This document summarizes and reviews several hierarchical-based routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. It begins with an introduction to wireless sensor networks and discusses how routing is an important mechanism for maximizing network lifespan by reducing energy consumption during communication. It then categorizes different routing techniques in wireless sensor networks, focusing on hierarchical-based routing protocols. Several popular hierarchical routing protocols are described in detail, including LEACH, PEGASIS, and HEED. For each protocol, the document outlines the basic routing mechanism, advantages, and limitations. The overall purpose is to provide an overview and comparison of hierarchical routing techniques for improving energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks.
Hierarchical Coordination for Data Gathering (HCDG) in Wireless Sensor NetworksCSCJournals
A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of large number of sensor nodes where each node operates by a finite battery for sensing, computing, and performing wireless communication tasks. Energy aware routing and MAC protocols were proposed to prolong the lifetime of WSNs. MAC protocols reduce energy consumption by putting the nodes into sleep mode for a relatively longer period of time; thereby minimizing collisions and idle listening time. On the other hand, efficient energy aware routing is achieved by finding the best path from the sensor nodes to the Base Sta-tion (BS) where energy consumption is minimal. In almost all solutions there is always a tradeoff between power consumption and delay reduction. This paper presents an improved hierarchical coordination for data gathering (HCDG) routing schema for WSNs based on multi-level chains formation with data aggregation. Also, this paper provides an analytical model for energy consumption in WSN to compare the performance of our proposed HCDG schema with the near optimal energy reduction methodology, PEGASIS. Our results demonstrate that the proposed routing schema provides relatively lower energy consumption with minimum delay for large scale WSNs.
Performance evaluation of hierarchical clustering protocols with fuzzy C-means IJECEIAES
The longevity of the network and the lack of resources are the main problems within the WSN. Minimizing energy dissipation and optimizing the lifespan of the WSN network are real challenges in the design of WSN routing protocols. Load balanced clustering increases the reliability of the system and enhances coordination between different nodes within the network. WSN is one of the main technologies dedicated to the detection, sensing, and monitoring of physical phenomena of the environment. For illustration, detection, and measurement of vibration, pressure, temperature, and sound. The WSN can be integrated into many domains, like street parking systems, smart roads, and industrial. This paper examines the efficiency of our two proposed clustering algorithms: Fuzzy C-means based hierarchical routing approach for homogeneous WSN (F-LEACH) and fuzzy distributed energy efficient clustering algorithm (F-DEEC) through a detailed comparison of WSN performance parameters such as the instability and stability duration, lifetime of the network, number of cluster heads per round and the number of alive nodes. The fuzzy C-means based on hierarchical routing approach is based on fuzzy C-means and low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) protocol. The fuzzy distributed energy efficient clustering algorithm is based on fuzzy C-means and design of a distributed energy efficient clustering (DEEC) protocol. The technical capability of each protocol is measured according to the studied parameters.
A novel routing technique for mobile ad hoc networks (manet)ijngnjournal
Actual network size depends on the application and the protocols developed for the routing for this kind of
networks should be scalable and efficient. Each routing protocol should support small as well as large
scale networks very efficiently. As the number of node increase, it increases the management functionality
of the network. Graph theoretic approach traditionally was applied to networks where nodes are static or
fixed. In this paper, we have applied the graph theoretic routing to MANET where nodes are mobile. Here,
we designed all identical nodes in the cluster except the cluster head and this criterion reduces the
management burden on the network. Each cluster supports a few nodes with a cluster head. The intracluster
connectivity amongst the nodes within the cluster is supported by multi-hop connectivity to ensure
handling mobility in such a way that no service disruption can occur. The inter-cluster connectivity is also
achieved by multi-hop connectivity. However, for inter-cluster communications, only cluster heads are
connected. This paper demonstrates graph theoretic approach produces an optimum multi-hop connectivity
path based on cumulative minimum degree that minimizes the contention and scheduling delay end-toend.
It is applied to both intra-cluster communications as well as inter-cluster communications. The
performance shows that having a multi-hop connectivity for intra-cluster communications is more power
efficient compared to broadcast of information with maximum power coverage. We also showed the total
number of required intermediate nodes in the transmission from source to destination. However, dynamic
behavior of the nodes requires greater understanding of the node degree and mobility at each instance of
time in order to maintain end-to-end QoS for multi-service provisioning. Our simulation results show that
the proposed graph theoretic routing approach will reduce the overall delay and improves the physical
layer data frame transmission.
