This document discusses the PEGASIS routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. It begins with an abstract that introduces PEGASIS as an energy-efficient chain-based hierarchical protocol. It then provides background on wireless sensor networks and discusses challenges like energy efficiency and network lifetime. It explains how PEGASIS forms chains between sensor nodes so that each node only communicates with nearby neighbors, extending network lifetime. The document compares PEGASIS to LEACH, finding that PEGASIS provides more balanced energy distribution and longer network lifetime. It then outlines the PEGASIS algorithm and discusses potential improvements like minimizing delay. Simulation results show PEGASIS increases network efficiency and lifespan over LEACH. The conclusion is that
Analysis of different hierarchical routing protocols of wireless sensor networkeSAT Journals
Abstarct Wireless sensored network is nowadays very popular in the field of research because world is now switching faster from wired communication to the wireless communication. It is used in environment monitoring, habitat monitoring, battlefield etc. WSN is made up of tiny sensor nodes which senses the data and communicate to the base station via other nodes.WSN networks are data-centric rather than node centric. So, main issues in WSN networks are energy consumption of network, lifetime of a network, delay, latency, quality of service etc.WSN has defined many routing protocols for the network. The main challenge in WSN is to design a routing protocol which gives the maximum energy efficient routing because nodes in sensored network are equipped with the battery. So, as time passes the battery of nodes will decrease so in turn network lifetime will decreases. There are many routing protocols which are classified as their working and their application to different conditions. This paper describes a brief information about routing protocols. The main focus of this paper is to give the comparison of different hierarchical routing protocols. Keywords: Leach, Pegasis,Teen/Apteen, WSN
Analysis of different hierarchical routing protocols of wireless sensor networkeSAT Publishing House
This document analyzes and compares different hierarchical routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. It begins with an introduction to wireless sensor networks and discusses common routing protocols like flooding, directed diffusion, and gradient-based routing. It then focuses on hierarchical protocols including LEACH, PEGASIS, TEEN, and APTEEN. For each protocol, it describes the key ideas, features, advantages, and limitations. It provides figures to illustrate how the protocols work. Finally, it concludes there is still room for improvement in protocols like LEACH and discusses open issues for future research in improving routing algorithms for wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses wireless sensor networks and routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. It defines what a wireless sensor network is and its key characteristics. It then discusses objectives like understanding ad hoc network basics and various routing protocols. It covers topics like the differences between WSNs and ad hoc networks, what a network simulator is and reasons for using NS2, various routing techniques like flooding, gossiping, and hierarchical routing. It also discusses routing challenges, wireless nodes, packet transmission, applications and the future scope of WSNs.
This document summarizes several energy-efficient routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. It begins by introducing the basic components and architecture of wireless sensor networks. It then categorizes routing protocols based on network structure (flat, hierarchical, location-based) and operation (multipath, query-based, etc.). The majority of the document focuses on reviewing hierarchical protocols, including LEACH, PEGASIS, Hierarchical PEGASIS, and HEED. It provides brief overviews of how these protocols work to reduce energy consumption and extend network lifetime through clustering and data aggregation approaches.
IRJET- Clustering Protocols in Wireless Sensor Network: A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document provides a review of clustering protocols in wireless sensor networks. It discusses several popular clustering protocols, including LEACH, PEGASIS, TEEN, and APTEEN. LEACH is an adaptive protocol that randomly selects cluster heads to distribute energy load. PEGASIS forms chains between nodes to reduce transmissions. TEEN is for time-critical networks and introduces hard and soft thresholds. APTEEN combines features of proactive and reactive networks by allowing periodic transmissions and immediate responses to threshold changes. The document analyzes the energy efficiency and performance characteristics of these clustering protocols.
The document discusses routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. It outlines several key challenges for routing protocols including node deployment, network dynamics, energy conservation, fault tolerance, scalability, and hardware constraints. It then describes several common routing techniques used in wireless sensor networks, including proactive, reactive, and hybrid path establishment approaches, as well as flat, hierarchical, and location-based network structures. Finally, it discusses different protocol operations such as multipath routing, query-based routing, negotiation-based routing, and supporting quality of service metrics.
Optimizing the Performance of I-mod Leach-PD Protocol in Wireless Sensor Netw...ijsrd.com
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is a networks of thousands of inexpensive miniature devices capable of computation, communication and sensing. WSN is being been attracting increasing interest for supporting a new generation of ubiquitous computing systems with great potential for many applications such as surveillance, environmental monitoring, health care monitoring or home automation. In the near future, wireless sensor network is expected to consists of thousand of inexpensive nodes, each having sensing capability with limited computational and communication power which enables to deploy large scale sensor networks. Large scale WSN is usually implemented as a cluster network. Clustering sensors into groups, so that sensors communicate information only to cluster-heads and then the cluster-heads communicate the aggregated information to the base station, saves energy and thus prolongs network lifetime. LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) protocol is one of the clustering routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. The advantage of LEACH is that each node has the equal probability to be a cluster head, which makes the energy dissipation of each node be relatively balanced. In LEACH protocol, time is divided into many rounds, in each round, all the nodes contend to be cluster head according to a predefined criterion. This paper focuses on how to set the time length of each round, how to adjust threshold based on the residual energy, and the measurement of energy required for transmission, based on the distance of cluster head from the base station, to prolong the lifetime of the network and increase throughput, which is denoted as the amount of data packs sent to the sink node. The functions of residual energy and required energy, and the time length of each round are deduced, thereby modifying the threshold value calculation. These functions can be used to enhance the performance of cluster-based wireless sensor networks in terms of lifetime and throughput.
The document presents an overview of QoS aware routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. It discusses the EQRS protocol which uses a link cost function and path discovery phase to establish multiple paths between nodes while considering energy efficiency and QoS metrics. It also briefly describes the SAR and DAST protocols, with SAR using a table-driven approach to create multiple paths from sensors to a sink node based on energy resources and packet priority, and DAST utilizing location information and remaining energy to select paths.
