The Hoyt sector model proposes that cities develop in wedge-shaped sectors radiating out from the central business district rather than in concentric rings. The key components are the CBD at the center, followed outward by industrial, working-class residential, middle-class residential, and high-class residential sectors. Transportation routes strongly influence the shape and location of these land use zones. The model was influenced by Chicago's development and applies the concepts of ecological factors and economic rent. While insightful for its time, it has limitations such as only considering rail transport and not accounting for multiple business centers or recent decentralization trends.

1. SECTOR
THEORY
SECTOR THEORY | SATHVIKA K.P.
COMPONENTS OF HOYT MODEL
CBD
CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT IS
PLACED AT THE CENTER. SECTORS
AND THE PARTIAL RINGS OF LAND
USE/ACTIVITIES TAKE PLACE. THIS
AREA IS OFTEN KNOWN AS
DOWNTOWN AND HAS HIGH RISE
BUILDINGS.
INDUSTRY
INDUSTRIES ARE REPRESENTED IN
THE FORM OF A SECTOR RADIATING
OUT FROM THE CENTER. THESE
FORMS SECTOR BECAUSE OF THE
PRESENCE OF A TRANSPORT LINKAGE
ALONG WHICH THE ACTIVITIES GREW.
PRESENCE OF RAILWAY LINE, RIVER
OR ROAD WOULD ATTRACT SIMILAR
ACTIVITY, AND THUS A CONTINUOUS
CORRIDOR OR “SECTOR” WILL
DEVELOP.
LOW-CLASS RESIDENTIAL
LOW-INCOME GROUPS RESIDE IN THIS AREA.
NARROW ROADS, HIGH POPULATION DENSITY,
SMALL HOUSES WITH POOR VENTILATION EXIST IN
THIS AREA. ROADS ARE NARROW AND OFTEN
CONNECTS TO THE INDUSTRIES WHERE MOST OF
THE PEOPLE IN THIS SECTOR WORK. CLOSENESS
TO INDUSTRIES REDUCES THE TRAVEL COST AND
THUS ATTRACTS INDUSTRIAL WORKERS.
ENVIRONMENTAL AND LIVING CONDITIONS ARE
OFTEN INADEQUATE BECAUSE OF THE PROXIMITY
TO FACTORIES.
MIDDLE-CLASS
RESIDENTIAL
THIS AREA HAS MIDDLE INCOME
GROUPS WHO CAN AFFORD MORE
SUBSTANTIAL TRAVEL COST AND
WANT BETTER LIVING CONDITIONS.
THE ACTIVITIES OF PEOPLE
RESIDING IN THIS AREA CONSIST OF
DIFFERENT ACTIVITIES AND NOT
JUST THE INDUSTRIAL WORK. IT HAS
MORE LINKAGES WITH CBD ALONG
WITH SOME LINKAGES TO
INDUSTRIES. THIS AREA HAS THE
MOST SIGNIFICANT RESIDENTIAL
AREA.
HIGH CLASS
RESIDENTIAL
THIS IS THE OUTERMOST AND
FARTHEST AREA FROM THE
DOWNTOWN. WEALTHY AND
AFFLUENT PEOPLE LIVE IN THIS
AREA. THIS AREA IS CLEAN, HAS
LESS TRAFFIC, QUIET AND HAS
LARGE HOUSES. CORRIDOR OR
SPINE EXTENDING FROM CBD TO
THE EDGE HAS THE BEST HOUSING
DEVELOPED IN 1939 BY HOMER HOYT, STATES THAT A CITY DEVELOPS IN SECTORS, NOT RINGS
ALL LAND USES EXCEPT CBD FORM SECTORS AROUND THE CITY CENTER
THE LAND USE ZONES ARE INFLUENTIAL BY RADIAL TRANSPORT ROUTES.
HIGH RENTAL AND LOW RENTAL AREAS REPEL ONE ANOTHER
SIGNIFICANCE
LIMITATIONS
FEATURES
ECOLOGICAL FACTORS + ECONOMIC RENT CONCEPT TO EXPLAIN THE
LAND USE PATTERN
STRESS ON THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT ROUTES IN AFFECTING THE
SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT OF THE CITY
BOTH THE DISTANCE AND DIRECTION OF GROWTH FROM THE CITY
CENTER ARE CONSIDERED
BRINGS LOCATION OF INDUSTRIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL AMENITY
VALUES AS DETERMINANTS IN A RESIDENTIAL PLACE
EXAMPLE: SECTORS OF HIGH-CLASS RESIDENTIAL AREAS TEND TO
GROW TOWARDS HIGHER GROUNDS, SITES WITH A BETTER VIEW,
MORE OPEN SPACE, THE HOMES OF INFLUENTIAL LEADERS WITHIN
THE COMMUNITY AND EXISTING OUTLYING, SMALLER SETTLEMENTS.
