This document discusses energy minimization in wireless sensor networks using multi-hop transmissions. It provides background on wireless sensor networks and their components. It then discusses challenges like limited energy and the need for multi-hop transmissions due to limited transmission range. The document outlines the problem of determining the optimal number of cooperating nodes per hop to minimize total energy consumption while meeting an outage probability requirement at each hop. It discusses using cooperative transmissions to increase transmission range through diversity gain while keeping transmit power fixed.
CUTTING DOWN ENERGY USAGE IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS USING DUTY CYCLE TECHNI...ijwmn
A wireless sensor network is composed of many sensor nodes, that have beengiven out in a
specific zoneandeach of them hadanability of collecting information from the environment and
sending collected data to the sink. The most significant issues in wireless sensor networks,
despite the recent progress is the trouble of the severe limitations of energy resources.Since that
in different applications of sensor nets, we could throw a static or mobile sink, then all aspects of
such networks should be planned with an awareness of energy.One of the most significant topics
related to these networks, is routing. One of the most widely used and efficient methods of
routing isa hierarchy (based on clustering) method.
In The present study with the objective of cutting down energy consumption and persistence of
network coverage, we have offered a novel algorithm based on clustering algorithms and multihop routing.To achieve this goal, first, we layer the network environment based on the size of the
network.We will identify the optimal number of cluster heads and every cluster head based on
the mechanism of topology control will start to accept members.Likewise, we set the first layer
as gate layer and subsequently identifying the gate’s nodes, we’d turn away half of the sensors
and then stop using energy and the remaining nodes in this layer will join the gate’s nodes
because they hold a critical part in bettering the functioning of the system. Cluster heads off
following layers send the information to cluster heads in the above layer until sent data will be
sent to gate’s nodes and finally will be sent to sink. We have tested the proposed algorithm in
two situations 1) when the sink is off and 2)when a sink is on and simulation data shows that
proposed algorithm has better performance in terms of the life span of a network than LEACH
and ELEACH protocols.
Energy Behavior in Ad Hoc Network Minimizing the Number of Hops and Maintaini...CSCJournals
Wireless ad-hoc mesh network is a special kind of network, where all of the nodes move in time. The topology of the network changes as the nodes are in the proximity of each other. Ad-hoc networks are generally self-configuring no stable infrastructure takes a place. In this network, each node should help relaying packets of neighboring nodes using multi-hop routing mechanism. This mechanism is needed to reach far destination nodes to solve problem of dead communication. This multiple traffic "hops" within a wireless mesh network caused dilemma. Wireless mesh network that contain multiple hops become increasingly vulnerable to problems such as energy degradation and rapid increasing of overhead packets. This paper provides a generic routing framework that balances energy efficient broadcast schemes in Wireless (Ad-Hoc) Mesh Network and maintaining connectivity of nodes (mobile terminals). Typically, each node’s activities will consume energy, either for sending packets, receiving or preparing/processing packets. Number of hops, distance of nodes, and size of packet will determine the consumption of energy. The framework is based on the principle that additional relay nodes with appropriate energy and routing metric between source and final destination significantly reduces the energy consumption necessary to deliver packets in Wireless (Ad-Hoc) Mesh Network while keep the connectivity of dynamic nodes. Using the framework, the average network connectivity is kept 18% higher and the lifetime of network lasting more than 2.38% compared with network with Link State Routing mechanism. The simulation notes that the end-to-end delay may increase rapidly if relay nodes are more than five.
Energy Efficient Enhancement of TDEEC Wireless Sensors Network Protocol Based...chokrio
Radio frequency identification (RFID) and wireless sensor networks are two important wireless technologies which have a wide variety of applications in current and in future systems. By integration of these technologies, it is
feasible to improve the operating functionalities. In the heterogeneous network, the need to apply the balancing of
energy consumption across all nodes is very important to prevent the death of those nodes and thereafter increase the lifetime of the network .The most part of the network energy is consumed in the localization and in the communication stages, when nodes are sending HELLO packet, this energy can be recovered by implementing a passive RFID circuit in each node. This approach extends the network lifetime and increase the number of packet messages sent to the base station. Computer simulation in MATLAB with different scenarios comparison shows that the proposed method presents an efficient solution to enhance the energy network performance.
A Novel Grid Based Dynamic Energy Efficient Routing Approach for Highly Dense...ijasuc
A research work without considering the power constraint cannot be conceded a fine contribution towards
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET). As MANET comes into action for some special purpose, but its
fugacity sometimes result degrades in network performance. Although the many prominent features of
MANET like mobility, dynamic change in topology, multi radio relaying, quickly lay down the network
without depending upon fixed infrastructures and many more provides tremendous flexibilities for the end
user but challenges like limited power constraint, reliable data communication, band width utilization ,
network performance and throughput are still needed to be handle very sensibly. As limited battery power
and inefficient routing protocol mechanism are high prone to network partition, in such case the network
needs to be established more than once. Because communication establishment involves many costly
operations like route discovery and route maintenance. The more the network partition the more the packet
drops and packet loss which indeed requires a number of retransmission of packets, consuming network
bandwidth as well as depleting battery power of individual nodes with a higher rate, which are the major
destructive elements in network performance degradation as well as the major cause of reducing individual
node’s life time and network life time. So with all caveat in mind, we have proposed a novel Grid Based
Dynamic Energy Efficient Routing (GBDEER) approach which is aimed to construct an energy efficient
path from source to destination based on grid area, where each grid will have three deferent levels of
transmission power. Every grid will have its own grid supervisor node who will take the responsibility
during data communication, especially when the data is been passed through that specific grid. And
keeping the dynamic nature of MANET in mind, we have also provide the feature of grid subordinate
node, who will take the place of grid supervisor in case the supervisor is moving out of the grid area or
running out of energy from certain threshold level. So we our proposed method not only establishes an
energy efficient path but also concerned a dedicated path which can be used for data communication for a
long period of time without any network partition. Hence this approach will be less prone to all those
problems mentions above by the incorporating an efficient mobility handling mechanism.
Mobile Ad HOC networks (MANET’S) are networks in which all nodes are mobile and
communicate with each other via wireless connections. Nodes can join or leave the network at any
time. There is no fixed infrastructure. Research and industries are recently more interesting and
attracting to the VANET and MANET development domain. A vehicular ad hoc network (VANET)
is a subclass of MANET. In this paper, we propose Bee Routing Protocol for Ad Hoc Network, in
which a new quality of service multipath routing protocol adapted for the VANET. This algorithm is
a reactive source routing algorithm and consumes less energy as compared to DSDV, AODV, DSR
routing algorithms because a fewer control packets for routing are sent as compared to other
networks.
CUTTING DOWN ENERGY USAGE IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS USING DUTY CYCLE TECHNI...ijwmn
A wireless sensor network is composed of many sensor nodes, that have beengiven out in a
specific zoneandeach of them hadanability of collecting information from the environment and
sending collected data to the sink. The most significant issues in wireless sensor networks,
despite the recent progress is the trouble of the severe limitations of energy resources.Since that
in different applications of sensor nets, we could throw a static or mobile sink, then all aspects of
such networks should be planned with an awareness of energy.One of the most significant topics
related to these networks, is routing. One of the most widely used and efficient methods of
routing isa hierarchy (based on clustering) method.
In The present study with the objective of cutting down energy consumption and persistence of
network coverage, we have offered a novel algorithm based on clustering algorithms and multihop routing.To achieve this goal, first, we layer the network environment based on the size of the
network.We will identify the optimal number of cluster heads and every cluster head based on
the mechanism of topology control will start to accept members.Likewise, we set the first layer
as gate layer and subsequently identifying the gate’s nodes, we’d turn away half of the sensors
and then stop using energy and the remaining nodes in this layer will join the gate’s nodes
because they hold a critical part in bettering the functioning of the system. Cluster heads off
following layers send the information to cluster heads in the above layer until sent data will be
sent to gate’s nodes and finally will be sent to sink. We have tested the proposed algorithm in
two situations 1) when the sink is off and 2)when a sink is on and simulation data shows that
proposed algorithm has better performance in terms of the life span of a network than LEACH
and ELEACH protocols.