Analysis of different hierarchical routing protocols of wireless sensor networkeSAT Journals
Abstarct Wireless sensored network is nowadays very popular in the field of research because world is now switching faster from wired communication to the wireless communication. It is used in environment monitoring, habitat monitoring, battlefield etc. WSN is made up of tiny sensor nodes which senses the data and communicate to the base station via other nodes.WSN networks are data-centric rather than node centric. So, main issues in WSN networks are energy consumption of network, lifetime of a network, delay, latency, quality of service etc.WSN has defined many routing protocols for the network. The main challenge in WSN is to design a routing protocol which gives the maximum energy efficient routing because nodes in sensored network are equipped with the battery. So, as time passes the battery of nodes will decrease so in turn network lifetime will decreases. There are many routing protocols which are classified as their working and their application to different conditions. This paper describes a brief information about routing protocols. The main focus of this paper is to give the comparison of different hierarchical routing protocols. Keywords: Leach, Pegasis,Teen/Apteen, WSN
Analysis of different hierarchical routing protocols of wireless sensor networkeSAT Publishing House
This document analyzes and compares different hierarchical routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. It begins with an introduction to wireless sensor networks and discusses common routing protocols like flooding, directed diffusion, and gradient-based routing. It then focuses on hierarchical protocols including LEACH, PEGASIS, TEEN, and APTEEN. For each protocol, it describes the key ideas, features, advantages, and limitations. It provides figures to illustrate how the protocols work. Finally, it concludes there is still room for improvement in protocols like LEACH and discusses open issues for future research in improving routing algorithms for wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses wireless sensor networks and routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. It defines what a wireless sensor network is and its key characteristics. It then discusses objectives like understanding ad hoc network basics and various routing protocols. It covers topics like the differences between WSNs and ad hoc networks, what a network simulator is and reasons for using NS2, various routing techniques like flooding, gossiping, and hierarchical routing. It also discusses routing challenges, wireless nodes, packet transmission, applications and the future scope of WSNs.
This document summarizes several energy-efficient routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. It begins by introducing the basic components and architecture of wireless sensor networks. It then categorizes routing protocols based on network structure (flat, hierarchical, location-based) and operation (multipath, query-based, etc.). The majority of the document focuses on reviewing hierarchical protocols, including LEACH, PEGASIS, Hierarchical PEGASIS, and HEED. It provides brief overviews of how these protocols work to reduce energy consumption and extend network lifetime through clustering and data aggregation approaches.
IRJET- Clustering Protocols in Wireless Sensor Network: A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document provides a review of clustering protocols in wireless sensor networks. It discusses several popular clustering protocols, including LEACH, PEGASIS, TEEN, and APTEEN. LEACH is an adaptive protocol that randomly selects cluster heads to distribute energy load. PEGASIS forms chains between nodes to reduce transmissions. TEEN is for time-critical networks and introduces hard and soft thresholds. APTEEN combines features of proactive and reactive networks by allowing periodic transmissions and immediate responses to threshold changes. The document analyzes the energy efficiency and performance characteristics of these clustering protocols.
The document discusses routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. It outlines several key challenges for routing protocols including node deployment, network dynamics, energy conservation, fault tolerance, scalability, and hardware constraints. It then describes several common routing techniques used in wireless sensor networks, including proactive, reactive, and hybrid path establishment approaches, as well as flat, hierarchical, and location-based network structures. Finally, it discusses different protocol operations such as multipath routing, query-based routing, negotiation-based routing, and supporting quality of service metrics.
Optimizing the Performance of I-mod Leach-PD Protocol in Wireless Sensor Netw...ijsrd.com
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is a networks of thousands of inexpensive miniature devices capable of computation, communication and sensing. WSN is being been attracting increasing interest for supporting a new generation of ubiquitous computing systems with great potential for many applications such as surveillance, environmental monitoring, health care monitoring or home automation. In the near future, wireless sensor network is expected to consists of thousand of inexpensive nodes, each having sensing capability with limited computational and communication power which enables to deploy large scale sensor networks. Large scale WSN is usually implemented as a cluster network. Clustering sensors into groups, so that sensors communicate information only to cluster-heads and then the cluster-heads communicate the aggregated information to the base station, saves energy and thus prolongs network lifetime. LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) protocol is one of the clustering routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. The advantage of LEACH is that each node has the equal probability to be a cluster head, which makes the energy dissipation of each node be relatively balanced. In LEACH protocol, time is divided into many rounds, in each round, all the nodes contend to be cluster head according to a predefined criterion. This paper focuses on how to set the time length of each round, how to adjust threshold based on the residual energy, and the measurement of energy required for transmission, based on the distance of cluster head from the base station, to prolong the lifetime of the network and increase throughput, which is denoted as the amount of data packs sent to the sink node. The functions of residual energy and required energy, and the time length of each round are deduced, thereby modifying the threshold value calculation. These functions can be used to enhance the performance of cluster-based wireless sensor networks in terms of lifetime and throughput.
The document presents an overview of QoS aware routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. It discusses the EQRS protocol which uses a link cost function and path discovery phase to establish multiple paths between nodes while considering energy efficiency and QoS metrics. It also briefly describes the SAR and DAST protocols, with SAR using a table-driven approach to create multiple paths from sensors to a sink node based on energy resources and packet priority, and DAST utilizing location information and remaining energy to select paths.
Congestion Control in Wireless Sensor Networks: A surveyIJERA Editor
Congestion is a major problem in almost all kinds of wireless networks such as mobile ad-hoc networks; wireless
sensor networks (WSNs). There are variety of applications of WSN such as defense, temperature monitoring,
health monitoring. Congestion occurs in the sensor network because of limited resources such as low processing
power of the sensor node. As all the sensor nodes are battery powered. Hence, congestion in the sensor network
results in waste of energy of sensor nodes. All the layers of protocol suite of the network can be involved in the
congestion control process. This paper gives a brief idea about various congestion control methods. In some of
the schemes, cross-layer design is applied for better results.
The document describes two wireless sensor network routing protocols: LEACH and PEGASIS. LEACH uses local processing to reduce global communication and randomly rotates cluster heads to distribute energy load. PEGASIS forms chains between nodes so that each node only communicates with a close neighbor, extending network lifetime compared to LEACH by up to 3 times. Both protocols aim to improve energy efficiency through data aggregation and minimizing transmission distances in wireless sensor networks.
Comparative Simulation Study Of LEACH-Like And HEED-Like Protocols Deployed I...IOSRJECE
WSNs represents one of the most interesting research areas with deep impact on technological development because of their potential usage in a wide variety of applications such as fire monitoring, border surveillance medical care, and highway traffic coordination. Therefore, WSNs researchers have defined many routing protocols for this type of network. In this paper, we have implemented and analyzed different clustering protocols, namely LEACH, LEACH-C, LEACH-1R, and HEED using MATLAB environment. These routing protocols are compared in different terms such as residual energy, data delivery to the base station, number of rounds and live nodes
Data-Centric Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Network: A surveyAli Habeeb
This document summarizes several data-centric routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. It begins by outlining the challenges of routing in WSNs, including energy consumption, scalability, addressing, robustness, topology, and application-specific needs. It then describes several data-centric routing protocols, including flooding, directed flooding, constrained flooding, gossiping, fuzzy gossiping, location-based gossiping, and others. It notes advantages and disadvantages of these protocols for efficiently routing data in wireless sensor networks while minimizing energy consumption.
Wireless sensor networks have recently come into prominence because they hold the
potential to revolutionize many segments. The Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is made up of a
collection of sensor nodes, which were small energy constrained devices. Routing technique is one of
the research area in wireless sensor network. So by designing an efficient routing protocol for
reducing energy consumption is the important factor. In this paper, a brief introduction to routing
challenges in WSN have been mentioned. This paper also provides the basic classification of routing
protocols in WSNs along with the most energy efficient protocol named LEACH along with its
advantages and disadvantages. This paper also focus on some of the improved version of LEACH
protocol.