Comparative Simulation Study Of LEACH-Like And HEED-Like Protocols Deployed I...IOSRJECE
WSNs represents one of the most interesting research areas with deep impact on technological development because of their potential usage in a wide variety of applications such as fire monitoring, border surveillance medical care, and highway traffic coordination. Therefore, WSNs researchers have defined many routing protocols for this type of network. In this paper, we have implemented and analyzed different clustering protocols, namely LEACH, LEACH-C, LEACH-1R, and HEED using MATLAB environment. These routing protocols are compared in different terms such as residual energy, data delivery to the base station, number of rounds and live nodes
Hierarchical Coordination for Data Gathering (HCDG) in Wireless Sensor NetworksCSCJournals
A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of large number of sensor nodes where each node operates by a finite battery for sensing, computing, and performing wireless communication tasks. Energy aware routing and MAC protocols were proposed to prolong the lifetime of WSNs. MAC protocols reduce energy consumption by putting the nodes into sleep mode for a relatively longer period of time; thereby minimizing collisions and idle listening time. On the other hand, efficient energy aware routing is achieved by finding the best path from the sensor nodes to the Base Sta-tion (BS) where energy consumption is minimal. In almost all solutions there is always a tradeoff between power consumption and delay reduction. This paper presents an improved hierarchical coordination for data gathering (HCDG) routing schema for WSNs based on multi-level chains formation with data aggregation. Also, this paper provides an analytical model for energy consumption in WSN to compare the performance of our proposed HCDG schema with the near optimal energy reduction methodology, PEGASIS. Our results demonstrate that the proposed routing schema provides relatively lower energy consumption with minimum delay for large scale WSNs.
Performance evaluation of hierarchical clustering protocols with fuzzy C-means IJECEIAES
The longevity of the network and the lack of resources are the main problems within the WSN. Minimizing energy dissipation and optimizing the lifespan of the WSN network are real challenges in the design of WSN routing protocols. Load balanced clustering increases the reliability of the system and enhances coordination between different nodes within the network. WSN is one of the main technologies dedicated to the detection, sensing, and monitoring of physical phenomena of the environment. For illustration, detection, and measurement of vibration, pressure, temperature, and sound. The WSN can be integrated into many domains, like street parking systems, smart roads, and industrial. This paper examines the efficiency of our two proposed clustering algorithms: Fuzzy C-means based hierarchical routing approach for homogeneous WSN (F-LEACH) and fuzzy distributed energy efficient clustering algorithm (F-DEEC) through a detailed comparison of WSN performance parameters such as the instability and stability duration, lifetime of the network, number of cluster heads per round and the number of alive nodes. The fuzzy C-means based on hierarchical routing approach is based on fuzzy C-means and low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) protocol. The fuzzy distributed energy efficient clustering algorithm is based on fuzzy C-means and design of a distributed energy efficient clustering (DEEC) protocol. The technical capability of each protocol is measured according to the studied parameters.
A novel routing technique for mobile ad hoc networks (manet)ijngnjournal
Actual network size depends on the application and the protocols developed for the routing for this kind of
networks should be scalable and efficient. Each routing protocol should support small as well as large
scale networks very efficiently. As the number of node increase, it increases the management functionality
of the network. Graph theoretic approach traditionally was applied to networks where nodes are static or
fixed. In this paper, we have applied the graph theoretic routing to MANET where nodes are mobile. Here,
we designed all identical nodes in the cluster except the cluster head and this criterion reduces the
management burden on the network. Each cluster supports a few nodes with a cluster head. The intracluster
connectivity amongst the nodes within the cluster is supported by multi-hop connectivity to ensure
handling mobility in such a way that no service disruption can occur. The inter-cluster connectivity is also
achieved by multi-hop connectivity. However, for inter-cluster communications, only cluster heads are
connected. This paper demonstrates graph theoretic approach produces an optimum multi-hop connectivity
path based on cumulative minimum degree that minimizes the contention and scheduling delay end-toend.
