Lecture (second of three parts) for the 2018 UP Plano Board Exam Review Sessions; content credited to The City Reader (2016) and my Plan 201 learnings.

1. WHAT IS A CITY?
An urban drama.
A social institution.
(c) Pinterest

2. LEWIS MUMFORD
➤ 1895-1990, called Amercica’s
last great public intellectual
➤ Laid the foundation of the city
as a “a theatre of social
action,” which was later built
on by Jane Jacobs, Donal
Appleyard, and the new
generation of environmental
planners
➤ Wrote The City in History, The
Culture of Cities
http://images.fineartamerica.com/images-medium-large/lewis-
mumford-1895-1990-granger.jpg

3. LEWIS MUMFORD
➤ Said that physical design and
economic functions are
secondary to a city’s
relationship to the natural
environment and to spiritual
values of human community
➤ For example, many housing
plans are handicapped because
those who undertook the
work did not understand the
social functions of a city
http://images.fineartamerica.com/images-medium-large/lewis-
mumford-1895-1990-granger.jpg

4. “(The city is a theatre of) social
action… social drama… is more richly
significant, as a stage-set, well-
designed, intensified, and underlines
the gestures of the actors and the
action of the play.
-Lewis Mumford

5. CITIES OF COLOR:
THE NEW RACIAL FRONTIER
IN CALIFORNIA’S
MINORITIES AND MAJORITIES (c) rationalstandard.com

6. ALBERT M. CAMARILLO
➤ Stanford professor of history
➤ Studied migration and urban
populations; looked at the
relationship of majority-minority
cities
➤ Tackles black cities, Latino
barrios, Chinatowns, and cities of
color
➤ Studied three CA cities:
Lynwood, East Palo Alto, and
Seaside
➤ Multiple minority presence are
emerging in the global city
network

7. SIDEWALKS AND SAFETY(c) natco.org

8. JANE JACOBS
➤ An urban activist who was strong
and vocal against urban renewal;
she fought for new urbanism
➤ Wrote the powerful book The
Death and Life of Great
American Cities, which was an
open attack on urban renewal;
provided insight into the decline of
neighbourhoods in New York;
became a voice for slums and
communities
➤ Her book and activism led to the
eventual fall of urban renewal
towards city diversity, mixed-
use, dense neighborhoods, and
vibrant communities.

9. JANE JACOBS
➤ Heterogeneity, population
size, and density create a
distinct city personality, but
they also create
neighbourhood vitality,
social cohesion, and the
perception and reality of
safety
➤ “Eyes on the street”
➤ “Street ballet”

12. ““Cities have the capability of
providing something for everybody,
only because, and only when, they are
created by everybody.”
-Jane Jacobs

13. THE CREATIVE CLASS
(c) The Creative Class Group

14. RICHARD FLORIDA
➤ Said there are two layers to
the “creative class:” Super-
Creative Core and Creative
Professionals
➤ This new socio-economic class
creates ideas and innovation
rather than products
➤ Drives post-industrialism
rather than industrialism
➤ Creative class property is
intangible
(c) speakers.ca

15. SUPER CREATIVE CORE CREATIVE PROFESSIONALS
Scientists
Engineers
University professors
Poets
Novelists
Artists
Entertainers
Actors
Non-fiction writers
Editors
Researchers
Opinion-makers Financial services
Legal
Health care
Business management
Paraprofessionals
Technicians
TWO CREATIVE LAYERS
Thought leaders of modern society Add creative value to enterprises

16. URBAN SPACE
➤ Social exclusion and space by
Ali Madanipour
➤ Space of flows, space of places:
Materials for a theory of
urbanism in the information
age by Manuel Castells
URBAN
SPACE

17. SOCIAL
EXCLUSION(c) Financial Tribune

18. RACE GENDER
SOCIAL CLASS RELIGION

19. ALI MADANIPOUR
➤ Professor of urban design,
director of Global Research Unit,
Univ. Of Newcastle
➤ Globalization brings people
together, migration increases,
exclusion becomes more
pressing
➤ Asks the following:
➤ What ways are people
excluded?
➤ How is exclusion expressed in
space?
➤ What can be done?
(c) NCL