A Survey of Routing Protocols for Structural Health MonitoringIJEEE
Wireless sensor networks have emerged in recent years as a promising technology that can impact the field of structural monitoring and infrastructure asset management. Various routing protocols are used to define communication among sensor nodes of the wireless sensor network for purpose of disseminating information. These routing protocols can be designed to improve the network performance in terms of energy consumption, delay and security issues. This paper discusses the requirements of routing protocol for Structural health monitoring and presents summary of various routing protocols used for WSNs for Structural health monitoring.
EDEEC and LEACH are clustering protocols for wireless sensor networks. EDEEC is for heterogeneous networks where nodes have different energy levels, while LEACH is for homogeneous networks. The document compares the performance of EDEEC and LEACH in terms of network lifetime, energy consumption, and total data transmission. Simulation results show that EDEEC outperforms LEACH by prolonging network lifetime, reducing energy consumption rate over time, and increasing total data transmitted to the base station.
This project report summarizes a wireless sensor network project completed by three students. It describes the objectives and types of routing protocols used in wireless sensor networks, focusing on the LEACH hierarchical routing protocol. It then discusses some weaknesses of LEACH and proposes an improved DECSA algorithm that selects cluster heads based on both distance and remaining energy to try to overcome LEACH's energy imbalance issues and extend network lifetime.
Routing protocols for wireless sensor networks face several unique challenges compared to other wireless networks. This document discusses routing challenges in wireless sensor networks and provides an overview of different routing protocol approaches, including flat routing, hierarchical routing, location-based routing, and QoS-based routing. It specifically describes two flat routing protocols: directed diffusion, which uses data negotiation and aggregation to reduce energy costs, and SPIN, which employs data description messages to avoid redundant transmissions through negotiation between sensor nodes.
Energy Efficient LEACH protocol for Wireless Sensor Network (I-LEACH)ijsrd.com
In the wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the sensor nodes (called motes) are usually scattered in a sensor field an area in which the sensor nodes are deployed. These motes are small in size and have limited processing power, memory and battery life. In WSNs, conservation of energy, which is directly related to network life time, is considered relatively more important souse of energy efficient routing algorithms is one of the ways to reduce the energy conservation. In general, routing algorithms in WSNs can be divided into flat, hierarchical and location based routing. There are two reasons behind the hierarchical routing Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol be in explored. One, the sensor networks are dense and a lot of redundancy is involved in communication. Second, in order to increase the scalability of the sensor network keeping in mind the security aspects of communication. Cluster based routing holds great promise for many to one and one to many communication paradigms that are pre valentines or networks.
IRJET- Energy Optimization in Wireless Sensor Networks using Trust-Aware Rout...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on optimizing energy usage in wireless sensor networks through a trust-aware routing algorithm. The paper proposes the Cost Aware Secure Routing (CASER) protocol, which aims to balance energy consumption across all sensor nodes to maximize network lifetime. CASER supports multiple routing strategies to extend lifetime while increasing routing security. Simulation results show CASER achieves excellent energy balance and increases network lifetime by more than four times under non-uniform energy deployment compared to other approaches. The paper also discusses detecting and recovering from node failures in wireless sensor networks.
Performance Analysis of Routing Metrics for Wireless Sensor NetworksIJMER
This document summarizes and compares various routing metrics that have been proposed for wireless sensor networks. It categorizes the routing metrics into five groups: topology based, signal strength based, active probing based, mobility aware, and energy aware. Topology based metrics like hop count consider only connectivity information without additional measurements. Signal strength and active probing based metrics directly measure link quality through signal strength or probe packets. The document provides detailed descriptions of several popular routing metrics, such as expected transmission time (ETT), medium time metric (MTM), round-trip time (RTT), and packet pair delay. It analyzes the characteristics of different routing metrics and compares their performance.
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineerin...ijceronline
The document analyzes and compares the performance of two routing protocols for wireless sensor networks: LEACH and SPIN. LEACH is a hierarchical clustering protocol that randomly selects cluster heads to aggregate and transmit data to the base station. SPIN is a data-centric protocol that uses data negotiation to disseminate data and avoid redundant transmissions. The document simulates both protocols and finds that SPIN has lower overall energy consumption than LEACH due to its negotiation-based approach. Key differences between the protocols include LEACH using clusters and SPIN being flat, with SPIN allowing for possible node mobility and multipath transmission.
Performance Analysis of Routing Protocols of Wireless Sensor NetworksDarpan Dekivadiya
The document summarizes different types of routing protocols that can be used in wireless sensor networks. It categorizes the protocols based on their mode of functioning, participation style of nodes, and network structure. Some key routing protocols discussed include LEACH, which is a proactive clustering protocol, SPIN that uses direct communication, and TEEN which is a reactive clustering protocol. The document also discusses challenges in routing for wireless sensor networks given the constraints of sensor nodes.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
SEECH is a secure and energy efficient centralized routing protocol for hierarchical wireless sensor networks. It utilizes a base station to efficiently form clusters based on sensor node energy levels and neighbor information. The base station selects cluster heads that have above average energy and many neighbors. Cluster heads then schedule sensor node transmissions to reduce interference and aggregate and encrypt sensor data before transmitting to the base station or other cluster heads. SEECH aims to prolong network lifetime by minimizing energy consumption through efficient clustering and routing.
The document presents a graduate project on efficient data aggregation from polling points in wireless sensor networks. The proposed system called Mobi-Cluster aims to minimize overall network overhead and energy expenditure associated with multi-hop data retrieval while ensuring balanced energy consumption and prolonged network lifetime. This is achieved through building cluster structures consisting of member nodes that route data to assigned cluster heads, and selecting appropriate polling points to act as intermediaries between clusters and a mobile collector. The key stages of the Mobi-Cluster protocol are described as cluster head selection, polling point selection, cluster head attachment to polling points, data aggregation and forwarding to polling points, and communication between polling points and the mobile collector.
CUTTING DOWN ENERGY USAGE IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS USING DUTY CYCLE TECHNI...ijwmn
The document summarizes an algorithm proposed to reduce energy consumption in wireless sensor networks using duty cycling and multi-hop routing. The key aspects of the algorithm are:
1) Layering the network environment based on size and identifying the optimal number of cluster heads in each layer.
2) Selecting the first layer closest to the sink as the "gateway layer" and stopping energy usage in half of these sensors to extend the network lifespan.
3) Using multi-hop routing whereby cluster heads send data to heads in the above layer until the gateway layer, which then sends to the static or mobile sink.
