IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
CUTTING DOWN ENERGY USAGE IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS USING DUTY CYCLE TECHNI...ijwmn
A wireless sensor network is composed of many sensor nodes, that have beengiven out in a
specific zoneandeach of them hadanability of collecting information from the environment and
sending collected data to the sink. The most significant issues in wireless sensor networks,
despite the recent progress is the trouble of the severe limitations of energy resources.Since that
in different applications of sensor nets, we could throw a static or mobile sink, then all aspects of
such networks should be planned with an awareness of energy.One of the most significant topics
related to these networks, is routing. One of the most widely used and efficient methods of
routing isa hierarchy (based on clustering) method.
In The present study with the objective of cutting down energy consumption and persistence of
network coverage, we have offered a novel algorithm based on clustering algorithms and multihop routing.To achieve this goal, first, we layer the network environment based on the size of the
network.We will identify the optimal number of cluster heads and every cluster head based on
the mechanism of topology control will start to accept members.Likewise, we set the first layer
as gate layer and subsequently identifying the gate’s nodes, we’d turn away half of the sensors
and then stop using energy and the remaining nodes in this layer will join the gate’s nodes
because they hold a critical part in bettering the functioning of the system. Cluster heads off
following layers send the information to cluster heads in the above layer until sent data will be
sent to gate’s nodes and finally will be sent to sink. We have tested the proposed algorithm in
two situations 1) when the sink is off and 2)when a sink is on and simulation data shows that
proposed algorithm has better performance in terms of the life span of a network than LEACH
and ELEACH protocols.
CUTTING DOWN ENERGY USAGE IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS USING DUTY CYCLE TECHNI...ijwmn
A wireless sensor network is composed of many sensor nodes, that have beengiven out in a
specific zoneandeach of them hadanability of collecting information from the environment and
sending collected data to the sink. The most significant issues in wireless sensor networks,
despite the recent progress is the trouble of the severe limitations of energy resources.Since that
in different applications of sensor nets, we could throw a static or mobile sink, then all aspects of
such networks should be planned with an awareness of energy.One of the most significant topics
related to these networks, is routing. One of the most widely used and efficient methods of
routing isa hierarchy (based on clustering) method.
In The present study with the objective of cutting down energy consumption and persistence of
network coverage, we have offered a novel algorithm based on clustering algorithms and multihop routing.To achieve this goal, first, we layer the network environment based on the size of the
network.We will identify the optimal number of cluster heads and every cluster head based on
the mechanism of topology control will start to accept members.Likewise, we set the first layer
as gate layer and subsequently identifying the gate’s nodes, we’d turn away half of the sensors
and then stop using energy and the remaining nodes in this layer will join the gate’s nodes
because they hold a critical part in bettering the functioning of the system. Cluster heads off
following layers send the information to cluster heads in the above layer until sent data will be
sent to gate’s nodes and finally will be sent to sink. We have tested the proposed algorithm in
two situations 1) when the sink is off and 2)when a sink is on and simulation data shows that
proposed algorithm has better performance in terms of the life span of a network than LEACH
and ELEACH protocols.