20. ECONOMIC DISCRIMINATION
Members of a group are excluded from employment
POLITICAL DISCRIMINATIONExcluded from political power by being denied voting
rights or full political representation
CULTURAL EXCLUSION
Groups are marginalised from symbols, meanings,
rituals, and discourses of dominant culture

21. 2 THEORETICAL APPROACHES FOR GREATER INCLUSION
1. Decommodification of space
2. Deliberate city planning to de-
spatialize social exclusion
(c) Next City

22. SPACE OF FLOWS,
SPACE OF PLACES(c) thestack

23. MANUEL CASTELLS
➤ Spanish sociologist and urban
planner
➤ Concept of space is changing
due to internet, mobile devices,
and computers
➤ Coined the term “network
society” from the Information
Age
➤ Introduced the space of place
and space of flows, geography
of new networks and nodes, the
network state, and how
information tech and transport
are connected
(c) ManuelCastells.info

24. SPACE OF PLACES
SPACE OF FLOWS(c) Cityateyelevel and dtvpackages

25. URBAN POLITICS,
GOVERNANCE, AND ECONOMICS
➤ Politics by Aristotle
➤ Broken windows by James Q.
Wilson and George L. Kelling
➤ The right to the city by David
Harvey
➤ Ladder of Citizen Participation
by Sherry Arnstein
URBAN
POLITICS,
GOVERNANCE,
AND
ECONOMICS

26. POLITICS
(c) Britannica

27. ARISTOTLE
➤ Asked key questions and gave
hypothesis that withstood
time:
➤ What is a state?
➤ Who is the citizen?
➤ What is government for?
➤ How populous should a city
be?
➤ How large geographically?
➤ Gave rise to bases of city
development, and debates on
immigrants rights
(c) Goodreads

28. “Man is by nature a political animal
that needs to live in some form of
community, which eventually takes
the form of a state.
-Aristotle (City Reader eds.)

29. BROKEN WINDOWS
(c) NPR

30. JAMES Q. WILSON AND
GEORGE L. KELLING
➤ Discussed urban crime in
inner-city neighborhoods
➤ What should government do
about crime? What is the
proper role of police?
➤ Troubled neighbourhoods lack
faith in the police
➤ Studied Newark, NJ
➤ What you do with a broken
window reflects conduct:
doing nothing has
consequences
(c) Manhattan Institute and the New Atlantis

31. “Public order is a fragile thing, and if
you don’t fix the first broken window,
soon all the windows will be broken.
-James Q. Wilson

32. THE RIGHT TO THE CITY

33. DAVID HARVEY
➤ Geographer, professor at City
University of New York
➤ “Right to the city” is a protest
demand due to disgust with
political oppression, cuts in
urban services, frustration with
unemployment, destruction of
parks and open spaces
➤ Urban and peri-urban
oppositions demand greater
democratic control over the
deployment of surpluses
through urbanization

34. “Every urban area in the world has its
building boom in full swing in the
midst of a flood of improverished
migrants that simultaneously created
a planet of slums.
-David Harvey

35. DAVID HARVEY
➤ “Accumulation by
disposession” as a process of
displacement under capitalism
➤ Surplus absorption through
urban transformation has
brought about “creative
destruction”

36. LADDER OF
CITIZEN
PARTICIPATION

37. SHERRY ARNSTEIN
➤ Social and health worker
➤ Published an article on the
ladder of citizen
participation, which gave
not only a voice but power to
the citizens. This addressed
how citizens were being
victimised, and led the way to
participatory planning
➤ Eradicating neighborhoods
top-down was both dishonest
and arrogant

38. CITIZEN PARTICIPATION
➤ How exactly should citizens
participate?
➤ “Information” and
“consultation” are legitimate
➤ “Partnerships” represent a
redistribution of power
➤ Total “citizen control” is rare
and has mixed results