4) Simulation results showed the proposed algorithm performs better than LEACH and ELEACH in terms of
The document provides an overview of routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. It discusses several categories of routing protocols including data-centric, hierarchical, and location-based. For hierarchical routing protocols, it summarizes LEACH, PEGASIS, HEED, P-LEACH, H-LEACH, and other variants that aim to improve energy efficiency. It provides brief descriptions of how each protocol operates and highlights drawbacks. The document also summarizes several data-centric routing protocols including Directed Diffusion, Rumor Routing, and their limitations.
IRJET- A Survey on Hierarchical-Based Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor N...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes and reviews several hierarchical-based routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. It begins with an introduction to wireless sensor networks and discusses how routing is an important mechanism for maximizing network lifespan by reducing energy consumption during communication. It then categorizes different routing techniques in wireless sensor networks, focusing on hierarchical-based routing protocols. Several popular hierarchical routing protocols are described in detail, including LEACH, PEGASIS, and HEED. For each protocol, the document outlines the basic routing mechanism, advantages, and limitations. The overall purpose is to provide an overview and comparison of hierarchical routing techniques for improving energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks.
The document discusses energy efficient routing protocols for clustered wireless sensor networks. It provides an overview of wireless sensor networks and discusses how clustering is commonly used to improve energy efficiency and scalability. The document reviews several existing clustering-based routing protocols and analyzes their approaches for prolonging network lifetime by minimizing energy consumption in wireless sensor networks.
Congestion Control in Wireless Sensor Networks: A surveyIJERA Editor
Congestion is a major problem in almost all kinds of wireless networks such as mobile ad-hoc networks; wireless
sensor networks (WSNs). There are variety of applications of WSN such as defense, temperature monitoring,
health monitoring. Congestion occurs in the sensor network because of limited resources such as low processing
power of the sensor node. As all the sensor nodes are battery powered. Hence, congestion in the sensor network
results in waste of energy of sensor nodes. All the layers of protocol suite of the network can be involved in the
congestion control process. This paper gives a brief idea about various congestion control methods. In some of
the schemes, cross-layer design is applied for better results.
The document describes two wireless sensor network routing protocols: LEACH and PEGASIS. LEACH uses local processing to reduce global communication and randomly rotates cluster heads to distribute energy load. PEGASIS forms chains between nodes so that each node only communicates with a close neighbor, extending network lifetime compared to LEACH by up to 3 times. Both protocols aim to improve energy efficiency through data aggregation and minimizing transmission distances in wireless sensor networks.
Comparative Simulation Study Of LEACH-Like And HEED-Like Protocols Deployed I...IOSRJECE
WSNs represents one of the most interesting research areas with deep impact on technological development because of their potential usage in a wide variety of applications such as fire monitoring, border surveillance medical care, and highway traffic coordination. Therefore, WSNs researchers have defined many routing protocols for this type of network. In this paper, we have implemented and analyzed different clustering protocols, namely LEACH, LEACH-C, LEACH-1R, and HEED using MATLAB environment. These routing protocols are compared in different terms such as residual energy, data delivery to the base station, number of rounds and live nodes
Data-Centric Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Network: A surveyAli Habeeb
This document summarizes several data-centric routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. It begins by outlining the challenges of routing in WSNs, including energy consumption, scalability, addressing, robustness, topology, and application-specific needs. It then describes several data-centric routing protocols, including flooding, directed flooding, constrained flooding, gossiping, fuzzy gossiping, location-based gossiping, and others. It notes advantages and disadvantages of these protocols for efficiently routing data in wireless sensor networks while minimizing energy consumption.
Wireless sensor networks have recently come into prominence because they hold the
potential to revolutionize many segments. The Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is made up of a
collection of sensor nodes, which were small energy constrained devices. Routing technique is one of
the research area in wireless sensor network. So by designing an efficient routing protocol for
reducing energy consumption is the important factor. In this paper, a brief introduction to routing
challenges in WSN have been mentioned. This paper also provides the basic classification of routing
protocols in WSNs along with the most energy efficient protocol named LEACH along with its
advantages and disadvantages. This paper also focus on some of the improved version of LEACH
protocol.
A Survey of Routing Protocols for Structural Health MonitoringIJEEE
Wireless sensor networks have emerged in recent years as a promising technology that can impact the field of structural monitoring and infrastructure asset management. Various routing protocols are used to define communication among sensor nodes of the wireless sensor network for purpose of disseminating information. These routing protocols can be designed to improve the network performance in terms of energy consumption, delay and security issues. This paper discusses the requirements of routing protocol for Structural health monitoring and presents summary of various routing protocols used for WSNs for Structural health monitoring.
EDEEC and LEACH are clustering protocols for wireless sensor networks. EDEEC is for heterogeneous networks where nodes have different energy levels, while LEACH is for homogeneous networks. The document compares the performance of EDEEC and LEACH in terms of network lifetime, energy consumption, and total data transmission. Simulation results show that EDEEC outperforms LEACH by prolonging network lifetime, reducing energy consumption rate over time, and increasing total data transmitted to the base station.
This project report summarizes a wireless sensor network project completed by three students. It describes the objectives and types of routing protocols used in wireless sensor networks, focusing on the LEACH hierarchical routing protocol. It then discusses some weaknesses of LEACH and proposes an improved DECSA algorithm that selects cluster heads based on both distance and remaining energy to try to overcome LEACH's energy imbalance issues and extend network lifetime.
Routing protocols for wireless sensor networks face several unique challenges compared to other wireless networks. This document discusses routing challenges in wireless sensor networks and provides an overview of different routing protocol approaches, including flat routing, hierarchical routing, location-based routing, and QoS-based routing. It specifically describes two flat routing protocols: directed diffusion, which uses data negotiation and aggregation to reduce energy costs, and SPIN, which employs data description messages to avoid redundant transmissions through negotiation between sensor nodes.
Energy Efficient LEACH protocol for Wireless Sensor Network (I-LEACH)ijsrd.com
In the wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the sensor nodes (called motes) are usually scattered in a sensor field an area in which the sensor nodes are deployed. These motes are small in size and have limited processing power, memory and battery life. In WSNs, conservation of energy, which is directly related to network life time, is considered relatively more important souse of energy efficient routing algorithms is one of the ways to reduce the energy conservation. In general, routing algorithms in WSNs can be divided into flat, hierarchical and location based routing. There are two reasons behind the hierarchical routing Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol be in explored. One, the sensor networks are dense and a lot of redundancy is involved in communication. Second, in order to increase the scalability of the sensor network keeping in mind the security aspects of communication. Cluster based routing holds great promise for many to one and one to many communication paradigms that are pre valentines or networks.
IRJET- Energy Optimization in Wireless Sensor Networks using Trust-Aware Rout...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on optimizing energy usage in wireless sensor networks through a trust-aware routing algorithm. The paper proposes the Cost Aware Secure Routing (CASER) protocol, which aims to balance energy consumption across all sensor nodes to maximize network lifetime. CASER supports multiple routing strategies to extend lifetime while increasing routing security. Simulation results show CASER achieves excellent energy balance and increases network lifetime by more than four times under non-uniform energy deployment compared to other approaches. The paper also discusses detecting and recovering from node failures in wireless sensor networks.