Energy Behavior in Ad Hoc Network Minimizing the Number of Hops and Maintaini...CSCJournals
Wireless ad-hoc mesh network is a special kind of network, where all of the nodes move in time. The topology of the network changes as the nodes are in the proximity of each other. Ad-hoc networks are generally self-configuring no stable infrastructure takes a place. In this network, each node should help relaying packets of neighboring nodes using multi-hop routing mechanism. This mechanism is needed to reach far destination nodes to solve problem of dead communication. This multiple traffic "hops" within a wireless mesh network caused dilemma. Wireless mesh network that contain multiple hops become increasingly vulnerable to problems such as energy degradation and rapid increasing of overhead packets. This paper provides a generic routing framework that balances energy efficient broadcast schemes in Wireless (Ad-Hoc) Mesh Network and maintaining connectivity of nodes (mobile terminals). Typically, each node’s activities will consume energy, either for sending packets, receiving or preparing/processing packets. Number of hops, distance of nodes, and size of packet will determine the consumption of energy. The framework is based on the principle that additional relay nodes with appropriate energy and routing metric between source and final destination significantly reduces the energy consumption necessary to deliver packets in Wireless (Ad-Hoc) Mesh Network while keep the connectivity of dynamic nodes. Using the framework, the average network connectivity is kept 18% higher and the lifetime of network lasting more than 2.38% compared with network with Link State Routing mechanism. The simulation notes that the end-to-end delay may increase rapidly if relay nodes are more than five.
Energy Efficient Enhancement of TDEEC Wireless Sensors Network Protocol Based...chokrio
Radio frequency identification (RFID) and wireless sensor networks are two important wireless technologies which have a wide variety of applications in current and in future systems. By integration of these technologies, it is
feasible to improve the operating functionalities. In the heterogeneous network, the need to apply the balancing of
energy consumption across all nodes is very important to prevent the death of those nodes and thereafter increase the lifetime of the network .The most part of the network energy is consumed in the localization and in the communication stages, when nodes are sending HELLO packet, this energy can be recovered by implementing a passive RFID circuit in each node. This approach extends the network lifetime and increase the number of packet messages sent to the base station. Computer simulation in MATLAB with different scenarios comparison shows that the proposed method presents an efficient solution to enhance the energy network performance.
A Novel Grid Based Dynamic Energy Efficient Routing Approach for Highly Dense...ijasuc
A research work without considering the power constraint cannot be conceded a fine contribution towards
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET). As MANET comes into action for some special purpose, but its
fugacity sometimes result degrades in network performance. Although the many prominent features of
MANET like mobility, dynamic change in topology, multi radio relaying, quickly lay down the network
without depending upon fixed infrastructures and many more provides tremendous flexibilities for the end
user but challenges like limited power constraint, reliable data communication, band width utilization ,
network performance and throughput are still needed to be handle very sensibly. As limited battery power
and inefficient routing protocol mechanism are high prone to network partition, in such case the network
needs to be established more than once. Because communication establishment involves many costly
operations like route discovery and route maintenance. The more the network partition the more the packet
drops and packet loss which indeed requires a number of retransmission of packets, consuming network
bandwidth as well as depleting battery power of individual nodes with a higher rate, which are the major
destructive elements in network performance degradation as well as the major cause of reducing individual
node’s life time and network life time. So with all caveat in mind, we have proposed a novel Grid Based
Dynamic Energy Efficient Routing (GBDEER) approach which is aimed to construct an energy efficient
path from source to destination based on grid area, where each grid will have three deferent levels of
transmission power. Every grid will have its own grid supervisor node who will take the responsibility
during data communication, especially when the data is been passed through that specific grid. And
keeping the dynamic nature of MANET in mind, we have also provide the feature of grid subordinate
node, who will take the place of grid supervisor in case the supervisor is moving out of the grid area or
running out of energy from certain threshold level. So we our proposed method not only establishes an
energy efficient path but also concerned a dedicated path which can be used for data communication for a
long period of time without any network partition. Hence this approach will be less prone to all those
problems mentions above by the incorporating an efficient mobility handling mechanism.
Mobile Ad HOC networks (MANET’S) are networks in which all nodes are mobile and
communicate with each other via wireless connections. Nodes can join or leave the network at any
time. There is no fixed infrastructure. Research and industries are recently more interesting and
attracting to the VANET and MANET development domain. A vehicular ad hoc network (VANET)
is a subclass of MANET. In this paper, we propose Bee Routing Protocol for Ad Hoc Network, in
which a new quality of service multipath routing protocol adapted for the VANET. This algorithm is
a reactive source routing algorithm and consumes less energy as compared to DSDV, AODV, DSR
routing algorithms because a fewer control packets for routing are sent as compared to other
networks.
ALL ABOUT DATA AGGREGATION IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKSEditor IJCTER
A wireless sensor network is a computer network that consists of small devices called
sensor nodes. These sensor nodes have the ability to sense different environmental conditions like
temperature, pressure, etc. All these sensor nodes send their data to a central node or base station.
This creates a large communication overhead the energy source for these nodes is usually a battery.
This gives rise to huge consumption of energy and resources. So a solution is required that
overcomes the above problems. Data aggregation is one of its solutions. This method consists of
aggregators that combine the data coming from the sensor nodes and then passes it to the base
station. With the help of data aggregation we reduce the energy consumption by eliminating
redundancy and we can enhance the life time of wireless network. The purpose of the proposed paper
is to explain data aggregation in wireless sensor network, how it works, different techniques of data
aggregation and the comparison among them.
QoS controlled capacity offload optimization in heterogeneous networksjournalBEEI
An efficient resource allocation mechanism in the physical layer of wireless networks ensures that resources such as bandwidth and power are used with high efficiency in spite of low delay and high edge user data rate. Microcells in the network are typically set with bias settings to artificially increase the Signal-to-Interference-Plus-Noise Ratio, thus encouraging users to offload to the microcell. However, the artificial bias settings are tedious and often suboptimal. This work presents a low complexity algorithm for maximization of network capacity with load balancing in a heterogeneous network without the need for bias setting. The small cells were deployed in a grid topology at a selected distance from macrocell to enhance network capacity through coverage overlap. User association and minimum user throughput were incorporated as constraints to enable closer simulation to real word Quality of Service requirements. The results showed that the proposed algorithm was able to maintain less than 10% user drop rate. The proposed algorithm can increase user confidence as well as maintain load balancing, maintain the scalability, and reduce power consumption of the wireless network.
Joint Interference Coordination and Spatial Resource ReuseIJMTST Journal
Multihop cellular networks (MCNs) have drawn tremendous attention due to its high throughput and extensive coverage. Deploying relay nodes is foreseen a cost-efficient solution to combat the severe propagation loss at cell edge. However, relay cell coverage is limited by the low transmit power, limited antenna capabilities and wireless backhaul link bottleneck which may lead to load imbalances and hence low resource utilization efficiency. Further challenges in relay deployments are attributed to increased interference levels in the network compared with macro cell-only deployments, causing degradation of the user throughput. In this context, relay cell coverage expansion and interference coordination techniques are expected to improve the performance of relay deployments. In this study, we analyze the impact of the additional interference due to the relay node transmissions. Jointly with our previous study on cell expansion, spatial resource reuse from the graph-theoretical perspective. Next, our focus shifts to developing a simple but efficient radio resource management algorithm which enables the spatial resource reuse, the pricing- based radio resource management (PRRM) strategy. The PRRM performs spatial reuse for interference-free users operating in the high signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR) region, while guaranteeing the signal quality of interference-susceptible users usually located near the coverage boundary. By applying the PRRM, we evaluate the potential benefits of the spatial resource reuse.