ONLY RAILWAY LINES ARE CONSIDERED FOR
THE GROWTH OF SECTORS AND DO NOT MAKE
ALLOWANCES FOR PRIVATE CARS.
IT IS A MONOCENTRIC REPRESENTATION OF
CITIES; MULTIPLE BUSINESS CENTERS ARE NOT
ACCOUNTED FOR IN THIS MODEL.
PHYSICAL FEATURES – PHYSICAL FEATURES
MAY RESTRICT OR DIRECT GROWTH ALONG
SPECIFIC WEDGES
NO REFERENCE TO OUT OF TOWN
DEVELOPMENT
PRESENCE OF LOW-INCOME GROUPS NEAR INDUSTRIES
SUPPORTS HOYT MODEL
THE HOYT MODEL REALIZED THAT TRANSPORTATION (IN
PARTICULAR) AND ACCESS TO RESOURCES CAUSED A
DISRUPTION OF THE BURGESS MODEL.
TRANSPORT LINKAGES PROFOUNDLY INFLUENCE
ACTIVITIES AND THEIR LOCATIONS. LOW
TRANSPORTATION COST AND PROXIMITY TO
ROADS/RAILWAY REDUCE THE COST OF PRODUCTION.
THIS MODEL APPLIES WELL TO CHICAGO
ACCOUNT FOR MAJOR TRANSPORTATION ROUTES AND
ITS EFFECT ON ACTIVITIES

2. SECTOR
THEORY
SECTOR THEORY | SATHVIKA K.P.
CASE STUDY - CHANDIGARH
LE CORBUSIER CONCEIVED THE MASTER PLAN OF CHANDIGARH AS
ANALOGOUS TO HUMAN BODY IN TERMS OF
HEAD (THE CAPITOL COMPLEX, SECTOR 1),
HEART (THE CITY CENTRE, SECTOR 17),
LUNGS (THE LEISURE VALLEY, INNUMERABLE OPEN SPACES, AND
SECTOR-GREENS),
THE INTELLECT (THE CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS),
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM (THE NETWORK OF ROADS, THE 7VS)
AND THE INDUSTRIAL AREA
CHANDIGARH WAS PLANNED AS AN ADMINISTRATIVE TOWN FOR A POPULATION OF 5
LAKHS AND BUILT IN TWO PHASES: SECTORS 1 TO 30 WHICH FORMED THE FIRST PHASE,
AND SECTORS 31 TO 47 CONSTITUTING THE SECOND PHASE OF ITS DEVELOPMENT.
PRINCIPLES OF CIAM -
DEFINING FOUR MAJOR CITY-FUNCTIONS
LIVING, WORKING, CARE OF BODY &
SPIRIT, AND CIRCULATION
LIVING
WORKING
MIND + BODY + SPIRIT
SECTOR SIZE DETERMINED
BY WALKING DISTANCE
A WELL-DEFINED HIERARCHY OF
CIRCULATION BASED ON
LE CORBUSIER’S V7S
ROAD-SYSTEM
V1- FAST ROADS CONNECTING
CHANDIGARH TO OTHER TOWNS
V2- ARTERIAL ROADS
V3- FAST VEHICULAR ROADS
AROUND THE SECTORS
V4- MEANDERING SHOPPING
STREETS
V5- SECTOR CIRCULATION ROADS
V6- ACCESS ROADS TO HOUSES
V7- FOOTPATHS, CYCLE TRACKS
BUSES WILL PLY ONLY ON V1, V2, V3
AND V4 ROADS. A WALL SHALL SEAL
THE V3 ROADS FROM THE SECTORS.
LOW-RISE DEVELOPMENT
PLANNED AS A LOW-RISE CITY, IT HAS DEVELOPED ON THE
STATED PRINCIPLES AND, EVEN AFTER SIXTY YEARS OF ITS
INCEPTION STILL RETAINS THE ORIGINAL CONCEPT TO A LARGE
EXTENT.
HIERARCHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION
HIERARCHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION WITH THE
DENSITY LOWEST IN THE NORTHERN SECTORS AND GRADUALLY
INCREASING TOWARDS THE SOUTHERN SECTORS.