Performance Analysis of Routing Metrics for Wireless Sensor NetworksIJMER
This document summarizes and compares various routing metrics that have been proposed for wireless sensor networks. It categorizes the routing metrics into five groups: topology based, signal strength based, active probing based, mobility aware, and energy aware. Topology based metrics like hop count consider only connectivity information without additional measurements. Signal strength and active probing based metrics directly measure link quality through signal strength or probe packets. The document provides detailed descriptions of several popular routing metrics, such as expected transmission time (ETT), medium time metric (MTM), round-trip time (RTT), and packet pair delay. It analyzes the characteristics of different routing metrics and compares their performance.
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineerin...ijceronline
The document analyzes and compares the performance of two routing protocols for wireless sensor networks: LEACH and SPIN. LEACH is a hierarchical clustering protocol that randomly selects cluster heads to aggregate and transmit data to the base station. SPIN is a data-centric protocol that uses data negotiation to disseminate data and avoid redundant transmissions. The document simulates both protocols and finds that SPIN has lower overall energy consumption than LEACH due to its negotiation-based approach. Key differences between the protocols include LEACH using clusters and SPIN being flat, with SPIN allowing for possible node mobility and multipath transmission.
Performance Analysis of Routing Protocols of Wireless Sensor NetworksDarpan Dekivadiya
The document summarizes different types of routing protocols that can be used in wireless sensor networks. It categorizes the protocols based on their mode of functioning, participation style of nodes, and network structure. Some key routing protocols discussed include LEACH, which is a proactive clustering protocol, SPIN that uses direct communication, and TEEN which is a reactive clustering protocol. The document also discusses challenges in routing for wireless sensor networks given the constraints of sensor nodes.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
SEECH is a secure and energy efficient centralized routing protocol for hierarchical wireless sensor networks. It utilizes a base station to efficiently form clusters based on sensor node energy levels and neighbor information. The base station selects cluster heads that have above average energy and many neighbors. Cluster heads then schedule sensor node transmissions to reduce interference and aggregate and encrypt sensor data before transmitting to the base station or other cluster heads. SEECH aims to prolong network lifetime by minimizing energy consumption through efficient clustering and routing.
The document presents a graduate project on efficient data aggregation from polling points in wireless sensor networks. The proposed system called Mobi-Cluster aims to minimize overall network overhead and energy expenditure associated with multi-hop data retrieval while ensuring balanced energy consumption and prolonged network lifetime. This is achieved through building cluster structures consisting of member nodes that route data to assigned cluster heads, and selecting appropriate polling points to act as intermediaries between clusters and a mobile collector. The key stages of the Mobi-Cluster protocol are described as cluster head selection, polling point selection, cluster head attachment to polling points, data aggregation and forwarding to polling points, and communication between polling points and the mobile collector.
CUTTING DOWN ENERGY USAGE IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS USING DUTY CYCLE TECHNI...ijwmn
The document summarizes an algorithm proposed to reduce energy consumption in wireless sensor networks using duty cycling and multi-hop routing. The key aspects of the algorithm are:
1) Layering the network environment based on size and identifying the optimal number of cluster heads in each layer.
2) Selecting the first layer closest to the sink as the "gateway layer" and stopping energy usage in half of these sensors to extend the network lifespan.
3) Using multi-hop routing whereby cluster heads send data to heads in the above layer until the gateway layer, which then sends to the static or mobile sink.
4) Simulation results showed the proposed algorithm performs better than LEACH and ELEACH in terms of
The document provides an overview of routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. It discusses several categories of routing protocols including data-centric, hierarchical, and location-based. For hierarchical routing protocols, it summarizes LEACH, PEGASIS, HEED, P-LEACH, H-LEACH, and other variants that aim to improve energy efficiency. It provides brief descriptions of how each protocol operates and highlights drawbacks. The document also summarizes several data-centric routing protocols including Directed Diffusion, Rumor Routing, and their limitations.
IRJET- A Survey on Hierarchical-Based Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor N...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes and reviews several hierarchical-based routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. It begins with an introduction to wireless sensor networks and discusses how routing is an important mechanism for maximizing network lifespan by reducing energy consumption during communication. It then categorizes different routing techniques in wireless sensor networks, focusing on hierarchical-based routing protocols. Several popular hierarchical routing protocols are described in detail, including LEACH, PEGASIS, and HEED. For each protocol, the document outlines the basic routing mechanism, advantages, and limitations. The overall purpose is to provide an overview and comparison of hierarchical routing techniques for improving energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks.
The document discusses energy efficient routing protocols for clustered wireless sensor networks. It provides an overview of wireless sensor networks and discusses how clustering is commonly used to improve energy efficiency and scalability. The document reviews several existing clustering-based routing protocols and analyzes their approaches for prolonging network lifetime by minimizing energy consumption in wireless sensor networks.
Hierarchical Coordination for Data Gathering (HCDG) in Wireless Sensor NetworksCSCJournals
A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of large number of sensor nodes where each node operates by a finite battery for sensing, computing, and performing wireless communication tasks. Energy aware routing and MAC protocols were proposed to prolong the lifetime of WSNs. MAC protocols reduce energy consumption by putting the nodes into sleep mode for a relatively longer period of time; thereby minimizing collisions and idle listening time. On the other hand, efficient energy aware routing is achieved by finding the best path from the sensor nodes to the Base Sta-tion (BS) where energy consumption is minimal. In almost all solutions there is always a tradeoff between power consumption and delay reduction. This paper presents an improved hierarchical coordination for data gathering (HCDG) routing schema for WSNs based on multi-level chains formation with data aggregation. Also, this paper provides an analytical model for energy consumption in WSN to compare the performance of our proposed HCDG schema with the near optimal energy reduction methodology, PEGASIS. Our results demonstrate that the proposed routing schema provides relatively lower energy consumption with minimum delay for large scale WSNs.
Enhanced Routing and Cluster Based Algorithms in WSNs to Improve Communicatio...IJSRED
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes and evaluates several routing algorithms to improve communication and energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks. It begins with an introduction to wireless sensor networks and discusses existing routing protocols. It then describes four proposed algorithms: RTP-AMODV, MAODV, MM-LEACH, and E-LEACH. The document outlines the methodology used to simulate and compare the performance of these proposed algorithms against existing routing protocols using metrics like packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, throughput, and node energy. The results show the enhanced LEACH (E-LEACH) algorithm achieved better performance than the others in terms of throughput, packet delivery ratio, delay, energy consumption, and network lifetime
IRJET- Energy Efficiency and Security based Multihop Heterogeneous Trusted Th...IRJET Journal
The document discusses an energy efficient and secure data aggregation protocol for wireless sensor networks called the Trusted Third Party (TTP) protocol. It aims to overcome Byzantine attacks, where compromised nodes inject false data. The key aspects are:
1) Sensor nodes are clustered, with each cluster having an aggregator node to collect and aggregate data from members.