DEVELOPMENT OF SOM NEURAL NETWORK BASED ENERGY EFFICIENT CLUSTERING HIERARCHI...ijassn
Cluster-Based Routing Protocols is a renowned scheme to extend the lifetime and energy consumption simultaneously for the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). Every sensor node work homogenously or heterogeneously which is energy constrained when energy and memory capacity is limited. Congregating information resourcefully in perilous situations in the sensor network for a large-scale area and huge time is required an effectual protocol. In this paper, we proposed a cluster-based hierarchical routing path protocol, namely SOM-PEG protocol, which is a modified PEGASIS protocol based on traditional
PEGASIS with the employment of Self Organizing Map (SOM) neural network (NN). The simulation is performed on MATLAB simulation tool as well as NN GUI. The performance comparison shows that the proposed protocol provides better network lifetime and ensures less energy consumption compared with
traditional PEGASIS protocol.
Current issue- International Journal of Advanced Smart Sensor Network Systems...ijassn
With the availability of low cost, short range sensor technology along with advances in wireless networking, sensor networks has become a hot topic of discussion. The International Journal of Advanced Smart Sensor Network Systems is an open access peer-reviewed journal which focuses on applied research and applications of sensor networks. While sensor networks provide ample opportunities to provide various services, its effective deployment in large scale is still challenging due to various factors. This journal provides a forum that impacts the development of high performance computing solutions to problems arising due to the complexities of sensor network systems. It also acts as a path to exchange novel ideas about impacts of sensor networks research.
Ijeee 24-27-energy efficient communication for adhoc networksKumar Goud
Energy Efficient Communication for Adhoc Networks
1SK.Nagula Meera 2Dr. D.Srinivasa Kumar 3Dr. D.Srinivasa Rao
Research Scholar Professor & Principal Professor, ECE department
ECE department, JNTU Hyderabad Hosur Institute of Technology and Science
Errandapalli Village, Beerpalli PO JNTU College of Engineering Hyderabad(Autonomous)
Ramapuram (via), Krishnagri Dt., Tamilnadu
Abstract: A mobile accidental network (MANET) may be an assortment of nodes equipped with wireless communications and a networking capability while not central network management. The method of wireless networks within the applications like transferring video files is subjected to twin constraints. Each step-down of power and different QOS needs like delay, throughputs square measure need to be bewaring properly. Mobile accidental Networks square measure a lot of perceptive to those problems wherever every mobile device is active sort of a router and consequently, routing delay adds significantly to overall end-to-end delay. This paper presents a survey on power economical routing protocols for Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks. This survey focused on recent progress on power saving algorithms. Additionally we recommend one power aware technique which can cut back power consumption yet as increase the lifespan of node and network.
Keywords: Mobile, Ad-Hoc networks, QOS, MANET, IBSS, ATIM, DPSM.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF CHANNEL ACCESS MODEL FOR MAC IN RANDOMLY DISTRIBUTED ...IJCNCJournal
Medium Access control (MAC) is one of the fundamental problems in wireless sensor networks. The performance of wireless sensor network depends on it. The main objective of a medium access control method is to provide high throughput, minimize the delay, and conservers the energy consumption by avoiding the collisions. In this paper, a general model for MAC protocol to reduce the delay, maximize throughput and conserve the energy consumption in channel accessing in high density randomly distributed wireless sensor network is presented. The proposed model is simulated using MATLAB. The simulation results show that the average delay for sensors with sufficient memory is lower than sensors without
memory. Further, the throughput of the channel access method with memory is better than without memory.
Engineering Research Publication
Best International Journals, High Impact Journals,
International Journal of Engineering & Technical Research
ISSN : 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P)
www.erpublication.org
Advanced antenna techniques and high order sectorization with novel network t...ijwmn
Mobile operators commonly use macro cells with trad
itional wide beam antennas for wider coverage in th
e
cell, but future capacity demands cannot be achieve
d by using them only. It is required to achieve max
imum
practical capacity from macro cells by employing hi
gher order sectorization and by utilizing all possi
ble
antenna solutions including smart antennas. This pa
per presents enhanced tessellation for 6-sector sit
es
and proposes novel layout for 12-sector sites. The
main target of this paper is to compare the perform
ance
of conventional wide beam antenna, switched beam sm
art antenna, adaptive beam antenna and different
network layouts in terms of offering better receive
d signal quality and user throughput. Splitting mac
ro cell
into smaller micro or pico cells can improve the ca
pacity of network, but this paper highlights the
importance of higher order sectorization and advanc
e antenna techniques to attain high Signal to
Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR), along with im
proved network capacity. Monte Carlo simulations a
t
system level were done for Dual Cell High Speed Dow
nlink Packet Access (DC-HSDPA) technology with
multiple (five) users per Transmission Time Interva
l (TTI) at different Intersite Distance (ISD). The
obtained results validate and estimate the gain of
using smart antennas and higher order sectorization
with
proposed network layout.
Mobile Relay Configuration in Data-Intensuive Wireless Sensor with Three Rout...IJERA Editor
Wireless sensor network are increasingly used in data-intensive applications such as micro-climate monitoring,
precision agriculture and audio/video surveillance. A key challenges faced by data-intensive wsn’s is to transmit
all the data generated with an application’s lifetime to the base station despite the fact that sensor nodes have
limited power supply. We propose using low-cost disposable mobile really and our work in the following
aspects First, it does not require complex motion planning of mobile nodes. Second we integrate the energy
consumption due to both mobility and wireless transmission. Our framework consists of first algorithm
computes an optimal routing tree. The second, we integrate the energy consumption due to both mobility and
wireless transmissions .The second algorithm improves the topology of the routing tree by greedily adding new
nodes. The third algorithm improves the routing tree by relocating its nodes without changing its topology.
Frequently forming a network topology without the use of any existing network infrastructure. We compare the
performance of the three prominent routing protocols for the mobile relay is Adhoc on Demand Distance Vector
(ADVO), Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) and Temporally Ordered Routing Protocols (TORA).
We have chosen four performance metrics such as Average Delay, Packet Delivery Fraction, Routing load and
varying Mobility nodes, simulation for the popular routing protocols AODV, DSDV, and TORA. The
simulation is carried out on NS-2. The performance differentials are analyzed using varying network size and
simulations times. The simulation results confirm that ADVO performs well in terms of Average Delay, Packet
Delivery Fraction. As far as routing load concers TORA performs well.
IOSR Journal of Mathematics(IOSR-JM) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mathemetics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mathematics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
IOSR Journal of Mathematics(IOSR-JM) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mathemetics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mathematics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
ALL ABOUT DATA AGGREGATION IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKSEditor IJCTER
A wireless sensor network is a computer network that consists of small devices called
sensor nodes. These sensor nodes have the ability to sense different environmental conditions like
temperature, pressure, etc. All these sensor nodes send their data to a central node or base station.
This creates a large communication overhead the energy source for these nodes is usually a battery.
This gives rise to huge consumption of energy and resources. So a solution is required that
overcomes the above problems. Data aggregation is one of its solutions. This method consists of
aggregators that combine the data coming from the sensor nodes and then passes it to the base
station. With the help of data aggregation we reduce the energy consumption by eliminating
redundancy and we can enhance the life time of wireless network. The purpose of the proposed paper
is to explain data aggregation in wireless sensor network, how it works, different techniques of data
aggregation and the comparison among them.
