of a central
point from which streets
radiate, like the spokes of a
Wheel, crossed by others
that form concentric circles.
ADVANTAGES
- Easy
communications
center-periphery
- Adapted to
landforms
DISADVANTAGES
- Difficult for vehicles

16. 2. URBAN HABITATS. The world’s urban
population.

17. 2. URBAN HABITATS. The world’s
urban population.
mapa

18. 2. URBAN HABITATS. The world’s
urban population.

19. REVIEW & PRACTICE
• OUTLINE PAG 66-67
• ACTIVITIES: 5 , 7
• Glossary: orthogonal plan, irregular plan, radiocentric plan. (including a picture of the
types of plans)

20. 3. HISTORICALTRANSFORMATION OFTHE CITIES
• Muslims cities. Medieval origin or even before that time.
• Dense and irregular buildings, with narrow streets and without public spaces like
gardens.
• Public and religious buildings are the city centre.
Traditional cities have been experiencing changes that reflect its history.
TOLEDO
CAIRO

21. • South and Central American colonial cities. Created post 16th century.
• Orthogonal design and a large square in the city centre.
• Their population grew enormously in the second half of the 20th century.
SANTIAGO
DE CHILE
SANTO
DOMINGO
3. HISTORICALTRANSFORMATION OFTHE CITIES
Traditional cities have been experiencing changes that reflect its history.

22. • Historical Asian cities. . Ancient grand capitals.
• Became very large and acquired a lot of power during the Middle Ages and have been
developing very fast during the last decades.
MANILA
BEIJING
3. HISTORICALTRANSFORMATION OFTHE CITIES
Traditional cities have been experiencing changes that reflect its history.

23. • American megacities. They have received many European immigrants,
which stimulated urban gorwth, becoming the model of megacity
growging in vertical.
• They have orthogonal plan with the CBD in the city centre..
CHICAGO
NY
3. HISTORICALTRANSFORMATION OFTHE CITIES
Traditional cities have been experiencing changes that reflect its history.

24. • Asian megacities. They have increased in economic, politic and
technological power during the last decades.
• Are built surrounding the CBD
• The cities occupy large areas and are in need of an effective use of the land and
communications.
TOKYO
SEOUL
3. HISTORICALTRANSFORMATION OFTHE CITIES
Traditional cities have been experiencing changes that reflect its history.

25. • European cities. They have suffered a long historical evolution.
• It can be clearly appreciated the hictorical centre, that reflect what the city has gone
through.
• During the process of industralization , they received many immigrants and grew
through the expansion districts (ensanches).
• Nowadays are suffering a process of suburban growth.
3. HISTORICALTRANSFORMATION OFTHE CITIES
Traditional cities have been experiencing changes that reflect its history.

26. MADRID

27. BARCELONA

28. PARIS

29. LONDON

30. ROME

31. REVIEW & PRACTICE
• OUTLINE PAG 68-69
• Glossary:CBD (Central Business district), expansión district (ensanche).

32. 4. URBAN AREAS: OPPORTUNITIES AND PROBLEMS
THE CITIES PROJECT A
SOCIAL, CULTURAL AND
ECONOMIC INFLUENCE
OVERTHE SURROUNDING
AREA.
MEDIUM CITIES
REGIONAL CITIES
NATIONAL METROPOLISIS
WORLD METROPOLISIS
PROBLEMS:
 Environmental
 Provisions and consumption
 Social
ADVANTAJES:
 Infrastructures and equipment
 Employment and personal progress
 Higher life quality in some cases

33. URBAN AREAS
4. Urban hierarchies in the world
WORLD
METROPOLISIS
• Large urban centres which
are integrated with smaller
cities. They are global
decision centers
• NewYork,Tokyo,
London…
MEGACITIES
• Have more than 10
million inhabitants. They
have global economic
and political importance
• Seoul, Mexico City, Sao
Paulo…
MEGALOPOLISES
• Conglomerations of large
cities formed by joining
together some
metropolitan areas
• Boswash, Chipitts,
Sansan,Tokaido
WORLD CITIES