PURE LANDUSE PLANNING
WHILE DETAILING OUT THE LANDUSE DISTRIBUTION, THE
UNDERLINED PRINCIPLE ADOPTED IN THE MASTER PLAN WAS
TO ALLOCATE DIFFERENT AREAS FOR LIVING, WORKING, TRADE
AND COMMERCE, INDUSTRY ETC. ACCORDINGLY, THE SECTORS
WERE DESIGNATED FOR RESIDENTIAL, COMMERCIAL AND
INDUSTRIAL, INSTITUTIONAL USES.
CIRCULATION

3. SECTOR
THEORY
SECTOR THEORY | SATHVIKA K.P.
CASE STUDY - CHICAGO
TRANSIT THROUGH
CHICAGO
SECTOR MODEL
OTHERS ZONES
THE AGRICULTURAL
DISTRICT AND ZONE
THE HINTERLAND
CBD
LOOP THE BUSINESS CENTRE
AND THE REGION OF GREATEST
MOBILITY. HOTELS ARE LOCATED
HERE AND THE
RESIDENTS ARE PRIMARILY
TRANSIENTS. THIS AREA EMPTIES
AT NIGHT AND FILLS IN THE
MORNING.
TRANSITION ZONE
OCCUPIED BY SLUMS. THIS
WAS THE FORMER
SUBURBS OF THE OLD CITY
AND WAS TAKEN OVER BY
BUSINESSES EXPANDING
FROM THE CBD.
APARTMENTS HERE ARE
FLATS, FURNISHED
ROOMS AND ARE
DETERIORATED AND
OCCUPIED PRIMARILY BY
CHILDLESS PEOPLE.
LOW INCOME HOMES
ROOMERS (ON THE EDGE OF THE
SLUMS) WHERE FACTORY WORKERS
AND SHOP WORKERS WITH
FAMILIES DWELL AND UNSETTLED
YOUNG PEOPLE – THE
‘RESPECTABLE’ WORKING CLASS.
MIDDLE CLASS HOMES
APARTMENTS, SMALL FAMILIES
AND DELICATESSEN SHOPS. HERE
THE MIDDLE CLASS
RESIDENTS DWELL AND THIS AREA
IS SERVED BY LOCAL SUBSIDIARY
SHOPPING CENTRES.
THE COMMUTER’S ZONE
DUPLEX APARTMENTS
(HOUSES CONVERTED INTO
DOUBLE FLATS), SINGLE
DWELLINGS, HOUSE
OWNERS AND FAMILIES.
THE UPPER CLASS RESIDENTIAL SECTOR EVOLVED
OUTWARD ALONG THE DESIRABLE LAKE MICHIGAN
SHORELINE NORTH OF THE CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT
WITH INDUSTRY MOVING SOUTH IN SECTORS FOLLOWING
RAILROADS,
THIS CONCEPT WAS SUGGESTED BY HOMER HOYT.
THIS MODEL WAS CREATED IN 1939 BUT STILL HAS SOME
USEFULNESS TO DESCRIBE CITIES’ STRUCTURE.
ONE LARGE EXAMPLE OF THE SECTOR MODEL BEING USED
IS CHICAGO
THE UPPER CLASS RESIDENTIAL SECTOR EVOLVED
OUTWARD ALONG THE DESIRABLE LAKE MICHIGAN
SHORELINE NORTH OF THE CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT
INDUSTRY EXPANDED SOUTHWARD IN SECTORS THAT
FOLLOWED RAILROAD LINES.

4. SECTOR
THEORY
SECTOR THEORY | SATHVIKA K.P.
INFERENCE
DECENTRALISATION
MIXED LAND USE
BENEFITS
THE PROCESS OF REDISTRIBUTING OR DISPERSING
FUNCTIONS, POWERS, PEOPLE OR THINGS AWAY
FROM A CENTRAL LOCATION OR AUTHORITY.
ANY URBAN, SUBURBAN OR VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT,
OR EVEN A SINGLE BUILDING, THAT BLENDS A
COMBINATION OF RESIDENTIAL, COMMERCIAL,
CULTURAL, INSTITUTIONAL, OR INDUSTRIAL USES,
WHERE THOSE FUNCTIONS ARE PHYSICALLY AND
FUNCTIONALLY INTEGRATED, AND THAT PROVIDES
PEDESTRIAN CONNECTIONS
GREATER HOUSING VARIETY AND DENSITY REDUCED DISTANCES BETWEEN HOUSING, WORKPLACES, RETAIL BUSINESSES, AND OTHER DESTINATIONS
MORE COMPACT DEVELOPMENT
STRONGER NEIGHBORHOOD CHARACTER
PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLE-FRIENDLY ENVIRONMENTS