QoS controlled capacity offload optimization in heterogeneous networksjournalBEEI
An efficient resource allocation mechanism in the physical layer of wireless networks ensures that resources such as bandwidth and power are used with high efficiency in spite of low delay and high edge user data rate. Microcells in the network are typically set with bias settings to artificially increase the Signal-to-Interference-Plus-Noise Ratio, thus encouraging users to offload to the microcell. However, the artificial bias settings are tedious and often suboptimal. This work presents a low complexity algorithm for maximization of network capacity with load balancing in a heterogeneous network without the need for bias setting. The small cells were deployed in a grid topology at a selected distance from macrocell to enhance network capacity through coverage overlap. User association and minimum user throughput were incorporated as constraints to enable closer simulation to real word Quality of Service requirements. The results showed that the proposed algorithm was able to maintain less than 10% user drop rate. The proposed algorithm can increase user confidence as well as maintain load balancing, maintain the scalability, and reduce power consumption of the wireless network.
Joint Interference Coordination and Spatial Resource ReuseIJMTST Journal
Multihop cellular networks (MCNs) have drawn tremendous attention due to its high throughput and extensive coverage. Deploying relay nodes is foreseen a cost-efficient solution to combat the severe propagation loss at cell edge. However, relay cell coverage is limited by the low transmit power, limited antenna capabilities and wireless backhaul link bottleneck which may lead to load imbalances and hence low resource utilization efficiency. Further challenges in relay deployments are attributed to increased interference levels in the network compared with macro cell-only deployments, causing degradation of the user throughput. In this context, relay cell coverage expansion and interference coordination techniques are expected to improve the performance of relay deployments. In this study, we analyze the impact of the additional interference due to the relay node transmissions. Jointly with our previous study on cell expansion, spatial resource reuse from the graph-theoretical perspective. Next, our focus shifts to developing a simple but efficient radio resource management algorithm which enables the spatial resource reuse, the pricing- based radio resource management (PRRM) strategy. The PRRM performs spatial reuse for interference-free users operating in the high signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR) region, while guaranteeing the signal quality of interference-susceptible users usually located near the coverage boundary. By applying the PRRM, we evaluate the potential benefits of the spatial resource reuse.
DEVELOPMENT OF SOM NEURAL NETWORK BASED ENERGY EFFICIENT CLUSTERING HIERARCHI...ijassn
Cluster-Based Routing Protocols is a renowned scheme to extend the lifetime and energy consumption simultaneously for the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). Every sensor node work homogenously or heterogeneously which is energy constrained when energy and memory capacity is limited. Congregating information resourcefully in perilous situations in the sensor network for a large-scale area and huge time is required an effectual protocol. In this paper, we proposed a cluster-based hierarchical routing path protocol, namely SOM-PEG protocol, which is a modified PEGASIS protocol based on traditional
PEGASIS with the employment of Self Organizing Map (SOM) neural network (NN). The simulation is performed on MATLAB simulation tool as well as NN GUI. The performance comparison shows that the proposed protocol provides better network lifetime and ensures less energy consumption compared with
traditional PEGASIS protocol.
Current issue- International Journal of Advanced Smart Sensor Network Systems...ijassn
With the availability of low cost, short range sensor technology along with advances in wireless networking, sensor networks has become a hot topic of discussion. The International Journal of Advanced Smart Sensor Network Systems is an open access peer-reviewed journal which focuses on applied research and applications of sensor networks. While sensor networks provide ample opportunities to provide various services, its effective deployment in large scale is still challenging due to various factors. This journal provides a forum that impacts the development of high performance computing solutions to problems arising due to the complexities of sensor network systems. It also acts as a path to exchange novel ideas about impacts of sensor networks research.
Ijeee 24-27-energy efficient communication for adhoc networksKumar Goud
Energy Efficient Communication for Adhoc Networks
1SK.Nagula Meera 2Dr. D.Srinivasa Kumar 3Dr. D.Srinivasa Rao
Research Scholar Professor & Principal Professor, ECE department
ECE department, JNTU Hyderabad Hosur Institute of Technology and Science
Errandapalli Village, Beerpalli PO JNTU College of Engineering Hyderabad(Autonomous)
Ramapuram (via), Krishnagri Dt., Tamilnadu
Abstract: A mobile accidental network (MANET) may be an assortment of nodes equipped with wireless communications and a networking capability while not central network management. The method of wireless networks within the applications like transferring video files is subjected to twin constraints. Each step-down of power and different QOS needs like delay, throughputs square measure need to be bewaring properly. Mobile accidental Networks square measure a lot of perceptive to those problems wherever every mobile device is active sort of a router and consequently, routing delay adds significantly to overall end-to-end delay. This paper presents a survey on power economical routing protocols for Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks. This survey focused on recent progress on power saving algorithms. Additionally we recommend one power aware technique which can cut back power consumption yet as increase the lifespan of node and network.
Keywords: Mobile, Ad-Hoc networks, QOS, MANET, IBSS, ATIM, DPSM.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF CHANNEL ACCESS MODEL FOR MAC IN RANDOMLY DISTRIBUTED ...IJCNCJournal
Medium Access control (MAC) is one of the fundamental problems in wireless sensor networks. The performance of wireless sensor network depends on it. The main objective of a medium access control method is to provide high throughput, minimize the delay, and conservers the energy consumption by avoiding the collisions. In this paper, a general model for MAC protocol to reduce the delay, maximize throughput and conserve the energy consumption in channel accessing in high density randomly distributed wireless sensor network is presented. The proposed model is simulated using MATLAB. The simulation results show that the average delay for sensors with sufficient memory is lower than sensors without
memory. Further, the throughput of the channel access method with memory is better than without memory.
Engineering Research Publication
Best International Journals, High Impact Journals,
International Journal of Engineering & Technical Research
ISSN : 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P)
www.erpublication.org
Advanced antenna techniques and high order sectorization with novel network t...ijwmn
Mobile operators commonly use macro cells with trad
itional wide beam antennas for wider coverage in th
e
cell, but future capacity demands cannot be achieve
d by using them only. It is required to achieve max
imum
practical capacity from macro cells by employing hi
gher order sectorization and by utilizing all possi
ble
antenna solutions including smart antennas. This pa
per presents enhanced tessellation for 6-sector sit
es
and proposes novel layout for 12-sector sites. The
main target of this paper is to compare the perform
ance
of conventional wide beam antenna, switched beam sm
art antenna, adaptive beam antenna and different
network layouts in terms of offering better receive
d signal quality and user throughput. Splitting mac
ro cell
into smaller micro or pico cells can improve the ca
pacity of network, but this paper highlights the
importance of higher order sectorization and advanc
e antenna techniques to attain high Signal to
Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR), along with im
proved network capacity. Monte Carlo simulations a
t
system level were done for Dual Cell High Speed Dow
nlink Packet Access (DC-HSDPA) technology with
multiple (five) users per Transmission Time Interva
l (TTI) at different Intersite Distance (ISD). The
obtained results validate and estimate the gain of
using smart antennas and higher order sectorization
with
proposed network layout.
Mobile Relay Configuration in Data-Intensuive Wireless Sensor with Three Rout...IJERA Editor
Wireless sensor network are increasingly used in data-intensive applications such as micro-climate monitoring,
precision agriculture and audio/video surveillance. A key challenges faced by data-intensive wsn’s is to transmit
all the data generated with an application’s lifetime to the base station despite the fact that sensor nodes have
limited power supply. We propose using low-cost disposable mobile really and our work in the following
aspects First, it does not require complex motion planning of mobile nodes. Second we integrate the energy
consumption due to both mobility and wireless transmission. Our framework consists of first algorithm
computes an optimal routing tree. The second, we integrate the energy consumption due to both mobility and
wireless transmissions .The second algorithm improves the topology of the routing tree by greedily adding new
nodes. The third algorithm improves the routing tree by relocating its nodes without changing its topology.