34. NATIONAL
AND
CONTINENTAL
METROPOLISIS
• Have a large surface area and
affect the whole country, or
continent
• They are financial, commercial,
technologic, university,
industrials… centers
• Madrid, Paris, San Francisco,
BuenosAires…
REGIONAL
CITIES
• These cities also have a great
influence over the country or
even continent.
• They offer the same service than
the previous ones but in a small
scale.
• Barcelona, Milán, Miami,
Santiago de Chile…
CITIES WITH
NATIONAL AND
CONTINENTAL
INFLUENCES
URBAN AREAS
4. Urban hierarchies in the world

35. SUB-
REGIONAL
CITIES
• These have the same kind of
services as a large city but on a
smaller scale and less accessibility.
They are financial, commercial,
turistic, administrative centers…
Good quality of life.
• Pamplona, Santander, Oporto,
Ghent…
MEDIUM CITIES
URBAN AREAS
4. Urban hierarchies in the world

37. REVIEW & PRACTICE
• OUTLINE PAG 70-71
• ACTIVITY: 17

38. URBAN AREAS
6. Problems and values of the cities.
Strengths
• Active and employment opportunities
• Innovative and developed
• Wide range of employment
Weaknesses
• Educational opportunities, cultural offer, and specialised areas of
attention.
• Like-minded people and the opportunity to associate with them
• Better communications
• Efficient public transport
• Better recycling systems
• Abundance of leisure activities
• Same with sporting activities
• Parks, green spaces
• Dependence on raw materials from outside the city
• More stress in the workplace
• Problems of unemployment
• Oversubscription for activities
• Artificial lifestyles
• Lack of personal relations
• Pockets of poverty, violence
• Air pollution and long distances to travel
• High consumption of energy and water
• Lots of rubbish and sewage
• Absence of green spaces
• High prices for services
• Lack of personal time
Fuente: Oxford educación
ECONOMIC
EDUCATIONAL
AND SOCIAL
ENVIRONMENT
RECREATION

39. OBSERVETHE PICTURESANDANSWER:
• Which Planet areas are the ones that have more light?Why do we have more light in some
areas than others?
• Look at the enlarged European map, point out some examples of world metropolisis,
continental metropolisis and suprarregional cities.
• What environmental problem is shown in the picture that affect the cities? Why don’t we
have the same problems in 0ther areas? Name other problems and its consequences.
ACTIVITY

40. END OF UNIT ACTIVITY: consolidation
OBSERVETHE PICTURESANDANSWER:
• What kind of settlement do you observe on the left picture? And on the right one?
• What are the characteristics that present each one of these settlements?
• Which have been the recent evolution suffered by the cities? And what about the
transformations that the rural areas have experienced?
• What type of rural and urban settlement do you know? Explain each one of them.
Monestiés, Francia Nueva York, Estado Unidos

41. In pairs, observe
the following
table:
Imagine that you
have decided to
buy a house to go
to live together.
Where do you think
would be a better
place for living?A
rural area or city?
Why?You will
explain and expose
your final decision to
the rest of your
classmates.
END OF UNIT ACTIVITY: debate
URBAN AND RURAL SOCIETIES
RURAL SOCIETIES
The majority of the population works in
agriculture.
Natural enviroment predominance over
the human action. And tight relation between
both.
Small settlement and not dense houses.
Low population density.
Homogeneity in the society’s inhabitants
and characteristics.
Not much spatial, occupational and social
movement.
Tight social relationships and shorter
contacts list. These are done more directly.
Stronger relation and support between
neighbours and families.
Not wide ethnic and cultural diversity.
URBAN SOCIETIES
The population works in industries and
servicies.
Isolation from natural enviroment and
bigger presence of the human action.
Large settlements and dense buildings
distribution.
High population density.
Social heterogeneity.
Spatial occupational and social movement.
Large contact list and secondary relations
(more superficial and impersonal).
Support ties with groups, not most the
closest one.
Great ethnic and cultural variety.

42. GLOSSARY
• Orthogonal plan
• Irregular plan
• Radiocentric plan
• CBD
• Expansion district

43. • FranciscoJavier Montaño Fernández
Geography and History teacher