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SECTOR THEORY
- 1. SECTOR THEORY SECTOR THEORY |SATHVIKA K.P. COMPONENTS OF HOYT MODEL CBD CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT IS PLACED AT THE CENTER. SECTORS AND THE PARTIAL RINGS OF LAND USE/ACTIVITIES TAKE PLACE. THIS AREA IS OFTEN KNOWN AS DOWNTOWN AND HAS HIGH RISE BUILDINGS. INDUSTRY INDUSTRIES ARE REPRESENTED IN THE FORM OF A SECTOR RADIATING OUT FROM THE CENTER. THESE FORMS SECTOR BECAUSE OF THE PRESENCE OF A TRANSPORT LINKAGE ALONG WHICH THE ACTIVITIES GREW. PRESENCE OF RAILWAY LINE, RIVER OR ROAD WOULD ATTRACT SIMILAR ACTIVITY, AND THUS A CONTINUOUS CORRIDOR OR “SECTOR” WILL DEVELOP. LOW-CLASS RESIDENTIAL LOW-INCOME GROUPS RESIDE IN THIS AREA. NARROW ROADS, HIGH POPULATION DENSITY, SMALL HOUSES WITH POOR VENTILATION EXIST IN THIS AREA. ROADS ARE NARROW AND OFTEN CONNECTS TO THE INDUSTRIES WHERE MOST OF THE PEOPLE IN THIS SECTOR WORK. CLOSENESS TO INDUSTRIES REDUCES THE TRAVEL COST AND THUS ATTRACTS INDUSTRIAL WORKERS. ENVIRONMENTAL AND LIVING CONDITIONS ARE OFTEN INADEQUATE BECAUSE OF THE PROXIMITY TO FACTORIES. MIDDLE-CLASS RESIDENTIAL THIS AREA HAS MIDDLE INCOME GROUPS WHO CAN AFFORD MORE SUBSTANTIAL TRAVEL COST AND WANT BETTER LIVING CONDITIONS. THE ACTIVITIES OF PEOPLE RESIDING IN THIS AREA CONSIST OF DIFFERENT ACTIVITIES AND NOT JUST THE INDUSTRIAL WORK. IT HAS MORE LINKAGES WITH CBD ALONG WITH SOME LINKAGES TO INDUSTRIES. THIS AREA HAS THE MOST SIGNIFICANT RESIDENTIAL AREA. HIGH CLASS RESIDENTIAL THIS IS THE OUTERMOST AND FARTHEST AREA FROM THE DOWNTOWN. WEALTHY AND AFFLUENT PEOPLE LIVE IN THIS AREA. THIS AREA IS CLEAN, HAS LESS TRAFFIC, QUIET AND HAS LARGE HOUSES. CORRIDOR OR SPINE EXTENDING FROM CBD TO THE EDGE HAS THE BEST HOUSING DEVELOPED IN 1939 BY HOMER HOYT, STATES THAT A CITY DEVELOPS IN SECTORS, NOT RINGS ALL LAND USES EXCEPT CBD FORM SECTORS AROUND THE CITY CENTER THE LAND USE ZONES ARE INFLUENTIAL BY RADIAL TRANSPORT ROUTES. HIGH RENTAL AND LOW RENTAL AREAS REPEL ONE ANOTHER SIGNIFICANCE LIMITATIONS FEATURES ECOLOGICAL FACTORS + ECONOMIC RENT CONCEPT TO EXPLAIN THE LAND USE PATTERN STRESS ON THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT ROUTES IN AFFECTING THE SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT OF THE CITY BOTH THE DISTANCE AND DIRECTION OF GROWTH FROM THE CITY CENTER ARE CONSIDERED BRINGS LOCATION OF INDUSTRIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL AMENITY VALUES AS DETERMINANTS IN A RESIDENTIAL PLACE EXAMPLE: SECTORS OF HIGH-CLASS RESIDENTIAL AREAS TEND TO GROW TOWARDS HIGHER GROUNDS, SITES WITH A BETTER VIEW, MORE OPEN SPACE, THE HOMES OF INFLUENTIAL LEADERS WITHIN THE COMMUNITY AND EXISTING OUTLYING, SMALLER