Optimized Projected Strategy for Enhancement of WSN Using Genetic AlgorithmsIJMER
This paper put forward a new strategy for selecting the most favorable cluster head in Stable
Election Protocol (SEP). The planned approach selects a node as cluster head if it has the maximum
energy among all the available nodes in that particular cluster. It considers diverse nodes and divides
nodes among normal, transitional and advance nodes. To handle the heterogeneity of the nodes, different
optimized probability density functions are selected. First node dead time explain the network stability
period and last node dead explain the overall network lifetime. The main pressure is to increase the time
when first node dies and also when last node dies. The projected strategy is designed and implemented in
the Matlab using mathematics toolbox. The projected algorithm is also compared with the some prominent
protocols like leach, E-LEACH, SEP and extended SEP
Node Failure Prevention by Using Energy Efficient Routing In Wireless Sensor ...IJTET Journal
The most necessary issue that has to be solved in coming up with an information transmission rule for
wireless unplanned networks is a way to save unplanned node energy whereas meeting the wants of applications
users because the unplanned nodes are battery restricted. Whereas satisfying the energy saving demand, it’s
conjointly necessary to realize the standard of service. Just in case of emergency work, it's necessary to deliver the
information on time. Achieving quality of service in is additionally necessary. So as to realize this demand, Power -
efficient Energy-Aware routing protocol for wireless unplanned networks is planned that saves the energy by
expeditiously choosing the energy economical path within the routing method. When supply finds route to
destination, it calculates α for every route. The worth α is predicated on largest minimum residual energy of the trail
and hop count of the trail. If a route has higher α, then that path is chosen for routing the information. The worth of α
are higher, if the most important of minimum residual energy of the trail is higher and also the range of hop count is
lower. Once the trail is chosen, knowledge is transferred on the trail. So as to extend the energy potency any
transmission power of the nodes is additionally adjusted supported the situation of their neighbour. If the neighbours
of a node are closely placed thereto node, then transmission vary of the node is diminished. Thus it's enough for the
node to own the transmission power to achieve the neighbour at intervals that vary. As a result transmission power
of the node is cut back that later on reduces the energy consumption of the node. Our planned work is simulated
through Network machine (NS-2). Existing AODV and Man-Min energy routing protocol conjointly simulated
through NS-2 for performance comparison. Packet Delivery quantitative relation, Energy Consumption and end-toend
delay.
The development of the wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in various applications like Defense, Health,
Environment monitoring, Industry etc. always attract many researchers in this field. WSN is the network
which consists of collection of tiny devices called sensor nodes. Sensor node typically combines wireless
radio transmitter-receiver and limited energy, restricted computational processing capacity and
communication band width. These sensor node sense some physical phenomenon using different
transduces. The current improvement in sensor technology has made possible WSNs that have wide and
varied applications. While selecting the right sensor for application a number of characteristics are
important. This paper provides the basics of WSNs including the node characteristics. It also throws light
on the different routing protocols.
Data Flow in Wireless Sensor Network Protocol Stack by using Bellman-Ford Rou...journalBEEI
Wireless sensor network consists various sensor nodes that are used to monitor any target area like forest fire detection by our army person and monitoring any industrial activity by industry manager. Wireless sensor networks have been deployed in several cities to monitor the concentration of dangerous gases for citizens. In wireless sensor network when sensor nodes communicate from each other then routing protocol are used for communication between protocol layers. Wireless sensor network protocol stack consist five layers such as Application layer, Transport layer, Network layer, MAC Layer, Physical layer. In this paper we study and analysis Bellman-Ford routing algorithm and check the flow of data between these protocol layers. For simulation purpose we are using Qualnet 5.0.2 simulator tool.
A Review Study on Shortest Path in WSN to detect the Abnormal Packet for savi...Editor IJMTER
The main motive of this research is to study energy-efficient data-gathering mechanisms to
abnormal packet data for saving the energy. To detect the abnormal packet irregularities is useful for
saving energy, as well as for management of network, because the patterns found can be used for
both decision making in applications and system performance tuning. Node distribution in WSNs is
either deterministic or self-organizing and application dependant. The sensor nodes in WSNs have
minimum energy and they use their energy for communication and sensing.
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are distributed and independent sensors that are connected and worked together to measure quantities such as temperature, humidity, pressure, noise levels or vibrations. WSNs can measure vehicular movement (velocity, location, etc.) and monitor conditions such as lightning condition, soil makeup and motion. Nowadays, WSNs are utilized in many common applications such as vehicle applications. Some of vehicle applications are: vehicle tracking and detection, tire pressure monitoring, vehicle speed detection, vehicle direction indicator, traffic control, reversing aid sensors etc. Such applications can be divided in major categories such as safety, security, environment and logistics. To implement WSN in an application and have an efficient system, we need to consider about WSN technology, and its components. This paper is aimed at providing reliable software architecture of WSN that could be implemented for better performance and working.
ALL ABOUT DATA AGGREGATION IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKSEditor IJCTER
A wireless sensor network is a computer network that consists of small devices called
sensor nodes. These sensor nodes have the ability to sense different environmental conditions like
temperature, pressure, etc. All these sensor nodes send their data to a central node or base station.