It is applied to both intra-cluster communications as well as inter-cluster communications. The
performance shows that having a multi-hop connectivity for intra-cluster communications is more power
efficient compared to broadcast of information with maximum power coverage. We also showed the total
number of required intermediate nodes in the transmission from source to destination. However, dynamic
behavior of the nodes requires greater understanding of the node degree and mobility at each instance of
time in order to maintain end-to-end QoS for multi-service provisioning. Our simulation results show that
the proposed graph theoretic routing approach will reduce the overall delay and improves the physical
layer data frame transmission.
Comparative Simulation Study Of LEACH-Like And HEED-Like Protocols Deployed I...IOSRJECE
WSNs represents one of the most interesting research areas with deep impact on technological development because of their potential usage in a wide variety of applications such as fire monitoring, border surveillance medical care, and highway traffic coordination. Therefore, WSNs researchers have defined many routing protocols for this type of network. In this paper, we have implemented and analyzed different clustering protocols, namely LEACH, LEACH-C, LEACH-1R, and HEED using MATLAB environment. These routing protocols are compared in different terms such as residual energy, data delivery to the base station, number of rounds and live nodes
Various Clustering Techniques in Wireless Sensor NetworkEditor IJCATR
This document describes the various clustering techniques used in wireless sensor networks. Wireless sensor networks are
having vast applications in all fields which utilize sensor nodes. Clustering techniques are required so that sensor networks can
communicate in most efficient way.
Energy Efficient LEACH protocol for Wireless Sensor Network (I-LEACH)ijsrd.com
In the wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the sensor nodes (called motes) are usually scattered in a sensor field an area in which the sensor nodes are deployed. These motes are small in size and have limited processing power, memory and battery life. In WSNs, conservation of energy, which is directly related to network life time, is considered relatively more important souse of energy efficient routing algorithms is one of the ways to reduce the energy conservation. In general, routing algorithms in WSNs can be divided into flat, hierarchical and location based routing. There are two reasons behind the hierarchical routing Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol be in explored. One, the sensor networks are dense and a lot of redundancy is involved in communication. Second, in order to increase the scalability of the sensor network keeping in mind the security aspects of communication. Cluster based routing holds great promise for many to one and one to many communication paradigms that are pre valentines or networks.
Energy balanced on demand clustering algorithm based on leach-cijwmn
As the use of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) has grown enormously, the need for energy-efficient management has also risen. With advances in ubiquitous computing environment, WSNs have been broadly studied and many energy-efficient routing protocols had been proposed. LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) is a popular cluster-based protocol, which provides distributed adaptive clustering and periodic cluster head (CH) selection rotation. As extension to LEACH, LEACH-C (LEACH Centralized) was proposed, in which the energy is utilized to select CH. However, both can’t guarantee cluster head distribution, in addition to considerable periodic clustering overhead. Furthermore, network topology change is a critical characteristic that has influence on communication path and load distribution among nodes. To resolve such problems, Energy-Balance on Demand Clustering Algorithm Based on LEACH-C is proposed. The algorithm adopts centralized cluster formation and distributed CH selection methods. Minimum energy clustering is used to divide the network into clusters, while energy and total communication distance are considered as secondary criteria to select optimal CH. From simulation results the proposed algorithm outperforms LEACH-C in life time, stability period and performance efficiency.
HERF: A Hybrid Energy Efficient Routing using a Fuzzy Method in Wireless Sens...ijdpsjournal
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is one of the major research areas in computer network field today.Data
dissemination is an important task performed by wireless sensor networks. The routing algorithms of this
network depend on a number of factors such as application areas, usage condition, power, aggregation
parameters. With respect to these factors, different algorithms are recommended. One of the most
important features of routing algorithms is their flexibility and ability to self-organize themselves
according to such parameters. The existence of flexibility in routing protocols can satisfy calls for on
demand and table driven methods. Switching between these two methods would be impossible except by
compatibility between nodes' and switcher. Energy is another significant factor in wireless sensor
networks due to limited battery power and their exchangeability. To arrive at a network with mentioned
features, we have proposed an algorithm for hybrid energy efficient routing in wireless sensor networks
which uses two algorithms, i.e. EF-Tree (Earliest-First Tree) and SID (Source-Initiated Dissemination) to
disseminate data, and employs a fuzzy method to choose cluster head, and to switch between two
methods, i.e. SID and EF-Tree. In this routing, the whole network is clustered and the appropriate clusterhead
is selected according to fuzzy variables. Then, analyzing the changes in fuzzy variables and If fuzzy,
then rule, one routing in EF-Tree or SID is chosen for information transmission. The results of
simulations indicate that HERF has improved energy efficiency.