Frequently forming a network topology without the use of any existing network infrastructure. We compare the
performance of the three prominent routing protocols for the mobile relay is Adhoc on Demand Distance Vector
(ADVO), Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) and Temporally Ordered Routing Protocols (TORA).
We have chosen four performance metrics such as Average Delay, Packet Delivery Fraction, Routing load and
varying Mobility nodes, simulation for the popular routing protocols AODV, DSDV, and TORA. The
simulation is carried out on NS-2. The performance differentials are analyzed using varying network size and
simulations times. The simulation results confirm that ADVO performs well in terms of Average Delay, Packet
Delivery Fraction. As far as routing load concers TORA performs well.
IOSR Journal of Mathematics(IOSR-JM) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mathemetics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mathematics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
IOSR Journal of Mathematics(IOSR-JM) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mathemetics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mathematics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
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CUTTING DOWN ENERGY USAGE IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS USING DUTY CYCLE TECHNI...ijwmn
A wireless sensor network is composed of many sensor nodes, that have beengiven out in a
specific zoneandeach of them hadanability of collecting information from the environment and
sending collected data to the sink. The most significant issues in wireless sensor networks,
despite the recent progress is the trouble of the severe limitations of energy resources.Since that
in different applications of sensor nets, we could throw a static or mobile sink, then all aspects of
such networks should be planned with an awareness of energy.One of the most significant topics
related to these networks, is routing. One of the most widely used and efficient methods of
routing isa hierarchy (based on clustering) method.
Designing an Energy Efficient Clustering in Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Net...IJCNCJournal
Designing an energy-efficient scheme in a Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network (HWSN) is a critical issue that degrades the network performance. Recharging and providing security to the sensor devices is very difficult in an unattended environment once the energy is drained off. A Clustering scheme is an important and suitable approach to increase energy efficiency and transmitting secured data which in turn enhances the performance in the network. The proposed algorithm Energy Efficient Clustering (EEC) works for optimum energy utilization in sensor nodes. The algorithm is proposed by combining the rotation-based clustering and energy-saving mechanism for avoiding the node failure and prolonging the network lifetime. This shows MAC layer scheduling is based on optimum energy utilization depending on the residual energy. In the proposed work, a densely populated network is partitioned into clusters and all the cluster heads are formed at a time and selected on rotation based on considering the highest energy of the sensor nodes. Other cluster members are accommodated in a cluster based on Basic Cost Maximum flow (BCMF) to allow the cluster head for transmitting the secured data. Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA), a contention window based protocol is used at the MAC layer for collision detection and to provide channel access prioritization to HWSN of different traffic classes with reduction in End to End delay, energy consumption, and improved throughput and Packet delivery ratio(PDR) and allowing the cluster head for transmission without depleting the energy. Simulation parameters of the proposed system such as Throughput, Energy, and Packet Delivery Ratio are obtained and compared with the existing system.
DESIGNING AN ENERGY EFFICIENT CLUSTERING IN HETEROGENEOUS WIRELESS SENSOR NET...IJCNCJournal
Designing an energy-efficient scheme in a Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network (HWSN) is a critical
issue that degrades the network performance. Recharging and providing security to the sensor devices is
very difficult in an unattended environment once the energy is drained off. A Clustering scheme is an
important and suitable approach to increase energy efficiency and transmitting secured data which in turn
enhances the performance in the network. The proposed algorithm Energy Efficient Clustering (EEC)
works for optimum energy utilization in sensor nodes. The algorithm is proposed by combining the
rotation-based clustering and energy-saving mechanism for avoiding the node failure and prolonging the
network lifetime. This shows MAC layer scheduling is based on optimum energy utilization depending on
the residual energy. In the proposed work, a densely populated network is partitioned into clusters and all
the cluster heads are formed at a time and selected on rotation based on considering the highest energy of
the sensor nodes. Other cluster members are accommodated in a cluster based on Basic Cost Maximum
flow (BCMF) to allow the cluster head for transmitting the secured data. Carrier Sense Multiple Access
(CSMA), a contention window based protocol is used at the MAC layer for collision detection and to
provide channel access prioritization to HWSN of different traffic classes with reduction in End to End
delay, energy consumption, and improved throughput and Packet delivery ratio(PDR) and allowing the
cluster head for transmission without depleting the energy. Simulation parameters of the proposed system
such as Throughput, Energy, and Packet Delivery Ratio are obtained and compared with the existing
system.
A review of Hierarchical energy Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networkiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Energy Proficient and Security Protocol for WSN: A Reviewtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Node Failure Prevention by Using Energy Efficient Routing In Wireless Sensor ...IJTET Journal
The most necessary issue that has to be solved in coming up with an information transmission rule for
wireless unplanned networks is a way to save unplanned node energy whereas meeting the wants of applications
users because the unplanned nodes are battery restricted. Whereas satisfying the energy saving demand, it’s
conjointly necessary to realize the standard of service. Just in case of emergency work, it's necessary to deliver the
information on time. Achieving quality of service in is additionally necessary. So as to realize this demand, Power -
efficient Energy-Aware routing protocol for wireless unplanned networks is planned that saves the energy by
expeditiously choosing the energy economical path within the routing method. When supply finds route to
destination, it calculates α for every route. The worth α is predicated on largest minimum residual energy of the trail
and hop count of the trail. If a route has higher α, then that path is chosen for routing the information. The worth of α
are higher, if the most important of minimum residual energy of the trail is higher and also the range of hop count is
lower. Once the trail is chosen, knowledge is transferred on the trail. So as to extend the energy potency any
transmission power of the nodes is additionally adjusted supported the situation of their neighbour. If the neighbours
of a node are closely placed thereto node, then transmission vary of the node is diminished. Thus it's enough for the
node to own the transmission power to achieve the neighbour at intervals that vary. As a result transmission power
of the node is cut back that later on reduces the energy consumption of the node. Our planned work is simulated
through Network machine (NS-2). Existing AODV and Man-Min energy routing protocol conjointly simulated
through NS-2 for performance comparison. Packet Delivery quantitative relation, Energy Consumption and end-toend
delay.
ENERGY SAVINGS IN APPLICATIONS FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS TIME CRITICAL REQ...IJCNCJournal
Along with handling and poor storage capacity, each sensor in wireless sensor network (WSN) is equipped
with a limited power source and very difficult to be replaced in most application environments. Improving
the energy savings in applications for wireless sensor networks is necessary. In this paper, we mainly focus
on energy consumption savings in applications for wireless sensor networks time critical requirements. Our
Paper accompanying analysis of advanced technologies for energy saving techniques for the optimization
of energy efficiency together with the data transmission is optimal. Moreover, we propose improvements to
increase energy savings in applications for wireless sensor networks require time critical (LEACH
improvements). Simulation results show that our proposed protocol significantly better than LEACH about
the formation of clusters in each round, the average power, the number of nodes alive and average total
received data in base stations.