This creates a large communication overhead the energy source for these nodes is usually a battery.
This gives rise to huge consumption of energy and resources. So a solution is required that
overcomes the above problems. Data aggregation is one of its solutions. This method consists of
aggregators that combine the data coming from the sensor nodes and then passes it to the base
station. With the help of data aggregation we reduce the energy consumption by eliminating
redundancy and we can enhance the life time of wireless network. The purpose of the proposed paper
is to explain data aggregation in wireless sensor network, how it works, different techniques of data
aggregation and the comparison among them.
Node Deployment in Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor NetworkIJMTST Journal
Optimal sensor deployment is necessary condition in homogeneous and heterogeneous wireless sensor
network. Effective deployment of sensor nodes is a major point of concern as performance and lifetime of any
WSN. Proposed sensor deployment in WSN explore every sensor node sends its data to the nearest sink node
of the WSN. In addition to that system proposes a hexagonal cell based sensor deployment which leads to
optimal sensor deployment for both homogeneous and heterogeneous sensor deployment. Wireless sensor
networks are receiving significant concentration due to their potential applications ranging from surveillance
to tracking domains. In limited communication range, a WSN is divided into several disconnected sub-graphs
under certain conditions. We deploy sensor nodes at random locations so that it improves performance of the
network.This paper aims to study, discuss and analyze various node deployment strategies and coverage
problems for Homogeneous and Heterogeneous WSN.
Survey of Wireless Sensor Network Applicationijsrd.com
Sensor networks offer a powerful combination of distributed sensing, computing and communication. They lend themselves to countless applications and, at the same time, offer numerous challenges due to their peculiarities, primarily the stringent energy constraints to which sensing nodes are typically subjected. The distinguishing traits of sensor networks have a direct impact on the hardware design of the nodes at least four levels: power source, processor, communication hardware, and sensors. Various hardware platforms have already been designed to test the many ideas spawned by the re-search community and to implement applications to virtually all fields of science and technology. We are convinced that CAS will be able to provide a substantial contribution to the development of this exciting field. A wireless sensor network (WSN) has important applications such as remote environmental monitoring and target tracking. This has been enabled by the availability, particularly in recent years, of sensors that are smaller, cheaper, and intelligent. These sensors are equipped with wireless interfaces with which they can communicate with one another to form a network. The design of a WSN depends significantly on the application, and it must consider factors such as the environment, the application's design objectives, cost, hardware, and system constraints. The goal of our survey is to present a comprehensive review of the recent literature since the publication of [I.F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, E. Cayirci, A survey on sensor networks, IEEE Communications Magazine, 2002]. Following a top-down approach, we give an overview of several new applications and then review the literature on various aspects of WSNs. We classify the problems into three different categories: (1) Internal platform and underlying operating system, (2) Communication protocol stack, and (3) Network services, provisioning, and deployment. We review the major development in these three categories and outline new challenges.
As the Congress goes on the warpath in defense of its First Family in the National Herald controversy, legislation
comes to a full stop and much more...