2) When a malicious node tries to inject false data or steal real data, a trusted third party (TTP) detects this and changes the authentication IDs for that cluster quickly, confusing the malicious node.
3) The protocol has three phases - cluster formation, data transmission using a distance-based routing protocol to minimize energy, and using the TTP to provide
A Novel Routing Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Network Using Particle Swarm O...IOSR Journals
This summary provides the key details about a novel routing algorithm for wireless sensor networks using particle swarm optimization:
1. The paper proposes a particle swarm optimization (PSO) based routing protocol (PSOR) that uses energy efficiency as the major criteria for routing and finding optimized paths for data transmission to the base station.
2. Simulation results show that the PSOR generates whole new routing paths by using energy as the fitness value to evaluate different paths and select the most optimized path with the lowest energy consumption compared to other routing paths.
3. Experiments comparing PSOR to a genetic algorithm (GROUP) routing protocol show that PSOR achieves better results in terms of energy consumption and extends the lifetime of the wireless sensor
IRJET- Energy Efficient Secure Communication in Wireless Sensor Networks: A S...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on improving energy efficiency and security in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). It discusses how WSNs have limitations like limited battery power, bandwidth, and storage in sensor nodes. Several energy efficient techniques and secure communication methods are described that aim to extend the lifetime of WSNs. This includes clustering protocols to select energy-efficient cluster heads, optimized multi-hop transmission to reduce energy consumption, and integrating routing and MAC protocols using techniques like honey bee optimization to further improve energy efficiency and security of data transmission in WSNs. The goal of these approaches is to minimize energy usage and maximize the reliable operation of resource-constrained WSNs.
ENERGY EFFICIENT, LIFETIME IMPROVING AND SECURE PERIODIC DATA COLLECTION PROT...ijcsa
The most emerging prominent sensor network applications collect data from sensor nodes and monitors
periodically. Resource constraint Sensor motes sense the environment and transit data to the remote sink
via multiple hops. Minimum energy dissipation and secure data transmission are crucial to such
applications. This paper delivers an energy efficient, lifetime improving, secure periodic Data Gathering
scheme that is a hybrid of heuristic path establishment and secure data transmission. This protocol uses
artificial intelligence (AI) based A* heuristic search algorithm to establish energy efficient admissible
optimal path to sink in terms of high residual energy, minimum hop counts and high link quality. This
scheme also adopts block encryption Rivest Cipher (RC6) Algorithm to secure the transmission of packets.
This code and speed optimized block encryption provides confidentiality against critical data and
consumes less energy for encryption. This proposed method increases the network lifetime there by
reducing the total traffic load. Evaluation of performance analysis of this algorithm using Network
Simulator (NS2) shows the superiority of the proposed scheme
This document discusses improving the performance of mobile wireless sensor networks using a modified DBSCAN clustering algorithm. It first provides background on wireless sensor networks and discusses challenges related to mobility. It then reviews several existing works related to clustering, mobility, and extending network lifetime. The paper proposes using a modified DBSCAN algorithm that takes into account mobility, remaining energy, and distance to base station to select cluster heads. It evaluates the performance of this approach based on throughput, delay, and packet delivery ratio, finding improvements over other methods.
Wireless Sensor Network Protocol with PEGASIS GA to Enhance the Network Lifetimeijtsrd
The document discusses routing protocols for wireless sensor networks, including LEACH and PEGASIS protocols. It proposes using a genetic algorithm to optimize the PEGASIS routing protocol in order to create efficient routing chains and maximize network lifetime. Simulation results show that the genetic algorithm approach improves network lifetime compared to the traditional PEGASIS and LEACH protocols.
This document compares and contrasts several common cluster-based routing algorithms for wireless sensor networks, including LEACH, TEEN, APTEEN, HEED, and PEGASIS. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each algorithm, with a focus on their approaches to energy efficiency. LEACH randomly selects cluster heads and uses TDMA, but assumes equal energy levels and that all nodes can reach the base station. TEEN and APTEEN add thresholds to improve energy efficiency for time-critical applications. HEED selects cluster heads based on both residual energy and node degree to balance energy use. The document provides an overview of the key clustering algorithms and issues to consider when choosing an approach.
Data Centric Approach Based Protocol using Evolutionary Approach in WSNijsrd.com
The evolution of wireless communication and circuit technology has enabled the development of an infrastructure consists of sensing, computation and communication units that makes administrator capable to observe and react to a phenomena in a particular environment. In a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), nodes are scattered densely in a large area. Sensor nodes can communicate with the sink node directly or through other nodes. Data transmission is the major issue in WSN. Each node has limited energy which is used in transmitting and receiving the data. Various routing protocols have been proposed to save the energy during the transmission of data. data centric approach based routing protocol which efficiently propagates information between sensor nodes in an energy constrained mode. This paper proposes a data centric routing Using evolutionary apporoach in WSN.The main objective of this protocol with evolutionary apporoach is to use artificial intelligence, to reduce the energy consumption by the nodes in transmitting and receiving the data. Implementation of Basic SEP, intelligence cluster routing and proposed protocols will be done using MATLAB.
CUTTING DOWN ENERGY USAGE IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS USING DUTY CYCLE TECHNI...ijwmn
A wireless sensor network is composed of many sensor nodes, that have beengiven out in a
specific zoneandeach of them hadanability of collecting information from the environment and
sending collected data to the sink. The most significant issues in wireless sensor networks,
despite the recent progress is the trouble of the severe limitations of energy resources.Since that
in different applications of sensor nets, we could throw a static or mobile sink, then all aspects of
such networks should be planned with an awareness of energy.One of the most significant topics
related to these networks, is routing. One of the most widely used and efficient methods of
routing isa hierarchy (based on clustering) method.
This document provides a review of atypical hierarchical routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. It begins by introducing hierarchical routing and typical clustering routing in wireless sensor networks. It then describes several types of atypical hierarchical routing protocols, including chain-based, tree-based, grid-based, and area-based routing protocols. For each type, some representative protocols are described and their advantages and disadvantages are analyzed. The document concludes by comparing the performance of different chain-based hierarchical routing protocols based on factors like energy efficiency, scalability, delivery delay, and load balancing.
A Review of Atypical Hierarchical Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networksiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A review of Hierarchical energy Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networkiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document provides an overview of hierarchical energy protocols in wireless sensor networks. It discusses several key protocols including LEACH, PEGASIS, TEEN, and APTEEN. LEACH is described as a clustered-based protocol that randomly selects cluster heads to help distribute the energy load. PEGASIS is presented as an improvement on LEACH that forms chains between sensor nodes to help reduce energy usage. TEEN is a reactive protocol designed for time-critical applications, using hard and soft thresholds to reduce transmissions. Finally, APTEEN is summarized as an extension of TEEN that aims to support both periodic data collection and responding to important events.