SETTLEMENTS. ONLY RAILWAY LINES ARE CONSIDERED FOR THE GROWTH OF SECTORS AND DO NOT MAKE ALLOWANCES FOR PRIVATE CARS. IT IS A MONOCENTRIC REPRESENTATION OF CITIES; MULTIPLE BUSINESS CENTERS ARE NOT ACCOUNTED FOR IN THIS MODEL. PHYSICAL FEATURES – PHYSICAL FEATURES MAY RESTRICT OR DIRECT GROWTH ALONG SPECIFIC WEDGES NO REFERENCE TO OUT OF TOWN DEVELOPMENT PRESENCE OF LOW-INCOME GROUPS NEAR INDUSTRIES SUPPORTS HOYT MODEL THE HOYT MODEL REALIZED THAT TRANSPORTATION (IN PARTICULAR) AND ACCESS TO RESOURCES CAUSED A DISRUPTION OF THE BURGESS MODEL. TRANSPORT LINKAGES PROFOUNDLY INFLUENCE ACTIVITIES AND THEIR LOCATIONS. LOW TRANSPORTATION COST AND PROXIMITY TO ROADS/RAILWAY REDUCE THE COST OF PRODUCTION. THIS MODEL APPLIES WELL TO CHICAGO ACCOUNT FOR MAJOR TRANSPORTATION ROUTES AND ITS EFFECT ON ACTIVITIES
- 2. SECTOR THEORY SECTOR THEORY |SATHVIKA K.P. CASE STUDY - CHANDIGARH LE CORBUSIER CONCEIVED THE MASTER PLAN OF CHANDIGARH AS ANALOGOUS TO HUMAN BODY IN TERMS OF HEAD (THE CAPITOL COMPLEX, SECTOR 1), HEART (THE CITY CENTRE, SECTOR 17), LUNGS (THE LEISURE VALLEY, INNUMERABLE OPEN SPACES, AND SECTOR-GREENS), THE INTELLECT (THE CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS), THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM (THE NETWORK OF ROADS, THE 7VS) AND THE INDUSTRIAL AREA CHANDIGARH WAS PLANNED AS AN ADMINISTRATIVE TOWN FOR A POPULATION OF 5 LAKHS AND BUILT IN TWO PHASES: SECTORS 1 TO 30 WHICH FORMED THE FIRST PHASE, AND SECTORS 31 TO 47 CONSTITUTING THE SECOND PHASE OF ITS DEVELOPMENT. PRINCIPLES OF CIAM - DEFINING FOUR MAJOR CITY-FUNCTIONS LIVING, WORKING, CARE OF BODY & SPIRIT, AND CIRCULATION LIVING WORKING MIND + BODY + SPIRIT SECTOR SIZE DETERMINED BY WALKING DISTANCE A WELL-DEFINED HIERARCHY OF CIRCULATION BASED ON LE CORBUSIER’S V7S ROAD-SYSTEM V1- FAST ROADS CONNECTING CHANDIGARH TO OTHER TOWNS V2- ARTERIAL ROADS V3- FAST VEHICULAR ROADS AROUND THE SECTORS V4- MEANDERING SHOPPING STREETS V5- SECTOR CIRCULATION ROADS V6- ACCESS ROADS TO HOUSES V7- FOOTPATHS, CYCLE TRACKS BUSES WILL PLY ONLY ON V1, V2, V3 AND V4 ROADS. A WALL SHALL SEAL THE V3 ROADS FROM THE SECTORS. LOW-RISE DEVELOPMENT PLANNED AS A LOW-RISE CITY, IT HAS DEVELOPED ON THE STATED PRINCIPLES AND, EVEN AFTER SIXTY YEARS OF ITS INCEPTION STILL RETAINS THE ORIGINAL CONCEPT TO A LARGE EXTENT. HIERARCHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION HIERARCHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION WITH THE DENSITY LOWEST IN THE NORTHERN SECTORS AND GRADUALLY INCREASING TOWARDS THE SOUTHERN SECTORS. PURE LANDUSE PLANNING WHILE DETAILING OUT THE LANDUSE DISTRIBUTION, THE UNDERLINED PRINCIPLE ADOPTED IN THE MASTER PLAN WAS TO ALLOCATE DIFFERENT AREAS FOR LIVING, WORKING, TRADE AND COMMERCE, INDUSTRY ETC. ACCORDINGLY, THE SECTORS WERE DESIGNATED FOR RESIDENTIAL, COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL, INSTITUTIONAL USES. CIRCULATION