Optimized Projected Strategy for Enhancement of WSN Using Genetic AlgorithmsIJMER
This paper put forward a new strategy for selecting the most favorable cluster head in Stable
Election Protocol (SEP). The planned approach selects a node as cluster head if it has the maximum
energy among all the available nodes in that particular cluster. It considers diverse nodes and divides
nodes among normal, transitional and advance nodes. To handle the heterogeneity of the nodes, different
optimized probability density functions are selected. First node dead time explain the network stability
period and last node dead explain the overall network lifetime. The main pressure is to increase the time
when first node dies and also when last node dies. The projected strategy is designed and implemented in
the Matlab using mathematics toolbox. The projected algorithm is also compared with the some prominent
protocols like leach, E-LEACH, SEP and extended SEP
Node Failure Prevention by Using Energy Efficient Routing In Wireless Sensor ...IJTET Journal
The most necessary issue that has to be solved in coming up with an information transmission rule for
wireless unplanned networks is a way to save unplanned node energy whereas meeting the wants of applications
users because the unplanned nodes are battery restricted. Whereas satisfying the energy saving demand, it’s
conjointly necessary to realize the standard of service. Just in case of emergency work, it's necessary to deliver the
information on time. Achieving quality of service in is additionally necessary. So as to realize this demand, Power -
efficient Energy-Aware routing protocol for wireless unplanned networks is planned that saves the energy by
expeditiously choosing the energy economical path within the routing method. When supply finds route to
destination, it calculates α for every route. The worth α is predicated on largest minimum residual energy of the trail
and hop count of the trail. If a route has higher α, then that path is chosen for routing the information. The worth of α
are higher, if the most important of minimum residual energy of the trail is higher and also the range of hop count is
lower. Once the trail is chosen, knowledge is transferred on the trail. So as to extend the energy potency any
transmission power of the nodes is additionally adjusted supported the situation of their neighbour. If the neighbours
of a node are closely placed thereto node, then transmission vary of the node is diminished. Thus it's enough for the
node to own the transmission power to achieve the neighbour at intervals that vary. As a result transmission power
of the node is cut back that later on reduces the energy consumption of the node. Our planned work is simulated
through Network machine (NS-2). Existing AODV and Man-Min energy routing protocol conjointly simulated
through NS-2 for performance comparison. Packet Delivery quantitative relation, Energy Consumption and end-toend
delay.
The development of the wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in various applications like Defense, Health,
Environment monitoring, Industry etc. always attract many researchers in this field. WSN is the network
which consists of collection of tiny devices called sensor nodes. Sensor node typically combines wireless
radio transmitter-receiver and limited energy, restricted computational processing capacity and
communication band width. These sensor node sense some physical phenomenon using different
transduces. The current improvement in sensor technology has made possible WSNs that have wide and
varied applications. While selecting the right sensor for application a number of characteristics are
important. This paper provides the basics of WSNs including the node characteristics. It also throws light
on the different routing protocols.
Data Flow in Wireless Sensor Network Protocol Stack by using Bellman-Ford Rou...journalBEEI
Wireless sensor network consists various sensor nodes that are used to monitor any target area like forest fire detection by our army person and monitoring any industrial activity by industry manager. Wireless sensor networks have been deployed in several cities to monitor the concentration of dangerous gases for citizens. In wireless sensor network when sensor nodes communicate from each other then routing protocol are used for communication between protocol layers. Wireless sensor network protocol stack consist five layers such as Application layer, Transport layer, Network layer, MAC Layer, Physical layer. In this paper we study and analysis Bellman-Ford routing algorithm and check the flow of data between these protocol layers. For simulation purpose we are using Qualnet 5.0.2 simulator tool.
A Review Study on Shortest Path in WSN to detect the Abnormal Packet for savi...Editor IJMTER
The main motive of this research is to study energy-efficient data-gathering mechanisms to
abnormal packet data for saving the energy. To detect the abnormal packet irregularities is useful for
saving energy, as well as for management of network, because the patterns found can be used for
both decision making in applications and system performance tuning. Node distribution in WSNs is
either deterministic or self-organizing and application dependant. The sensor nodes in WSNs have
minimum energy and they use their energy for communication and sensing.
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are distributed and independent sensors that are connected and worked together to measure quantities such as temperature, humidity, pressure, noise levels or vibrations. WSNs can measure vehicular movement (velocity, location, etc.) and monitor conditions such as lightning condition, soil makeup and motion. Nowadays, WSNs are utilized in many common applications such as vehicle applications. Some of vehicle applications are: vehicle tracking and detection, tire pressure monitoring, vehicle speed detection, vehicle direction indicator, traffic control, reversing aid sensors etc. Such applications can be divided in major categories such as safety, security, environment and logistics. To implement WSN in an application and have an efficient system, we need to consider about WSN technology, and its components. This paper is aimed at providing reliable software architecture of WSN that could be implemented for better performance and working.
ALL ABOUT DATA AGGREGATION IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKSEditor IJCTER
A wireless sensor network is a computer network that consists of small devices called
sensor nodes. These sensor nodes have the ability to sense different environmental conditions like
temperature, pressure, etc. All these sensor nodes send their data to a central node or base station.