In wireless sensor network energy cutback is considered as a principle intensive challenge which is studied largely in the Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) literature. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are pertinent in numerous arenas where WSNs may be used for sensing, ciphering, and communication elements that give a user or administrator the ability to instrument, observe, and retort to events and phenomena in a specific environment. But sensor devices are resource curbed, positioned in an open and unattended environment, different types of attacks and conventional techniques against these attacks are not desirable due to the resource constrained nature of these kinds of networks. An energy-balanced routing method based on forward-aware factor (FAF-EBRM) in which the next-hop node is elected according to the awareness of link weight and forward energy density. FAF-EBRM is compared with Ladder Diffusion Algorithm, which balances the energy utilization, sustain the function era and guarantees high QoS of WSN. The FAF-EBRM is proposed with Secure Routing Layer (SRL) Protocol which ensures that the secure data transmission is achieved without releasing private sensor readings and without introducing significant overhead on the battery-limited sensors.
Wireless Sensor Network Using Six Sigma Multi Hop RoutingIOSR Journals
The most significant problem in the design of wireless sensor networks is to coordinate the sensors
with dynamism into a wireless communication network and route sensed data to the base station. The energy
efficiency is the most important key point of the network routing designing. This paper presents the efficient
multi hop routing algorithm to extend the lifetime of sensor networks and focuses by employing six sigma
principles to obtain the Quality of Service. To attain QoS support, we have to find either a route to assure the
application requirements or offering network response to the application when the requirements cannot be met.
An Improved LEACH-C Algorithm for Energy Efficiency in WSN Routingijsrd.com
this paper considered a multi-objective LEACH-C algorithm in the selection of Cluster Head (CH) in such a way so that its energy is used uniformly with load balancing among clusters for delayed disintegration of network. LEACH-C algorithm based single objective clustering approach has been replaced by multi-objective clustering approach where we not only considered the residual energy of nodes but the size of cluster in creating a cluster structure. The improved LEACH-C protocol has been compared with random LEACH and Max Energy LEACH or existing LEACH-C algorithm for energy equi-distribution and load balancing among clusters. Wireless sensor network (WSN) is simulated using a MATLAB programming and power consumption algorithms take into consideration all aspects of power consumption in the operation of the node. The modified LEACH-C routing protocol shows improvements in lifetime as well as in network disintegration criterion
The novel applications of sensor networks impose some requirements in wireless sensor network design. With the energy efficiency and lifetime awareness, the throughput and network delayalso required to support emerging applications of sensor networks. In this paper, we propose
throughput and network delay aware intra-cluster routing protocol. We introduce the back-up links in the intra-cluster communication path. The link throughput, communication delay, packet loss ratio, interference, residual energy and node distance are the considered factors in finding efficient path of data communication among the sensor nodes within the cluster. The
simulation result shows the higher throughput and lower average packet delay rate for the proposed routing protocol than the existing benchmarks. The proposed routing protocol also shows energy efficiency and lifetime awareness with better connectivity rate.
SECTOR TREE-BASED CLUSTERING FOR ENERGY EFFICIENT ROUTING PROTOCOL IN HETEROG...IJCNCJournal
One of the main challenges for researchers to build routing protocols is how to use energy efficiently to extend the lifespan of the whole wireless sensor networks (WSN) because sensor nodes have limited battery power resources. In this work, we propose a Sector Tree-Based clustering routing protocol (STB-EE) for Energy Efficiency to cope with this problem, where the entire network area is partitioned into dynamic sectors (clusters), which balance the number of alive nodes. The nodes in each sector only communicate with their nearest neighbour by constructing a minimum tree based on the Kruskal algorithm and using mixed distance from candidate node to base station (BS) and remaining energy of candidate nodes to determine which node will become the cluster head (CH) in each cluster? By calculating the duration of time in each round for suitability, STB-EE increases the number of data packets sent to the BS. Our simulation results show that the network lifespan using STB-EE can be improved by about 16% and 10% in comparison to power-efficient gathering in sensor information system (PEGASIS) and energy-efficient PEGASIS-based protocol (IEEPB), respectively.