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
Issues in optimizing the performance of wireless sensor networkseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Efficient and stable route selection by using cross layer concept for highly...Roopali Singh
Efficient and stable route selection by using cross layer concept for highly mobile network with predictive features by Rupali Singh, Gajendra Singh Dhakad
published in International Journal of Research & Technology, Volume 3, Issue 4_November_2015
Optimized Projected Strategy for Enhancement of WSN Using Genetic AlgorithmsIJMER
This paper put forward a new strategy for selecting the most favorable cluster head in Stable
Election Protocol (SEP). The planned approach selects a node as cluster head if it has the maximum
energy among all the available nodes in that particular cluster. It considers diverse nodes and divides
nodes among normal, transitional and advance nodes. To handle the heterogeneity of the nodes, different
optimized probability density functions are selected. First node dead time explain the network stability
period and last node dead explain the overall network lifetime. The main pressure is to increase the time
when first node dies and also when last node dies. The projected strategy is designed and implemented in
the Matlab using mathematics toolbox. The projected algorithm is also compared with the some prominent
protocols like leach, E-LEACH, SEP and extended SEP
Energy Consumption in Ad Hoc Network With Agents Minimizing the Number of Hop...CSCJournals
Wireless mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is a special kind of network, where all of the nodes move in time. Node is intended to help relaying packets of neighboring nodes using multi-hop routing mechanism in order to solve problem of dead communication. MANET which engages broadcasting and contains multiple hops becomes increasingly vulnerable to problems such as mobile node’s energy degradation, routing problem and rapid increasing of overhead packets. This paper provides an extensive study of energy consumption in the MANET that consists of several network areas with the presence agents. Agents will minimize number of hops and its affect in linearity with the delay. As nodes grow, either in data transmission services or coverage of node’s communication or more agents stand in overlapped locations, accordingly data exchange and topology development to adapt the network are becoming an important issue. As a result, agents are needed to support process automation, high-level connectivity and intelligent service on that such environment. We evaluate the agents’ performance and network energy consumption for supporting MANET. The proposed agents provides service packets transmission between networks; e.g. determine appropriate relay nodes dynamically, maintain the transmission between networks through another nodes, share the topology knowledge among agents, and route packets between source and final destination that are unable to communicate directly. The achievement on research with this approach is conducted via simulation study. A similar network without agents is presented to derive such referential bounds by using appropriate functions of network agents. The proposed algorithm is confirmed with composite simulation results.
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Energy Minimization in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Multi Hop Transmission
1. IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSRJCE)
ISSN: 2278-0661, ISBN: 2278-8727 Volume 5, Issue 5 (Sep-Oct. 2012), PP 14-21
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 14 | Page
Energy Minimization in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Multi
Hop Transmission
1
Radarapu bharathi, 2
Tamatam Neeraja
1,2
Department of computer Science and Information Technology Kamala Institute Of Technology and
Science,Singapur,Huzurabad.
Abstract: Wireless technology has enormous potential to change the way people and things communicate.
Wireless cellular networks allow people on the move to communicate with anyone or anything using a range of
multimedia services. Of all potential wireless applications, sensor networks are special due to their emphasis on
communication between devices. In addition, these networks have hard energy constraints since each node is
powered by a small battery that may not be rechargeable or renewable. Therefore, reducing energy
consumption is the most important design consideration for such networks. A sensor network is composed of
dozens, or even thousands of nodes, connected in a systematic way, as shown in Fig. 1.1. This figure indicates
that the information from the sensors flows into a hub node. As shown in the figure, if the source node is far
away from the hub node, intermediate nodes can help with relaying via multihop transmissions. These
networked sensors are distributed to collect information on entities of interest.
A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of a group of self-organizing, lightweight sensor nodes that
are used to cooperatively monitor physical or environmental conditions. Commonly monitored parameters
include temperature, sound, humidity, vibration, pressure and motion . Each sensor node in a WSN is equipped
with a radio transmitter, several sensors, a battery unit and a microcontroller. Although the WSN research was
initially motivated by military applications, wireless sensor networks are now used in many industrial and
public service areas . Sensor nodes are inexpensive portable devices with limited processing power and energy
resources. The Sensor nodes can be used to collect information from the environment, locally process this data
and transmit the sensed data back to the user. Sensor nodes consist of five main components : a computing unit,
a communication unit, a sensing unit, a memory unit, and a power supply unit. The computing unit consists of a
microprocessor. The microprocessor is responsible for managing the communication protocols, processing
collected data from the on-board sensors, and performing the power management. Each sensor node has a
single communication unit that is able to transmit and receive packets. This unit combines the functionality of
both transmitter and receiver
. Although all sensing, computing and communication operations consume energy, data communication
requires more energy than sensing and computing. Thus, reducing data communication between sensor nodes
can improve the energy efficiency and extend the lifetime of sensor networks. A WSN is able to self-configure its
operation and manage its connectivity. A WSN is also able to tolerate malfunctioning nodes and integrate new
nodes in the network since node failure is common in WSN applications . Because of the limited power and
transmission range in a large sensor network, the communication between sensor nodes must be multihop. Data
from a source sensor node relayed by a number of intermediate nodes before it reaches the final
destination. The Collaboration between sensor nodes and in-network processing are necessary in
sensor networks since a single node may not have all the data concerning some event of interest .
I. Challenges And Motivations
In previous works, energy efficiency of cooperative transmissions over a single hop was investigated
and compared to the traditional SISO transmissions. The capacity of a large Gaussian relay network, where a
source cooperates with relay nodes to transmit to a sink node is investigated. In our work, we investigate energy
efficient routing in multi-hop wireless networks with cooperative transmissions when the channel is slowly-
varying. The key advantage provided by the cooperative transmissions considered in this work is the increase in
the transmission range due to diversity gain when all radios transmit at the same fixed power level as in
traditional SISO systems.
The reliability issue in the data transport protocol usually involves loss recovery, congestion control, or
both. Most of the reliable data transport protocols either use a retransmission-based loss recovery approach or
a redundant data transmission method (sending multiple copies of a data packet into the network). As in many
other types of networks, congestion in wireless sensor networks can have a significant impact on quality of
service.
2. Energy Minimization In Wireless Sensor Networks Using Multi Hop Transmission
www.iosrjournals.org 15 | Page
After studying the design challenges of data transport protocols and existing reliable data transport
protocols in wireless sensor networks, it was found that no existing protocol has all of the following
characteristics:
Full reliability (100% reliable data delivery) is provided unless there are unavoidable packet drops due to
buffer overflow.
Recovery from packet loss can be achieved with low system overhead and reduced communication cost and
delay compared to conventional protocols.
Lost packets can be recovered as quickly as possible, while at the same time not interfering with normal
data transmission.
A specified level of robustness can be provided.
The protocol is robust to node failure and route changes.
Fresh data has higher priority in the network and is able to be sent as soon as possible.
The protocol is scalable and easy to implement.
Sensor networks are desired to be reliable, expandable, and easily implemental. They should also be
able to collect information with low delay and have a long lifetime.However, before we can achieve these
goals, we must be able to address the research problems arising from the following three areas: we need to
design sensitive and low cost sensors to collect information; we need to develop efficient networking
protocols to transmit information from the source nodes to the fusion center; and we need to explore optimal
algorithms to process and abstract the core intelligence from the raw data collected from all nodes. .
We assume that each information bit collected by a sensor is useful for a finite amount of time; after
this time the information may become irrelevant. Hence, all the bits collected by the sensors need to be
communicated to a hub node before a certain deadline. Therefore, the maximum end-to-end transmission delay
for each bit must be controlled to meet a given deadline under the hard energy constraint. Since all layers of the
protocol stack affect the energy consumption and delay for the end-to-end transmission of each bit, an efficient
system requires a joint design across all these layers that incorporate the underlying hardware characteristics.
The main functions of each individual layer are described as follows:
1. The hardware layer is composed of the fundamental hardware blocks where the upper layer algorithms are
implemented. Since all the power is consumed physically in this layer, it is must be considered in a cross-layer
energy minimization framework.
2. The link layer, also referred to as the physical layer, deals primarily with transmitting bits reliably over a
point-to-point wireless link. The design tradeoffs associated with the link layer include modulation, coding,
diversity, adaptive techniques, MIMO, equalization, multi-carrier modulation, and spread spectrum.