39. URBAN PLANNING HISTORY
AND VISIONS
➤ Public parks and the enlargement
of towns by Frederick Law
Olmsted
➤ The town-country magnet by
Ebenezer Howard
➤ A contemporary city by Le
Corbusier
➤ Towards Sustainable Development
by the World Commission on
Environment and Development
➤ Green Manhattan: Everwhere
should be like New York by David
Owen
URBAN
PLANNING
HISTORY
AND VISIONS

40. PUBLIC PARKS

41. “A park was never an ornamental
addition to a city but an integral part
of its fabric and a force for future
growth on several levels: economic,
social, and cultural.
-Frederick Law Olmsted

42. FREDERICK LAW OLMSTED
➤ America’s great pioneer
landscape architect
➤ Originated the urban parks
movement, together with
Calvert Vaux
➤ Public Parks and the
Enlargement of Towns was an
address to the American Social
Science Association meeting in
Boston, 1870
➤ Designed Central Park, New
York
https://www.mdhumanities.org/wp-content/uploads/Olmsted_Caricature.jpg

43. FREDERICK LAW OLMSTED
➤Three great moral imperatives
for public parks:
1. Need to improve health
and sanitation, use of
trees to combat pollution
2. Need to combat urban
vice and social
degeneration
3. Need to advance the cause
of civilisation by the
provision of urban
amenities that would be
democratically available to
all
https://www.mdhumanities.org/wp-content/uploads/Olmsted_Caricature.jpg

45. “…the people continue to stream into
already overcrowded cities.
-Ebenezer Howard
TOWN-COUNTRY MAGNET

46. EBENEZER HOWARD
➤ A court stenographer
➤ Introduced the polycentric
garden cities and the
concept of three magnets
(urban-countryside dis/
advantages)
➤ Wrote Garden Cities of To-
morrow
https://www.mdhumanities.org/wp-content/uploads/Olmsted_Caricature.jpg

47. MAGNETIC FORCES
➤ Town magnet attracts for
jobs and amenities in the
modern metropolis
➤ Country magnet features
more natural but
desolate rural districts

48. GARDEN CITIES
➤ Diagrams only, not actual site
plans
➤ Has a central park containing
public buildings and a “Crystal
Palace” ring of retail stores
➤ 1,000-acre city with a 32,000
population encircled with an
agricultural greenbelt
➤ New cities would be
connected with the social
cities by a system of railroad
lines to form a metropolitan

49. The three magnets and the town-country relationship

50. To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to real reform (1989)
Garden Cities of To-Morrow (1902 reprint)
https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51xdgeraLcL._SY344_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Garden_Cities_of_To-morrow_title_page.jpg/220px-Garden_Cities_of_To-morrow_title_page.jpg

51. Examples of how the garden city was adopted: Letchworth, UK; Hellerau,
Germany; and Welwyn, England

52. GREENBETLS IN THE UK

53. CONTEMPORARY CITIES

54. LE CORBUSIER (1887-1965)
➤ Real name: Charles Edouard
Jeanneret-Gris; painter, architect,
city planner, philosopher
➤ One of the founding fathers of the
modernist movement in
architecture
➤ Cubist minimalist designs, and
strict, symmetric grids
➤ Presented “A Contemporary City
of Three Million People)
➤ Questioned with how can
democratic politics be practiced
in a Corbusian city? What are
the social relationships?
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/09/ad/
f5/09adf5f4633a1bc0c322716195d00fa7.png
http://www.renaud-bray.com/ImagesEditeurs/PG/41/41342-gf.jpg

55. ““We must decongest the centers
of our cities by increasing their
density.”
-Le Corbusier

56. Contemporary, radiant cities, as imagined by Le Corbusier
And an example: Stuvyesant, New York
http://images.adsttc.com/media/images/54f1/cc42/e58e/
cea9/4300/01f4/large_jpg/Stuyvesant-Town.jpg?1425132604
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/64/45/7f/
64457fbadcdcf75eed75aa1190342d55.jpg