Enhanced Zigbee Tree Routing In Wireless Sensor Networkpaperpublications3
Abstract: Multipath routing is an efficient technique to route data in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) because it can provide reliability, security and load balance, which are particularly critical in the resource constrained system such as WSNs. The existing protocols are not fully satisfied. In this paper propose a new routing protocol that is enhanced zigbee tree routing (EZTR), to satisfy the QoS parameters. The new protocol provides less delay as compared with other protocol.
Review of Various Enhancements of Modified LEACH for Wireless Sensor Networkijsrd.com
Wireless sensor network depends on the nodes have limited energy, memory, computational power, range and it is important to increase energy efficiency by saving the battery power so as to extend of the life time of the given wireless sensor network deployment. In wireless sensor network, data is measured by node and same is send to base station at regular interval. Clustering sensor nodes is an effective technique in wireless sensor network. Different protocols are used for energy consumption in which Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol is the first hierarchal cluster based routing protocol successfully used in the wireless sensor network. In this paper, various enhancements used in the original leach protocol are studied.
Optimizing the Performance of I-mod Leach-PD Protocol in Wireless Sensor Netw...ijsrd.com
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is a networks of thousands of inexpensive miniature devices capable of computation, communication and sensing. WSN is being been attracting increasing interest for supporting a new generation of ubiquitous computing systems with great potential for many applications such as surveillance, environmental monitoring, health care monitoring or home automation. In the near future, wireless sensor network is expected to consists of thousand of inexpensive nodes, each having sensing capability with limited computational and communication power which enables to deploy large scale sensor networks. Large scale WSN is usually implemented as a cluster network. Clustering sensors into groups, so that sensors communicate information only to cluster-heads and then the cluster-heads communicate the aggregated information to the base station, saves energy and thus prolongs network lifetime. LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) protocol is one of the clustering routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. The advantage of LEACH is that each node has the equal probability to be a cluster head, which makes the energy dissipation of each node be relatively balanced. In LEACH protocol, time is divided into many rounds, in each round, all the nodes contend to be cluster head according to a predefined criterion. This paper focuses on how to set the time length of each round, how to adjust threshold based on the residual energy, and the measurement of energy required for transmission, based on the distance of cluster head from the base station, to prolong the lifetime of the network and increase throughput, which is denoted as the amount of data packs sent to the sink node. The functions of residual energy and required energy, and the time length of each round are deduced, thereby modifying the threshold value calculation. These functions can be used to enhance the performance of cluster-based wireless sensor networks in terms of lifetime and throughput.
Various Clustering Techniques in Wireless Sensor NetworkEditor IJCATR
This document describes the various clustering techniques used in wireless sensor networks. Wireless sensor networks are
having vast applications in all fields which utilize sensor nodes. Clustering techniques are required so that sensor networks can
communicate in most efficient way.
Energy Efficient LEACH protocol for Wireless Sensor Network (I-LEACH)ijsrd.com
In the wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the sensor nodes (called motes) are usually scattered in a sensor field an area in which the sensor nodes are deployed. These motes are small in size and have limited processing power, memory and battery life. In WSNs, conservation of energy, which is directly related to network life time, is considered relatively more important souse of energy efficient routing algorithms is one of the ways to reduce the energy conservation. In general, routing algorithms in WSNs can be divided into flat, hierarchical and location based routing. There are two reasons behind the hierarchical routing Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol be in explored. One, the sensor networks are dense and a lot of redundancy is involved in communication. Second, in order to increase the scalability of the sensor network keeping in mind the security aspects of communication. Cluster based routing holds great promise for many to one and one to many communication paradigms that are pre valentines or networks.
Energy balanced on demand clustering algorithm based on leach-cijwmn
As the use of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) has grown enormously, the need for energy-efficient management has also risen. With advances in ubiquitous computing environment, WSNs have been broadly studied and many energy-efficient routing protocols had been proposed. LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) is a popular cluster-based protocol, which provides distributed adaptive clustering and periodic cluster head (CH) selection rotation. As extension to LEACH, LEACH-C (LEACH Centralized) was proposed, in which the energy is utilized to select CH. However, both can’t guarantee cluster head distribution, in addition to considerable periodic clustering overhead. Furthermore, network topology change is a critical characteristic that has influence on communication path and load distribution among nodes. To resolve such problems, Energy-Balance on Demand Clustering Algorithm Based on LEACH-C is proposed. The algorithm adopts centralized cluster formation and distributed CH selection methods. Minimum energy clustering is used to divide the network into clusters, while energy and total communication distance are considered as secondary criteria to select optimal CH. From simulation results the proposed algorithm outperforms LEACH-C in life time, stability period and performance efficiency.