- 3. SECTOR THEORY SECTOR THEORY |SATHVIKA K.P. CASE STUDY - CHICAGO TRANSIT THROUGH CHICAGO SECTOR MODEL OTHERS ZONES THE AGRICULTURAL DISTRICT AND ZONE THE HINTERLAND CBD LOOP THE BUSINESS CENTRE AND THE REGION OF GREATEST MOBILITY. HOTELS ARE LOCATED HERE AND THE RESIDENTS ARE PRIMARILY TRANSIENTS. THIS AREA EMPTIES AT NIGHT AND FILLS IN THE MORNING. TRANSITION ZONE OCCUPIED BY SLUMS. THIS WAS THE FORMER SUBURBS OF THE OLD CITY AND WAS TAKEN OVER BY BUSINESSES EXPANDING FROM THE CBD. APARTMENTS HERE ARE FLATS, FURNISHED ROOMS AND ARE DETERIORATED AND OCCUPIED PRIMARILY BY CHILDLESS PEOPLE. LOW INCOME HOMES ROOMERS (ON THE EDGE OF THE SLUMS) WHERE FACTORY WORKERS AND SHOP WORKERS WITH FAMILIES DWELL AND UNSETTLED YOUNG PEOPLE – THE ‘RESPECTABLE’ WORKING CLASS. MIDDLE CLASS HOMES APARTMENTS, SMALL FAMILIES AND DELICATESSEN SHOPS. HERE THE MIDDLE CLASS RESIDENTS DWELL AND THIS AREA IS SERVED BY LOCAL SUBSIDIARY SHOPPING CENTRES. THE COMMUTER’S ZONE DUPLEX APARTMENTS (HOUSES CONVERTED INTO DOUBLE FLATS), SINGLE DWELLINGS, HOUSE OWNERS AND FAMILIES. THE UPPER CLASS RESIDENTIAL SECTOR EVOLVED OUTWARD ALONG THE DESIRABLE LAKE MICHIGAN SHORELINE NORTH OF THE CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT WITH INDUSTRY MOVING SOUTH IN SECTORS FOLLOWING RAILROADS, THIS CONCEPT WAS SUGGESTED BY HOMER HOYT. THIS MODEL WAS CREATED IN 1939 BUT STILL HAS SOME USEFULNESS TO DESCRIBE CITIES’ STRUCTURE. ONE LARGE EXAMPLE OF THE SECTOR MODEL BEING USED IS CHICAGO THE UPPER CLASS RESIDENTIAL SECTOR EVOLVED OUTWARD ALONG THE DESIRABLE LAKE MICHIGAN SHORELINE NORTH OF THE CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT INDUSTRY EXPANDED SOUTHWARD IN SECTORS THAT FOLLOWED RAILROAD LINES.
- 4. SECTOR THEORY SECTOR THEORY |SATHVIKA K.P. INFERENCE DECENTRALISATION MIXED LAND USE BENEFITS THE PROCESS OF REDISTRIBUTING OR DISPERSING FUNCTIONS, POWERS, PEOPLE OR THINGS AWAY FROM A CENTRAL LOCATION OR AUTHORITY. ANY URBAN, SUBURBAN OR VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT, OR EVEN A SINGLE BUILDING, THAT BLENDS A COMBINATION OF RESIDENTIAL, COMMERCIAL, CULTURAL, INSTITUTIONAL, OR INDUSTRIAL USES, WHERE THOSE FUNCTIONS ARE PHYSICALLY AND FUNCTIONALLY INTEGRATED, AND THAT PROVIDES PEDESTRIAN CONNECTIONS GREATER HOUSING VARIETY AND DENSITY REDUCED DISTANCES BETWEEN HOUSING, WORKPLACES, RETAIL BUSINESSES, AND OTHER DESTINATIONS MORE COMPACT DEVELOPMENT STRONGER NEIGHBORHOOD CHARACTER PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLE-FRIENDLY ENVIRONMENTS