Data gathering in wireless sensor networks using intermediate nodesIJCNCJournal
Energy consumption is an essential concern to Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs).The major cause of the energy consumption in WSNs is due to the data aggregation. A data aggregation is a process of collecting data from sensor nodes and transmitting these data to the sink node or base station. An effective way to perform such a task is accomplished by using clustering. In clustering, nodes are grouped into clusters where a number of nodes, called cluster heads, are responsible for gathering data from other nodes, aggregate them and transmit them to the Base Station (BS).
In this paper we produce a new algorithm which focused on reducing the transmission bath between sensor nodes and cluster heads. A proper utilization and reserving of the available power resources is achieved with this technique compared to the well-known LEACH_C algorithm.
CLUSTERING-BASED ROUTING FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS IN SMART GRID ENVIRONMENTijassn
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is widely deployed in different fields of applications of smart grid to provide reliable monitoring and controlling of the electric power grid. The objective of this paper is simulate and analyze impact of various smart grid environments on performance of four different WSN
routing protocols namely the Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) and Centralized LEACH (LEACT-C) as well as other two conventional protocols namely Minimum Transmission Energy (MTE) and Static Clustering. This analysis would be beneficial in making the correct choice of WSN
routing protocols for various smart grid applications. The performance of the four protocols is simulated using NS-2 network simulation on Ubuntu. The results are analyzed and compared using number of data signals received at base station, energy consumption, and network lifetime as performance metrics. The results show that the performance of various protocols in the smart grid environments have deteriorated due log normal channel characteristics and consequently network lifetime have decreased significantly.
The results also indicate that clustering based routing protocols have more advantageous over conventional protocols; MTE and static clustering. Also, centralized clustering approach is more effective as it distributes energy dissipation evenly throughout the sensor nodes which reduce energy consumption
and prolong the networks’ lifetime. This approach is more effective in delivering data to base station because it has global knowledge of the location and energy of all the nodes in the network.
Energy Minimization in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Multi Hop TransmissionIOSR Journals
This document discusses energy minimization in wireless sensor networks using multi-hop transmissions. It provides background on wireless sensor networks and their components. It then discusses challenges like limited energy and the need for multi-hop transmissions due to limited transmission range. The document outlines the problem of determining the optimal number of cooperating nodes per hop to minimize total energy consumption while meeting an outage probability requirement at each hop. It discusses using cooperative transmissions to increase transmission range through diversity gain while keeping transmit power fixed.
Similar to Energy Efficient PEGASIS Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Network (20)
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the Sungal Tunnel project in Jammu and Kashmir, India, which is being constructed using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM).
2) NATM involves continuous monitoring during construction to adapt to changing ground conditions, and makes extensive use of shotcrete for temporary tunnel support.
3) The methodology section outlines the systematic geotechnical design process for tunnels according to Austrian guidelines, and describes the various steps of NATM tunnel construction including initial and secondary tunnel support.
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTUREIRJET Journal
This study examines the effect of response reduction factors (R factors) on reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures through nonlinear dynamic analysis. Three RC frame models with varying heights (4, 8, and 12 stories) were analyzed in ETABS software under different R factors ranging from 1 to 5. The results showed that displacement increased as the R factor decreased, indicating less linear behavior for lower R factors. Drift also decreased proportionally with increasing R factors from 1 to 5. Shear forces in the frames decreased with higher R factors. In general, R factors of 3 to 5 produced more satisfactory performance with less displacement and drift. The displacement variations between different building heights were consistent at different R factors. This study evaluated how R factors influence
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RCC ELEMENT OF SLAB WITH STARK STEEL (HYSD STEEL) A...IRJET Journal
This study compares the use of Stark Steel and TMT Steel as reinforcement materials in a two-way reinforced concrete slab. Mechanical testing is conducted to determine the tensile strength, yield strength, and other properties of each material. A two-way slab design adhering to codes and standards is executed with both materials. The performance is analyzed in terms of deflection, stability under loads, and displacement. Cost analyses accounting for material, durability, maintenance, and life cycle costs are also conducted. The findings provide insights into the economic and structural implications of each material for reinforcement selection and recommendations on the most suitable material based on the analysis.
Effect of Camber and Angles of Attack on Airfoil CharacteristicsIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study analyzing the effect of camber, position of camber, and angle of attack on the aerodynamic characteristics of airfoils. Sixteen modified asymmetric NACA airfoils were analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) by varying the camber, camber position, and angle of attack. The results showed the relationship between these parameters and the lift coefficient, drag coefficient, and lift to drag ratio. This provides insight into how changes in airfoil geometry impact aerodynamic performance.
A Review on the Progress and Challenges of Aluminum-Based Metal Matrix Compos...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the progress and challenges of aluminum-based metal matrix composites (MMCs), focusing on their fabrication processes and applications. It discusses how various aluminum MMCs have been developed using reinforcements like borides, carbides, oxides, and nitrides to improve mechanical and wear properties. These composites have gained prominence for their lightweight, high-strength and corrosion resistance properties. The document also examines recent advancements in fabrication techniques for aluminum MMCs and their growing applications in industries such as aerospace and automotive. However, it notes that challenges remain around issues like improper mixing of reinforcements and reducing reinforcement agglomeration.
Dynamic Urban Transit Optimization: A Graph Neural Network Approach for Real-...IRJET Journal
This document discusses research on using graph neural networks (GNNs) for dynamic optimization of public transportation networks in real-time. GNNs represent transit networks as graphs with nodes as stops and edges as connections. The GNN model aims to optimize networks using real-time data on vehicle locations, arrival times, and passenger loads. This helps increase mobility, decrease traffic, and improve efficiency. The system continuously trains and infers to adapt to changing transit conditions, providing decision support tools. While research has focused on performance, more work is needed on security, socio-economic impacts, contextual generalization of models, continuous learning approaches, and effective real-time visualization.
Structural Analysis and Design of Multi-Storey Symmetric and Asymmetric Shape...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research project that aims to compare the structural performance of conventional slab and grid slab systems in multi-story buildings using ETABS software. The study will analyze both symmetric and asymmetric building models under various loading conditions. Parameters like deflections, moments, shears, and stresses will be examined to evaluate the structural effectiveness of each slab type. The results will provide insights into the comparative behavior of conventional and grid slabs to help engineers and architects select appropriate slab systems based on building layouts and design requirements.