HERF: A Hybrid Energy Efficient Routing using a Fuzzy Method in Wireless Sens...ijdpsjournal
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is one of the major research areas in computer network field today.Data
dissemination is an important task performed by wireless sensor networks. The routing algorithms of this
network depend on a number of factors such as application areas, usage condition, power, aggregation
parameters. With respect to these factors, different algorithms are recommended. One of the most
important features of routing algorithms is their flexibility and ability to self-organize themselves
according to such parameters. The existence of flexibility in routing protocols can satisfy calls for on
demand and table driven methods. Switching between these two methods would be impossible except by
compatibility between nodes' and switcher. Energy is another significant factor in wireless sensor
networks due to limited battery power and their exchangeability. To arrive at a network with mentioned
features, we have proposed an algorithm for hybrid energy efficient routing in wireless sensor networks
which uses two algorithms, i.e. EF-Tree (Earliest-First Tree) and SID (Source-Initiated Dissemination) to
disseminate data, and employs a fuzzy method to choose cluster head, and to switch between two
methods, i.e. SID and EF-Tree. In this routing, the whole network is clustered and the appropriate clusterhead
is selected according to fuzzy variables. Then, analyzing the changes in fuzzy variables and If fuzzy,
then rule, one routing in EF-Tree or SID is chosen for information transmission. The results of
simulations indicate that HERF has improved energy efficiency.
In wireless sensor network energy cutback is considered as a principle intensive challenge which is studied largely in the Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) literature. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are pertinent in numerous arenas where WSNs may be used for sensing, ciphering, and communication elements that give a user or administrator the ability to instrument, observe, and retort to events and phenomena in a specific environment. But sensor devices are resource curbed, positioned in an open and unattended environment, different types of attacks and conventional techniques against these attacks are not desirable due to the resource constrained nature of these kinds of networks. An energy-balanced routing method based on forward-aware factor (FAF-EBRM) in which the next-hop node is elected according to the awareness of link weight and forward energy density. FAF-EBRM is compared with Ladder Diffusion Algorithm, which balances the energy utilization, sustain the function era and guarantees high QoS of WSN. The FAF-EBRM is proposed with Secure Routing Layer (SRL) Protocol which ensures that the secure data transmission is achieved without releasing private sensor readings and without introducing significant overhead on the battery-limited sensors.
Wireless Sensor Network Using Six Sigma Multi Hop RoutingIOSR Journals
The most significant problem in the design of wireless sensor networks is to coordinate the sensors
with dynamism into a wireless communication network and route sensed data to the base station. The energy
efficiency is the most important key point of the network routing designing. This paper presents the efficient
multi hop routing algorithm to extend the lifetime of sensor networks and focuses by employing six sigma
principles to obtain the Quality of Service. To attain QoS support, we have to find either a route to assure the
application requirements or offering network response to the application when the requirements cannot be met.
An Improved LEACH-C Algorithm for Energy Efficiency in WSN Routingijsrd.com
this paper considered a multi-objective LEACH-C algorithm in the selection of Cluster Head (CH) in such a way so that its energy is used uniformly with load balancing among clusters for delayed disintegration of network. LEACH-C algorithm based single objective clustering approach has been replaced by multi-objective clustering approach where we not only considered the residual energy of nodes but the size of cluster in creating a cluster structure. The improved LEACH-C protocol has been compared with random LEACH and Max Energy LEACH or existing LEACH-C algorithm for energy equi-distribution and load balancing among clusters. Wireless sensor network (WSN) is simulated using a MATLAB programming and power consumption algorithms take into consideration all aspects of power consumption in the operation of the node. The modified LEACH-C routing protocol shows improvements in lifetime as well as in network disintegration criterion
The novel applications of sensor networks impose some requirements in wireless sensor network design. With the energy efficiency and lifetime awareness, the throughput and network delayalso required to support emerging applications of sensor networks. In this paper, we propose
throughput and network delay aware intra-cluster routing protocol. We introduce the back-up links in the intra-cluster communication path. The link throughput, communication delay, packet loss ratio, interference, residual energy and node distance are the considered factors in finding efficient path of data communication among the sensor nodes within the cluster. The
simulation result shows the higher throughput and lower average packet delay rate for the proposed routing protocol than the existing benchmarks. The proposed routing protocol also shows energy efficiency and lifetime awareness with better connectivity rate.