This creates a large communication overhead the energy source for these nodes is usually a battery.
This gives rise to huge consumption of energy and resources. So a solution is required that
overcomes the above problems. Data aggregation is one of its solutions. This method consists of
aggregators that combine the data coming from the sensor nodes and then passes it to the base
station. With the help of data aggregation we reduce the energy consumption by eliminating
redundancy and we can enhance the life time of wireless network. The purpose of the proposed paper
is to explain data aggregation in wireless sensor network, how it works, different techniques of data
aggregation and the comparison among them.
Node Deployment in Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor NetworkIJMTST Journal
Optimal sensor deployment is necessary condition in homogeneous and heterogeneous wireless sensor
network. Effective deployment of sensor nodes is a major point of concern as performance and lifetime of any
WSN. Proposed sensor deployment in WSN explore every sensor node sends its data to the nearest sink node
of the WSN. In addition to that system proposes a hexagonal cell based sensor deployment which leads to
optimal sensor deployment for both homogeneous and heterogeneous sensor deployment. Wireless sensor
networks are receiving significant concentration due to their potential applications ranging from surveillance
to tracking domains. In limited communication range, a WSN is divided into several disconnected sub-graphs
under certain conditions. We deploy sensor nodes at random locations so that it improves performance of the
network.This paper aims to study, discuss and analyze various node deployment strategies and coverage
problems for Homogeneous and Heterogeneous WSN.
Survey of Wireless Sensor Network Applicationijsrd.com
Sensor networks offer a powerful combination of distributed sensing, computing and communication. They lend themselves to countless applications and, at the same time, offer numerous challenges due to their peculiarities, primarily the stringent energy constraints to which sensing nodes are typically subjected. The distinguishing traits of sensor networks have a direct impact on the hardware design of the nodes at least four levels: power source, processor, communication hardware, and sensors. Various hardware platforms have already been designed to test the many ideas spawned by the re-search community and to implement applications to virtually all fields of science and technology. We are convinced that CAS will be able to provide a substantial contribution to the development of this exciting field. A wireless sensor network (WSN) has important applications such as remote environmental monitoring and target tracking. This has been enabled by the availability, particularly in recent years, of sensors that are smaller, cheaper, and intelligent. These sensors are equipped with wireless interfaces with which they can communicate with one another to form a network. The design of a WSN depends significantly on the application, and it must consider factors such as the environment, the application's design objectives, cost, hardware, and system constraints. The goal of our survey is to present a comprehensive review of the recent literature since the publication of [I.F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, E. Cayirci, A survey on sensor networks, IEEE Communications Magazine, 2002]. Following a top-down approach, we give an overview of several new applications and then review the literature on various aspects of WSNs. We classify the problems into three different categories: (1) Internal platform and underlying operating system, (2) Communication protocol stack, and (3) Network services, provisioning, and deployment. We review the major development in these three categories and outline new challenges.
As the Congress goes on the warpath in defense of its First Family in the National Herald controversy, legislation
comes to a full stop and much more...
Modeling Of an Inventory System for Non-Instantaneous decaying Items with Par...iosrjce
We will discuss an inventory model is investigates with variable demand rate and time dependent deteriorating items.In this study, we have taken shortages in inventory are allowed and fully backlogged. This model is studied under the condition for decaying items of permissible delay in payments which is most
important and an outcome of interaction between product and financial markets which arises. This model based on time-dependent, holding cost, shortages cost and the combination of model is unique and practical.
Electricity Supply and the Manufacturing Productivity in Nigeria (1980-2012)iosrjce
The paper set out to examine the impact of electricity supply (EGI) on the productivity of
manufacturing industries in Nigeria between 1980 and 2012. The variables in the model include, manufacturing
productivity index (as dependent variable) while electricity generation, capacity utilization rate, government
capital expenditure on infrastructures and exchange rate (represent the explanatory variables). The study
employed the ordinary least square multiple regression to analyze the time series data between 1980 and 2012.
