This document discusses various theories and models of urban morphology and land use, including Burgess's concentric zone model, Hoyt's sector model, and the multiple nuclei model. It also examines factors that influence urban form such as transportation, land value, and population density. Criticisms of the different models are provided. The document provides an overview of concepts and patterns in urban spatial structure.

1. Spatial patterns in urban
landscape
• Definition of Urban Morphology
- Urban morphology refers to the physical
arrangement or structure of towns and
cities. It involves the mapping and
description of patterns of internal land use,
and includes street patterns, individual
buildings ,building blocks, densities and the
different functions of the town or city

3. Factors Influencing Urban
Morphology
• Site factors
• Historical and cultural factors
• Functional factors
• Government influence
• Social values
• Economic forces
~ economic circulation
~ economic accessibility / urban land rents

4. Bid Rent Theory

5. Bid rent theory

6. The Urban Land Rent Concept
and Distance Decay Mechanism
• 1. Areas of high accessibility
~ Centre of the city
~ Major traffic routes
~ Major traffic intersections
• Land values and uses in a city
~ The central Business district
~ Industrial land use
~ Residential land use

7. Bid rent
• Bid rent is the value of the land for different
purposes, such as commercial, manufacturing
residential purposes. Land at the centre of a city is
most expensive: it is the most accessible land to
public transport, and there is only a small amount
available.
• Prices decrease away from the central rea, although
there are secondary peaks at the intersections of
main roads and ring roads. Change in levels of
accessibility, due to private transport as opposed to
public transport explains why areas on the edge of
town are often now more accessible than inner areas.

8. Models of urban structure
Introduction
Most western cities exhibit areal specialization in
their internal land use patterns. That means “
functional areas” or “ functional zones”
The growth of cities in the 19th
century and early 20th
centuries produced a from that was easily
recognizable. It included a commercial area a
surrounding industrial zone with densely packed
housing, and out zones of suburban expansion and
development.
Every model is a simplification. Not evey city will fit
these models perfectly.

9. Stages of urban growth
• Infantile stage
• Juvenile stage
• Adolescent stage
• Early mature stage
• Fully mature stage

10. Urban Land Use Models
Burgess:
Concentric Zone
Hoyt:
Sector
Harris, Ullman:
Multiple Nuclei

11. Burgess’ Concentric Zone Model
1. Burgess’ concentric zone model is an
inductive model based on the case study of
Chicago in the 1920s. It is one of the
earliest attempts to provide some insight
into urban structure
2. Burgess used ecological factors to explain
the spatial variations within the city

12. Concentric Zone Model

13. • Competition
• Dominance
• Invasion
• Succession

14. Implicit assumptions
• The population throughout the city is evenly
distributed
• Movement is equally easy in all directions
• The whole city is considered an isotropic plain and
values decline regularly from a common central
point in the city
• Economic rent is highest near city centre and
decreases progressively away from the core
• Low income families are forced to live in high
density apartments or tenements close to the city
core

15. The five functional zones in
Burgess model
• Central Business District (CBD) or loop
• Zones in transition
• Working men’s residential zone
• Middle class residential zone
• High class residential zones/ commuters
zone

16. Advantages of the Burgess
Model
The model has the advantage that it is simple and
comprehensive and significant land uses and their
relationship are pinpointed in a generalized form.
Moreover, since it is an inductive model, taking real
examples from American cities in the 1920s, it represents
a way to interpret the process of city growth during that
particular period for some existing towns and cities

17. Criticisms of Burgess Model
Critics of the model
Pointed out even though portions of each zone did
exist, rarely were they linked to totally surround the
city
Burgess countered there were distinct barriers, such
as old industrial centers, preventing the completion
of the arc.
Others felt Burgess, as a sociologist, overemphasized
residential patterns and did not give proper credit to
other land uses

18. Criticisms of Burgess model
• Zonal Boundaries
• Internal heterogeneity of zones
• Outdated model
• Lack of universality
• Distortions
• Building heights

19. Conclusion
• The zonal model is based on an empirical study
• The model is normative and inductive and is therefore
limited historically and culturally.
• It emphasizes clear cut boundaries which cannot be
justified by gradient study.
• Nevertheless, it remains useful as a first approximation
of urban land use and has stimulated many other studies

20. Hoyt’s Sector Model
Introduction
•Growth
•Similarities between the concentric zone model and the
sector model
•Application of the sector model
•The case of Chicago
•The case of Calgary

21. Hoyt’s Sector Model

22. Criticisms of Hoyt’s model
Hoyt’s model is generally considered to be better
than the burgess model as both the distance and
direction from the city centre are considered
Weakness:
Narrow focus
Height of building
Mixed land use zones
Modern developments

23. Harris and Ullman- multiple
Nuclei Model
• Introduction
Harris and Ullman suggested that the zones
develop around a number of separate nuclei such
as railway stations and industrial complexes

24. Multiple Nuclei

25. Zones in the multiple nuclei
model
• Specialized requirement of certain activities
• Grouping of similar activities
• Repulsion of some activities by others
• Ability of activities to pay rents and rates

26. Advantages of the multiple nuclei
model
• Improved transportation
• Hierarchical order of land use
• Functional zones
• Agglomeration
• Suburbanization and decentralization
• Accommodation of irregularities
• Time dimension
• Flexibility

27. Criticism of the multiple nuclei
model
• Height of the building
• Rigidity

28. Delimiting the CBD
Central Business Index
The Central Business Height Index(CBHI)
CBHI= total floor area of all CBD functions/
total ground floor area
The Central Business Intensity Index (CBII)
CBII= total floor area of all CBD functions *100%
/ Total floor area

29. The Central Business Index
CBI= CBHI of 1+ CBII OF 50%

30. Urban Population Densities
1. Distribution of population density within a
city
2. Change over time in a density-decay curves

31. Residential Mobility
Factors responsible for responsible for residential mobility
•Improved living environment
•Establishment of a new family
•Land rent mechanism and land supply
•Job or employment opportunities
•Improved communications
•Government policy

32. Residential mobility in Hong Kong
• forced moves
• voluntary moves

33. The morphology of Asian Cities
Distinct city types in Asia
•The indigenous city
•Centres of western penetration
•The colonial city

34. Problems of Urbanisation
Problems in foreign countries
Primate Cities: a large city 2ce as large as the next largest
city, usually with a large proportion of the national city
population, e.g. Mexico City, Lagos (Nigeria), Bangkok
(Thailand), Paris (France), London (England), etc.
Cities usually become ‘primate’ (large) because too much
attention is given to that particular city at the expense of
others. Therefore it grows at the expense of other towns, and
ends up drawing more immigrants from the countryside who
are looking for work. This then leads to problems shown on
next slide, especially in developing countries.