A Review of “Seismic Response of RC Structures Having Plan and Vertical Irreg...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes and reviews a research paper on the seismic response of reinforced concrete (RC) structures with plan and vertical irregularities, with and without infill walls. It discusses how infill walls can improve or reduce the seismic performance of RC buildings, depending on factors like wall layout, height distribution, connection to the frame, and relative stiffness of walls and frames. The reviewed research paper analyzes the behavior of infill walls, effects of vertical irregularities, and seismic performance of high-rise structures under linear static and dynamic analysis. It studies response characteristics like story drift, deflection and shear. The document also provides literature on similar research investigating the effects of infill walls, soft stories, plan irregularities, and different
This document provides a review of machine learning techniques used in Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). It begins with an abstract that summarizes key applications of machine learning in ADAS, including object detection, recognition, and decision-making. The introduction discusses the integration of machine learning in ADAS and how it is transforming vehicle safety. The literature review then examines several research papers on topics like lightweight deep learning models for object detection and lane detection models using image processing. It concludes by discussing challenges and opportunities in the field, such as improving algorithm robustness and adaptability.
Long Term Trend Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature for Asosa district,...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes temperature and precipitation trends in Asosa District, Benishangul Gumuz Region, Ethiopia from 1993 to 2022 based on data from the local meteorological station. The results show:
1) The average maximum and minimum annual temperatures have generally decreased over time, with maximum temperatures decreasing by a factor of -0.0341 and minimum by -0.0152.
2) Mann-Kendall tests found the decreasing temperature trends to be statistically significant for annual maximum temperatures but not for annual minimum temperatures.
3) Annual precipitation in Asosa District showed a statistically significant increasing trend.
The conclusions recommend development planners account for rising summer precipitation and declining temperatures in
P.E.B. Framed Structure Design and Analysis Using STAAD ProIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and analysis of pre-engineered building (PEB) framed structures using STAAD Pro software. It provides an overview of PEBs, including that they are designed off-site with building trusses and beams produced in a factory. STAAD Pro is identified as a key tool for modeling, analyzing, and designing PEBs to ensure their performance and safety under various load scenarios. The document outlines modeling structural parts in STAAD Pro, evaluating structural reactions, assigning loads, and following international design codes and standards. In summary, STAAD Pro is used to design and analyze PEB framed structures to ensure safety and code compliance.
A Review on Innovative Fiber Integration for Enhanced Reinforcement of Concre...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on innovative fiber integration methods for reinforcing concrete structures. It discusses studies that have explored using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites with recycled plastic aggregates to develop more sustainable strengthening techniques. It also examines using ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete to improve shear strength in beams. Additional topics covered include the dynamic responses of FRP-strengthened beams under static and impact loads, and the performance of preloaded CFRP-strengthened fiber reinforced concrete beams. The review highlights the potential of fiber composites to enable more sustainable and resilient construction practices.
Survey Paper on Cloud-Based Secured Healthcare SystemIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a survey on securing patient healthcare data in cloud-based systems. It discusses using technologies like facial recognition, smart cards, and cloud computing combined with strong encryption to securely store patient data. The survey found that healthcare professionals believe digitizing patient records and storing them in a centralized cloud system would improve access during emergencies and enable more efficient care compared to paper-based systems. However, ensuring privacy and security of patient data is paramount as healthcare incorporates these digital technologies.
Review on studies and research on widening of existing concrete bridgesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes several studies that have been conducted on widening existing concrete bridges. It describes a study from China that examined load distribution factors for a bridge widened with composite steel-concrete girders. It also outlines challenges and solutions for widening a bridge in the UAE, including replacing bearings and stitching the new and existing structures. Additionally, it discusses two bridge widening projects in New Zealand that involved adding precast beams and stitching to connect structures. Finally, safety measures and challenges for strengthening a historic bridge in Switzerland under live traffic are presented.
React based fullstack edtech web applicationIRJET Journal
The document describes the architecture of an educational technology web application built using the MERN stack. It discusses the frontend developed with ReactJS, backend with NodeJS and ExpressJS, and MongoDB database. The frontend provides dynamic user interfaces, while the backend offers APIs for authentication, course management, and other functions. MongoDB enables flexible data storage. The architecture aims to provide a scalable, responsive platform for online learning.
A Comprehensive Review of Integrating IoT and Blockchain Technologies in the ...IRJET Journal
This paper proposes integrating Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technologies to help implement objectives of India's National Education Policy (NEP) in the education sector. The paper discusses how blockchain could be used for secure student data management, credential verification, and decentralized learning platforms. IoT devices could create smart classrooms, automate attendance tracking, and enable real-time monitoring. Blockchain would ensure integrity of exam processes and resource allocation, while smart contracts automate agreements. The paper argues this integration has potential to revolutionize education by making it more secure, transparent and efficient, in alignment with NEP goals. However, challenges like infrastructure needs, data privacy, and collaborative efforts are also discussed.
A REVIEW ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COCONUT FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE.IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on the performance of coconut fibre reinforced concrete. It summarizes several studies that tested different volume fractions and lengths of coconut fibres in concrete mixtures with varying compressive strengths. The studies found that coconut fibre improved properties like tensile strength, toughness, crack resistance, and spalling resistance compared to plain concrete. Volume fractions of 2-5% and fibre lengths of 20-50mm produced the best results. The document concludes that using a 4-5% volume fraction of coconut fibres 30-40mm in length with M30-M60 grade concrete would provide benefits based on previous research.
Optimizing Business Management Process Workflows: The Dynamic Influence of Mi...IRJET Journal
The document discusses optimizing business management processes through automation using Microsoft Power Automate and artificial intelligence. It provides an overview of Power Automate's key components and features for automating workflows across various apps and services. The document then presents several scenarios applying automation solutions to common business processes like data entry, monitoring, HR, finance, customer support, and more. It estimates the potential time and cost savings from implementing automation for each scenario. Finally, the conclusion emphasizes the transformative impact of AI and automation tools on business processes and the need for ongoing optimization.
Multistoried and Multi Bay Steel Building Frame by using Seismic DesignIRJET Journal
The document describes the seismic design of a G+5 steel building frame located in Roorkee, India according to Indian codes IS 1893-2002 and IS 800. The frame was analyzed using the equivalent static load method and response spectrum method, and its response in terms of displacements and shear forces were compared. Based on the analysis, the frame was designed as a seismic-resistant steel structure according to IS 800:2007. The software STAAD Pro was used for the analysis and design.
Cost Optimization of Construction Using Plastic Waste as a Sustainable Constr...IRJET Journal
This research paper explores using plastic waste as a sustainable and cost-effective construction material. The study focuses on manufacturing pavers and bricks using recycled plastic and partially replacing concrete with plastic alternatives. Initial results found that pavers and bricks made from recycled plastic demonstrate comparable strength and durability to traditional materials while providing environmental and cost benefits. Additionally, preliminary research indicates incorporating plastic waste as a partial concrete replacement significantly reduces construction costs without compromising structural integrity. The outcomes suggest adopting plastic waste in construction can address plastic pollution while optimizing costs, promoting more sustainable building practices.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.