The result of the study shows that electricity generation and supply in Nigeria under the viewed periods
impacted positively on the manufacturing productivity growth, but the coefficient is very low due to inadequate
and irregular supply of electricity especially to manufacturing subsector in the economy resulting from
government’s unnecessary spending on non-economic and unproductive sectors. In view of the findings, the
study suggests among others, a reverse of the ugly trend of poor electricity supply by ensuring that funds
allocated for the development of the electricity subsector are prudently utilized, and to ensure that the ongoing
deregulation of the power subsector be sustained to allow for competitiveness of the industry as that would
bring about adequate and regular electricity supply in the country.
Role of Social Media Marketing On Organisational Performance in Kenyaiosrjce
The purpose of this research is to identify and analyze the role and impact of social media marketing
and to analyze to what extent it has an impact on business performance. Social media have become a major
factor in influencing different aspects of consumer behavior including awareness, information acquisition,
opinions, attitudes, purchase behavior, and post-purchase communication and evaluation
Qualitative Evaluation and Hydrogeochemical Attributes of Groundwater in Ower...iosrjce
The qualitative evaluation and hydrogeochemical attributes of groundwater in Owerri Capital
Territory Owerri was investigated to assess the quality for human consumption and agricultural purposes. A
total of sixteen (16) groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for physicochemical and biological
properties. The range of temperature (oC), colour (Hz), and turbidity of groundwater in the study area are
between: 20-28.3, 5-15, and 1-50 respectively. The average of pH , conductivity (us/cm),TDS (mg/l), and
hardness (mg/l) are: 7.66, 0.135, 34.64, and 7.94 respectively. The result also reveals that the concentration of
Na+
(mg/l), K+
(mg/l), Ca2+(mg/l), Mg2+(mg/l), Fe+
(mg/l), Pb2+(mg/l),Cd2+(mg/l), Cu+
(mg/l),and Zn2+ (mg/l)
range between: 3.33-7.6, 0.2-6.8, 2.4-8.3,1.02-3.44, 0.001-0.59, 0.001-0.01, 0-0.16, 0.06-2.88 and 0.01-2.18
respectively. Water Classification result of the groundwater samples show the predominance of alkali
bicarbonate water type (Na+ + K+
) - HCO3
-
that is largely soft and therefore, mostly of acceptable quality for
household uses. Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) of the groundwater samples in the study area showed that the
samples fall below 1.4meq/l, indicating predominance of excellent water for irrigation purposes in accordance
with recommended standard. This study recommends among other things that groundwater resources
development in the area requires elaborate qualitative assessment, to ensure that any necessary pre-use
treatment is effected.
An inventory model for variable demand, constant holding cost and without sho...iosrjce
Deterioration is defined as decay, change, damage, spoilage or obsolescence that results in decreasing usefulness from its original purpose. Some kinds of inventory products (e.g., vegetables, fruit, milk, and others) are subject to deterioration
We search for pairs of distinct Pythagorean triangles suchthat the difference between their perimeters is represented by (i)
2 k (ii) k ,n 2 n (iii) 3 2 3 N P (iv) 12Pt2N
Prosthodontic-Orthodontic Treatment Plan with Two-Unit Cantilevered Resin-Bon...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
The Impact of Agricultural and Industrial Sectors on Economic Development in ...iosrjce
This study aimed at investigating the impact of the agricultural and industrial sector on the overall
economic development of the Nigeria using secondary data from 1981 – 2012. A multiple regression approach
was used for the estimation. To determine the stability of the time series data used in the study, Augmented
Dickey–Fuller (ADF) and Philips–Perron (pp) unit root tests were adopted. The empirical results show
cointegration relations among Real GDP per capita (RGDPP), Agricultural contribution to RGDPP (ARG),
Industrial contribution to RGDPP (IND), Interest rate (INT) and Inflation rate (IFL) in the period under
investigation. Agricultural and industrial contributions to RGDPP are significant variables explaining
economic development in Nigeria. The overall result of the analysis indicates that these sectors have significant
positive effect on economic development of Nigeria both in the short-run and in the long-run. This research
therefore suggest that there is need for government and the private investors to focus their attention on these
sectors to boost the economy of the nation and efforts must be made to diversified the economy and focus should
be shifted away from export of crude oil only and more effort should be concentrated on agricultural and
industrial development. This would translate to meaningful development in these sectors which will trickle down
to create employment opportunities, enhance productivity and increase agricultural production for exports.