3. The MAC layer controls how different users share the given spectrum and ensures reliable packet
transmissions. Allocation of signaling dimensions to different users is done through either deterministic access
or random access. For deterministic access, the signaling dimensions are divided into dedicated channels, where
the most common methods are Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access
(FDMA), and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). For random access, the channels are assigned to active
users dynamically, and the most common methods are different forms of ALOHA, Carrier Sensing Multiple
Access (CSMA), and scheduling.
4. The network layer establishes and maintains end-to-end connections in the network. The main functions of
the network layer in a sensor network are neighbor discovery, routing, and dynamic resource allocation.
5. The transport layer provides the end-to-end functions of retransmission, error recovery, reordering, and flow
control. The most common protocol used at this layer is the Transport Protocol (TCP).
II. Problem Outline
In wireless networks, energy efficiency is a dominating design criterion. It is well-known that for the
same throughput requirement multi input multi output (MIMO) systems require less transmission energy than
single input single output (SISO) systems in the presence of fading . However, it is usually infeasible to mount
multiple antennas on small wireless devices due to the required minimum separation of these antennas. To
achieve MIMO gains in wireless networks, cooperative (virtual) MIMO techniques have been proposed . There
is an increasing interest in translating the advantages of using virtual MIMO at the physical layer into higher
layer performance benefits to maximize network throughput, or minimize total energy consumption and end-to-
end delay. In previous works, energy efficiency of cooperative transmissions over a single hop was investigated
and compared to the traditional SISO transmissions . The capacity of a large gaussian relay network, where a
source cooperates with relay nodes to transmit to a sink node is investigated in . In our work, we investigate
energy efficient routing in multi-hop wireless networks with cooperative transmissions when the channel is
slowly-varying.
3. Energy Minimization In Wireless Sensor Networks Using Multi Hop Transmission
www.iosrjournals.org 16 | Page
III. Objective
The key advantage provided by the cooperative transmissions considered in this work is the increase in
the transmission range due to diversity gain when all radio transmit at the same fixed power level as in
traditional SISO systems. Our objective is to determine in a multi-hop network, the optimal number of
cooperating nodes per hop to minimize the end to- end total energy consumption while satisfying an outage
probability requirement at each hop. In order to identify the effect of the number of cooperating nodes on energy
consumption, all other parameters, i.e., transmission power and reliability are kept constant. The theoretical
analysis of this problem is performed for networks with unlimited node density. Our results indicate that
cooperative transmission is especially useful in multi-hop networks with low propagation loss coefficient,
stricter outage probability requirement, and lower transmission power level. A new greedy geographical routing
algorithm suitable for vMISO transmissions is designed to demonstrate the applicability of our results for more
general networks.
MIMO TRANSMISSION MODEL
We focus on a single-user communication model and consider a point-to-point link where the
transmitter is equipped with nT antennas and the receiver employs nR antennas (see Figure 1.4). Next to the
single user assumption in the depiction as point-to-point link, we suppose that no intersymbol interference (ISI)
occurs. This implies that the bandwidth of the transmitted signal is very small and can be assumed frequency-°at
(narrowband assumption), so that each signal path can be represented by a complex-valued gain factor. For
practical purposes, it is common to model the channel as frequency-°at whenever the bandwidth of the system is
smaller than the inverse of the delay spread of the channel.
A MIMO channel with nT transmit and nR receive antennas
If the channel is frequency selective, one could use an OFDM (orthogonal frequency-division
multiplexing) system, to turn the MIMO channel into a set of parallel frequency-°at MIMO channels , of which
each obeys our stated assumptions. In addition to these restrictions, we will further assume, that we are
operating in a time- invariant setup. These assumptions allow us to use the standard complex-valued
baseband representation of narrowband signals that can be written in a discrete form (omitting the dependency
on time). Now let hi;j be the complex-valued path gain from transmit antenna j to receive antenna i (the fading
coe±cient). If at a certain time instant the complex-valued signals fs1; : : : ; snT g are transmitted via the nT
antennas, respectively, the received signal at antenna i can be expressed as
eq(1.1)
where ni represents additive noise, which will be treated later in this chapter. This linear relation can be
easily written in a matrix framework. Thus, let s be a vector of size nT containing the transmitted values, and y
be a vector of size nR containing the received values, respectively. Certainly, we have s CnT and y CnR.
Moreover, if we define the channel transfer matrix H as
eq(1.2)
4. Energy Minimization In Wireless Sensor Networks Using Multi Hop Transmission
www.iosrjournals.org 17 | Page
we obtain
eq(1.3)
This is the same matrix notation as it is used in the majority of the publications in this field, e.g. . This
relation, denoting a transmission only over one symbol interval, is easily adapted to the case that several
consecutive vectors fs1; s2; : : : ; sLg are transmitted (here, L denotes the total number of symbol intervals used
for transmission) over the channel. Therefore, we arrange the transmitted, the received and the noise vectors in
the matrices
eq(1.4)
respectively. The associated block transmission model is
eq(1.5)
or equivalently
eq(1.6)
Fading The elements of the matrix H correspond to the complex-valued channel gains between
each transmit and receive antenna. For the purpose of assessing and predicting the performance of a
communication system, it is necessary to postulate a statistical distribution of these elements . This is also true
to some degree for the design of well performing receivers, in the sense that knowledge of the statistical
behavior of H could potentially be used to improve the performance of receivers. Throughout this thesis, we will
assume that the elements of the channel matrix H are zero- mean complex-valued Gaussian random variables
with unit variance. This assumption is made to model the fading effects induced by local scattering in the
absence of line-of-sight components. Consequently, the magnitudes of the channel gains hi;j have a Rayleigh
distribution, or equivalently, jhi;j j2 are exponentially distributed [8, 14]. The presence of line-of-sight compo-
nents can be modeled by letting hi;j have a Gaussian distribution with a non-zero mean (this is also called
Ricean fading). After having identified the possibilities to model the complex-valued channel path gains, it
remains to check a possible correlation between these entries. In this work, we make a commonly made
assumption on H, i.e. that the elements of H are statistically independent. Although this assumption again tends
to yield mathematical expressions that are easy to deal with, and allows the identification of fundamental
performance limits, it is usually a rough approximation. In practice, the complex path gains fhi;jg are correlated
by an amount that depends on the propagation environment as well as the polarization of the antenna elements
and the spacing between them.
DESIGN APPROACH OF VMISO SYSTEMS
The channel is modeled as a Rayleigh flat-fading channel, where each node transmits with a fixed
power level, P0. The receiver has the full channel state information (CSI), but the transmitters do not estimate
the channel. Let N0 be the one-sided noise spectral density and α0 be the complex Gaussian distributed random
variable, Nc(0, 1), characterizing the Rayleigh flat fading channel. The instantaneous signalto- noise-ratio (SNR)
at a SISO receiver is, SNRSISO
= , where β is the path loss coefficient and d0 is the
transmission range. In vMISO systems, a set of cooperating nodes emulate the antenna array of real MISO
systems. vMISO systems can provide diversity gain over SISO systems due to the transmission of data over
multiple independent channels. We consider decode and forward cooperation scheme, where initially, the head
node transmits the original data to the relay nodes .
The cooperative transmission begins once all relay nodes receive, and correctly decode the original data. In
order to leverage the benefits of space-diversity, data is encoded by a space time block code (STBC) with code
rate rn = k/kn≤ 1. The head node and n−1 relay nodes simultaneously transmit over kn time slots in order to
transfer k information bits. Let αi and di be the fading coefficient of the channel, and the distance between the
ith cooperating node and the destination The received SNR in vMISO systems with n cooperating nodes is ,
SNRvMISO= Depending on the relative locations of the relay nodes and the head
node, the symbols may arrive at the receiver with different received powers and relative delays. A
numerical analysis on whether this difference can cause significant performance degradation was provided in.