SECTOR TREE-BASED CLUSTERING FOR ENERGY EFFICIENT ROUTING PROTOCOL IN HETEROG...IJCNCJournal
One of the main challenges for researchers to build routing protocols is how to use energy efficiently to extend the lifespan of the whole wireless sensor networks (WSN) because sensor nodes have limited battery power resources. In this work, we propose a Sector Tree-Based clustering routing protocol (STB-EE) for Energy Efficiency to cope with this problem, where the entire network area is partitioned into dynamic sectors (clusters), which balance the number of alive nodes. The nodes in each sector only communicate with their nearest neighbour by constructing a minimum tree based on the Kruskal algorithm and using mixed distance from candidate node to base station (BS) and remaining energy of candidate nodes to determine which node will become the cluster head (CH) in each cluster? By calculating the duration of time in each round for suitability, STB-EE increases the number of data packets sent to the BS. Our simulation results show that the network lifespan using STB-EE can be improved by about 16% and 10% in comparison to power-efficient gathering in sensor information system (PEGASIS) and energy-efficient PEGASIS-based protocol (IEEPB), respectively.
Enhanced Zigbee Tree Routing In Wireless Sensor Networkpaperpublications3
Abstract: Multipath routing is an efficient technique to route data in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) because it can provide reliability, security and load balance, which are particularly critical in the resource constrained system such as WSNs. The existing protocols are not fully satisfied. In this paper propose a new routing protocol that is enhanced zigbee tree routing (EZTR), to satisfy the QoS parameters. The new protocol provides less delay as compared with other protocol.
Review of Various Enhancements of Modified LEACH for Wireless Sensor Networkijsrd.com
Wireless sensor network depends on the nodes have limited energy, memory, computational power, range and it is important to increase energy efficiency by saving the battery power so as to extend of the life time of the given wireless sensor network deployment. In wireless sensor network, data is measured by node and same is send to base station at regular interval. Clustering sensor nodes is an effective technique in wireless sensor network. Different protocols are used for energy consumption in which Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol is the first hierarchal cluster based routing protocol successfully used in the wireless sensor network. In this paper, various enhancements used in the original leach protocol are studied.
Optimizing the Performance of I-mod Leach-PD Protocol in Wireless Sensor Netw...ijsrd.com
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is a networks of thousands of inexpensive miniature devices capable of computation, communication and sensing. WSN is being been attracting increasing interest for supporting a new generation of ubiquitous computing systems with great potential for many applications such as surveillance, environmental monitoring, health care monitoring or home automation. In the near future, wireless sensor network is expected to consists of thousand of inexpensive nodes, each having sensing capability with limited computational and communication power which enables to deploy large scale sensor networks. Large scale WSN is usually implemented as a cluster network. Clustering sensors into groups, so that sensors communicate information only to cluster-heads and then the cluster-heads communicate the aggregated information to the base station, saves energy and thus prolongs network lifetime. LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) protocol is one of the clustering routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. The advantage of LEACH is that each node has the equal probability to be a cluster head, which makes the energy dissipation of each node be relatively balanced. In LEACH protocol, time is divided into many rounds, in each round, all the nodes contend to be cluster head according to a predefined criterion. This paper focuses on how to set the time length of each round, how to adjust threshold based on the residual energy, and the measurement of energy required for transmission, based on the distance of cluster head from the base station, to prolong the lifetime of the network and increase throughput, which is denoted as the amount of data packs sent to the sink node. The functions of residual energy and required energy, and the time length of each round are deduced, thereby modifying the threshold value calculation. These functions can be used to enhance the performance of cluster-based wireless sensor networks in terms of lifetime and throughput.