Higher-Order Conjugate Gradient Method (HCGM) For Solving Continuous Optimal ...iosrjce
In this paper, we considered the role of penalty when the higher-order conjugate gradient method
(HCGM) was used as a computational scheme for the minimization of penalised cost functions for optimal
control problems described by linear systems and integral quadratic costs. For this family of commonly
encountered problems, we find out that the conventional penalty methods require very large penalty constants
for good constants satisfaction. Numerical results shows that, as the penalty constant tend to infinity, the
convergence rate of the method becomes poor. To circumvent the poor convergence rate of the penalty method,
the HCGM was often considered as a good substitute to accelerate the convergence.
Middle Cretaceous Sequence Stratigraphy at the Ashaka Cement Quarry in Gongol...iosrjce
The Kanawa Member of the Pindiga Formation at Ashaka Cement Quarry forms a Type – one
sequence. The lower sequence boundary is a thin ferruginous crust on top of the Upper Bima Sandstone which
is also a transgressive surface since the intervening Yolde Formation is absent. The upper boundary of the
sequence is a correlative conformity within the Deba-Fulani Member. The transgressive systems tract and the
highstand systems tract are identifiable within the sequence. They both comprises parasequence sets and
parasequences showing smaller scale units produce by relative sea level changes on shorter time frame. The
transgressive systems tract is within the Kanawa Member while the highstand systems tract encompasses the
upper part of the Kanawa Member and basal Deba-Fulani Member. The lowstand systems tract preceding the
transgressive systems tract of the sequence is missing, indicating the marginal position of the Ashaka Cement
Quarry sequence of the depositional basin
Human Resource Training and Employee Performances in Enugu State, Nigeriaiosrjce
This research examined human resource development, employee Performances and training (HRTD)
in Enugu State Public Service with a focus on five ministries. Its relevance was based on the importance of
human resource training and development towards employee’s effective and efficient performances. This is with
the view that in Enugu State, the government set four (4) Point Agenda and Economic Programmes (EN: Vision
4:2020) which has to be achieved through the efforts of Employees in Ministries, Departments and Agencies
(MDAs). The rationale for this research was also based on the fact that HRTD has lot of effect/implication on
employee job performance for which its lack can be very devastating on organizations (MDAs) total
productivity. Summarily “a nation’s greatest asset is its Human Resource’’. Total population of the various
MDAs used for the survey was 780, while 264 was the sample size and questionnaires were distributed to the
264 sample in the study area. Two hundred and fifty (250) questionnaires were collected back and analyzed.
The data was presented in tabular form under frequencies and percentages were adopted as statistical tool, also
both secondary and primary data were utilized for analysis. The data analyzed revealed that human resource
development and training programme exists in Enugu State Public Service and Employees performances are
positively affected by these HRTD. That is to say there is an effect on employee job performance. Also that these
HRTD programmes available for employees job enhancement has also improved ministerial output, thereby,
enabling the state government to achieve their set economic and social objectives.
A Study Of Dividend Policy And Its Effect On Market Value Of Shares Of Select...iosrjce
Dividend policy is a strategy used by a company to determine the amount and timing of dividend
payments. The dividend policy framed by an organization is one of the crucial issues in corporate finance since
it may have an impact on the firm’s value and shareholder wealth. The research study is an attempt to analyze
the effect of dividend policy on shareholder wealth of thirty selected Indian banks listed and traded in Bombay
Stock Exchange (BSE).For the purpose of study the financial data from the period 2003-04 to 2012-13 of
selected Indian banks (15 Public and 15 Private) would be used. The data would be analyzed using statistical
tools like multiple regression technique, t test, the coefficient of determination (R2) and F-Value. The results of
the data analysis might reveal that that there is a significant effect of dividend policy on the share price of
selected Indian Banks. The study is limited to a time period of 10 years and only selected Indian Banks. The
result might change if the time period and number of banks are extended.