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In, the cumulative distribution function for relative delay and power difference is numerically determined for
line-of-sight propagation model and assuming that the relay nodes are uniformly distributed within the SISO
range (taken as 250m). The results indicate that when the next hop node is further away than the SISO range,
then the delay difference between the signals from any two relay nodes is at most 0.6μs for more than 80% of
the time, and the power difference is less than 5dB for more than 85% of the time. The asynchronous reception
at the receiver can cause inter-symbol interference (ISI), but this can be overcome with such methods as time-
reverse space-time codes, or space-time OFDM. Therefore, in almost all cases wherein cooperative
transmissions are used, the diversity gain is only dependent on the number of cooperating transmitters, and not
on the physical location of these transmitters. Spatial diversity can help transmit to larger distances,
while satisfying the same bit error rate (BER) requirement with the same transmit power. However, the analysis
involving BER involves complicated mathematical functions. A more general and tractable way to capture the
link quality is by outage probability, p, defined as the probability that the received Signal-to-Noise-Ratio (SNR)
falls below a certain threshold, SNRth. SNR threshold is a widely used metric previously employed for transmit
power control in cell phones . We assume that symbols are transmitted at the same transmission rate with SISO
and vMISO systems, and the receiver performs linear combination of the received symbols. In this setting, it is
natural to assume that SNRth is same for both SISO and vMISO systems. Therefore, the outage probability
with vMISO and SISO are given as,
Single-Hop vmiso vs. Multi-Hop SISO
We first compare the energy efficiency of direct vMISO transmission and multi-hop SISO
transmission. Let EvMISO(k, dv, n) be the total energy cost of transmitting k bits of information to a distance of
dv in a single vMISO transmission with n cooperating nodes. Initially, the head node broadcasts k bits of
original data to its relay nodes consuming units of energy in the process. Also, n−1 relay
nodes consume k(n−1)Er e units of energy during reception. We assume that all nodes are pre-loaded with
a table of space-time block code matrices, such as those given in for different levels of transmit diversity. Each
column of the matrix corresponds to a block duration (time), whereas, each row holds the symbols to be
transmitted by each relay node. Next, each cooperating node transmits blocks of in total of kn bits when code
rate is rn = k/kn, collectively consuming nkn(Ete+Ea) units of total energy. The destination combines received
bits linearly, and consumes approximately knEe
r
units of energy.Therefore,when
for
Similarly,a SISO transmission consumes ESISO(k, d0) = units of energy while
transmitting k bits to a distance d0(p), where d0(p)=
MULTI-HOP VMISO VS. MULTI-HOP SISO
Now, our objective is to find the optimal transmission strategy at each hop of a multi-hop vMISO
system that minimizes the total energy consumption. We first determine the optimal number of cooperating
nodes, nopt, at each hop for a given outage probability requirement, p. Note that under a high node density
regime, nopt is the same at each hop by symmetry. 1) Optimal transmission strategy given the required
link outage probability: Let Emhop(k,D, n) be the total energy consumption of transmitting k bits to a distance
of D meters with a multi-hop SISO or a multi-hop vMISO system with n cooperating nodes, and
be the number of hops needed to transmit a symbol to a
distance of D with multi-hop SISO and vMISO systems, respectively. Then, the optimal number of cooperating
nodes is determined by solving the following optimization problem:
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eq(3)
Note that the solution of (3) may give SISO as the optimal solution. (3) is a nonlinear integer program,
since n, K and M are nonnegative integers. The effective solution space of (3) is a narrow domain in integer
space, since STBC is not efficient for large n. Therefore, we determine nopt by enumeration.We calculated nopt
numerically for varying p, where we used rn values given in. It is observed that cooperation is especially
preferred when p is low, since the number of hops taken by vMISO is much lower than SISO. This reduction in
number of hops compensates the higher per hop energy consumption of vMISO. For high outage probability,
nopt decreases, and converges to n = 1, when p ≈ 0.06, because for p > 0.05, Iv(n, p) remains approximately
constant. Thus, for p > 0.05, and β = 2, SISO is preferred. Also, nopt is lower for higher β, since the
transmission energy increases with β. 2) Optimal transmission strategy and end-to-end reliability: Now, we also
consider the end-to-end reliability of the transmissions. If a transmission fails on a link, it is retransmitted. Link
failure is presumed to be independent and unpredictable, so our objective is to minimize the total
average energy cost by determining nopt at every hop. Assuming that the channel is slowly varying, a vMISO
transmission fails with outage probability, p. The number of transmissions until the first success is a geometric
random variable, and the expected number of cooperative transmissions is calculated from 1/(1 − p). The
cooperative transmission only begins if all of the relay nodes correctly decode the original symbol. The
probability that none of the relay nodes can decode the symbol correctly is 1−(1−p)n−1. Thus, the average
number of broadcasts at the first phase of vMISO transmissions is calculated as 1/(1 − p)n−1. Then, the total
average energy cost of multi-hop vMISO is
Similarly, the total average energy cost of multi-hop SISO is
IV. Design Methodology
We considered decode and forward cooperation scheme, where initially, the head node transmits the
original data to the relay nodes. The cooperative transmission begins once all relay nodes receive, and correctly
decode the original data.
Single-Hop vMISO vs. Multi-Hop SISO
We first compare the energy efficiency of direct vMISO transmission and multi-hop SISO transmission.
Let EvMISO (k, dv, n) be the total energy cost of transmitting k bits of information to a distance of dv in a
single vMISO transmission with n cooperating nodes.
Initially, the head node broadcasts k bits of original data to its relay nodes consuming k (Et
e + Ea) units of
energy in the process. Also, n−1 relay nodes consume k (n−1) Er
e units of energy during reception.
Next, each cooperating node transmits total of kn bits when code rate is rn = k/kn, collectively consuming nkn
(Et
e+Ea) units of total energy. The destination combines received bits linearly, and consumes
approximately knEr
e units of energy. When Et
e = Er
e = Ee , EvMISO (k, dv, n) = kEe [n + Ea/Ee + 1/rn (n (1
+ Ea/Ee ) + 1)]
Multi-Hop vMISO vs. Multi-Hop SISO
Find the optimal transmission strategy at each hop of a multi-hop vMISO system that minimizes the total
energy consumption.
We first determine the optimal number of cooperating nodes, nopt, at each hop for a given outage probability
requirement, p.
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Let Em-hop ( k , D , n ) be the total energy consumption of transmitting k bits to a distance of D meters with a
multi-hop SISO or a multi-hop vMISO system with n cooperating nodes(range), and M = [ D / d0(p) ] and K
= [ D / dv (n , p ) ] be the number of hops needed to transmit a symbol to a distance of D with multi-hop
SISO and vMISO systems, respectively.
Then, the optimal number of cooperating nodes is determined by solving the following optimization
problem: minn Em-hop (k , D , n) = min {ESISO(k, d0(p)) ,minn [ EvMISO(k, dv(n, p)
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V. Conclusion:
We studied the energy-efficiency of a general multi-hop vMISO system. Under high node density
regime, we determined the optimal cardinality of cooperation sets according
to the required outage probability, transmission power and path loss coefficient. We demonstrated that our
results can be used to design practical vMISO routing algorithms
suitable for more general networks. We performed simulation studies with the proposed vMISO GR
algorithm. We considered a 30mラ30m square area, where the nodes are randomly distributed, and s and t lie at
the opposite corners of this area. We performed the simulations for varying node densities, and our results
represent the average of the measurements over 20 random topologies for each node density. The transmissions
are attenuated by a random Rayleigh distributed amount, and if a transmission is unsuccessful, i.e., received
SNR is less than SNRth, it is repeated. We used the values SNRth = 14dB, N0 = −40dBm, dnom = 10m, pnom =
0.1, p = 5 ラ 10−3, and β = 3 in the simulations.
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