Energy Efficient Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Surveyijsrd.com
The use of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is anticipated to bring lot of changes in data gathering, processing and dissemination for different environments and applications. However, a WSN is a power constrained system, since nodes run on limited power batteries which shorten its lifespan. Prolonging the network lifetime depends on efficient management of sensing node energy resource. Energy consumption is therefore one of the most crucial design issues in WSN. Hierarchical routing protocols are best known in regard to energy efficiency. By using a clustering technique hierarchical routing protocols greatly minimize energy consumed in collecting and disseminating data. To prolong the lifetime of the sensor nodes, designing efficient routing protocols is critical. In this paper, we have discussed various energy efficient data aggregation protocols for sensor networks.
Energy balanced improved leach routing protocol for wireless sensor networkscsandit
A proper sensor node clustering is an effective topology control that can balance energy
consumption among sensor nodes and increase network scalability and life time. As the use of
wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has grown enormously, the need for energy-efficient routing
and data aggregation has also risen. LEACH
(
Low Energy Adaptive Cluster Hierarchy
)
is a
hierarchical clustering protocol that provides an elegant solution for such protocols. Random
clustering is the main deficiency of LEACH. In this paper an energy balanced clustering
approach is proposed, in which the K-mean clustering algorithm is applied. It is centralized
clustering algorithm that based on minimum energy clustering to form optimal clusters. For the
candidate nodes, the location and the residual energy are used as key parameters to select the
cluster head (CH). The method shows that the proposed approach outperforms LEACH in terms
of energy conservation and network life time prolonging.
ENERGY-BALANCED IMPROVED LEACH ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKScscpconf
A proper sensor node clustering is an effective topology control that can balance energy
consumption among sensor nodes and increase network scalability and life time. As the use of
wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has grown enormously, the need for energy-efficient routing
and data aggregation has also risen. LEACH
(
Low Energy Adaptive Cluster Hierarchy
)
is a
hierarchical clustering protocol that provides an elegant solution for such protocols. Random
clustering is the main deficiency of LEACH. In this paper an energy balanced clustering
approach is proposed, in which the K-mean clustering algorithm is applied. It is centralized
clustering algorithm that based on minimum energy clustering to form optimal clusters. For the
candidate nodes, the location and the residual energy are used as key parameters to select the
cluster head (CH). The method shows that the proposed approach outperforms LEACH in terms
of energy conservation and network life time prolonging.
Analysis of different hierarchical routing protocols of wireless sensor networkeSAT Journals
Abstarct Wireless sensored network is nowadays very popular in the field of research because world is now switching faster from wired communication to the wireless communication. It is used in environment monitoring, habitat monitoring, battlefield etc. WSN is made up of tiny sensor nodes which senses the data and communicate to the base station via other nodes.WSN networks are data-centric rather than node centric. So, main issues in WSN networks are energy consumption of network, lifetime of a network, delay, latency, quality of service etc.WSN has defined many routing protocols for the network. The main challenge in WSN is to design a routing protocol which gives the maximum energy efficient routing because nodes in sensored network are equipped with the battery. So, as time passes the battery of nodes will decrease so in turn network lifetime will decreases. There are many routing protocols which are classified as their working and their application to different conditions. This paper describes a brief information about routing protocols. The main focus of this paper is to give the comparison of different hierarchical routing protocols. Keywords: Leach, Pegasis,Teen/Apteen, WSN
Analysis of different hierarchical routing protocols of wireless sensor networkeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Wireless sensor network consists of several distributed sensor nodes. It is used for several environmental applications, military applications and health related applications. To prolong the lifetime of the sensor nodes, designing efficient routing protocols is critical. Most of the research in energy efficient data gathering in data centric applications of wireless sensor networks is motivated by LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) scheme. It allows the rotation of cluster head role among the sensor nodes and tries to distribute the energy consumption over the network. Selection of sensor node for such role rotations greatly affects the energy efficiency of the network. Some of the routing protocol has a drawback that the cluster is not evenly distributed due to its randomized rotation of local cluster head. We have surveyed several existing methods for selecting energy efficient cluster head in wireless sensor networks. We have proposed an energy efficient cluster head selection method in which the cluster head selection and replacement cost is reduced and ultimately the network lifetime is increased. Using our proposed method, network life time is increased compared to existing methods. Keywords: WSN, CH, BS, LEACH, LEACH-B, LEACH-F
Similar to IRJET- A Survey on Hierarchical-Based Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks (20)
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