Effect of IFRS Adoption on Reporting Quality in Kenya iosrjce
IASB states that the main objective of financial reporting is to provide information that is useful to
investors, creditors and others in making investment, credit and similar resource allocation decisions. This
study sought to find out if the adoption of IFRS had affected the financial reporting quality of listed firms in
Kenya. Sample selection consisted of all companies listed in the Nairobi Stock Exchange (NSE) between 1994
and 2003 excluding banking and insurance companies. The study shows that the value relevance of reported
earnings was incrementally higher for listed companies during the post-IFRS convergence period than in the
pre-IFRS convergence period.
The Preparation Of The Budget Practices In Hospitals Ethnometodology Perspectiveiosrjce
This research was done in general hospital center in the Palembang region of South Sumatra with
the purpose of understand the behavior of a constituent of the budget in the process of budgetary especially
planning and preparation of the budget for the determination of the budget by the use of seganti setungguan
philosophy and culture of SEHAT in hospital. This research tried to understand the social reality that was in the
hospital so as to involve man who had a culture created from the interaction of the interaction that carried out
as the object of research, so that the pattern of the approach that was undertaken using etnometodology
methods. Etnometodology is the methodology that was used to express behavior that there are in an
organization that involves the organizational structure and whose culture is characterized by the presence of a
dilemma. The research results indicate first existing indexicality in the process of drafting a budget is
effectiveness and efficiency, compliance and priorities. Second, in the process of budgetary of the preparation
and the determination of visible indirectly seganti setungguan philosophy and culture of SEHAT that is in
hospital become a reference to the work of employees RSMH
CUTTING DOWN ENERGY USAGE IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS USING DUTY CYCLE TECHNI...ijwmn
A wireless sensor network is composed of many sensor nodes, that have beengiven out in a
specific zoneandeach of them hadanability of collecting information from the environment and
sending collected data to the sink. The most significant issues in wireless sensor networks,
despite the recent progress is the trouble of the severe limitations of energy resources.Since that
in different applications of sensor nets, we could throw a static or mobile sink, then all aspects of
such networks should be planned with an awareness of energy.One of the most significant topics
related to these networks, is routing. One of the most widely used and efficient methods of
routing isa hierarchy (based on clustering) method.
Design Issues and Applications of Wireless Sensor Networkijtsrd
Efficient design and implementation of wireless sensor networks has become a hot area of research in recent years, due to the vast potential of sensor networks to enable applications that connect the physical world to the virtual world. By networking large numbers of tiny sensor nodes, it is possible to obtain data about physical phenomena that was difficult or impossible to obtain in more conventional ways. In future as advances in micro-fabrication technology allow the cost of manufacturing sensor nodes to continue to drop, increasing deployments of wireless sensor networks are expected, with the networks eventually growing to large numbers of nodes.Potential applications for such large-scale wireless sensor networks exist in a variety of fields, including medical monitoring, environmental monitoring, surveillance, home security, military operations, and industrial machine monitoring etc. G. Swarnalatha | R. Srilalitha"Design Issues and Applications of Wireless Sensor Network" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd4688.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/4688/design-issues-and-applications-of-wireless-sensor-network/g-swarnalatha
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
EVENT DRIVEN ROUTING PROTOCOLS FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK- A SURVEYijcsa
Advances in embedded systems have resulted in the development of wireless sensor networks, which not
only provide unique opportunities for monitoring but also controlling homes, cities and the environments.
Recent advancements in wireless sensor network have resulted into many new protocols some of them are
specifically designed for sensor network for detecting the event and routing the event related information to
the base station in efficient manner. This paper surveys recent event driven routing protocols for wireless
sensor network. We have compared various event driven routing protocols using different parameters like
Sink Centric, Node Centric, Reliability, Congestion control, Energy Efficiency, Loss reliability and loss
recovery. We have also described LEACH and MECN protocols but as they are not e
Data Centric Approach Based Protocol using Evolutionary Approach in WSNijsrd.com
The evolution of wireless communication and circuit technology has enabled the development of an infrastructure consists of sensing, computation and communication units that makes administrator capable to observe and react to a phenomena in a particular environment. In a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), nodes are scattered densely in a large area. Sensor nodes can communicate with the sink node directly or through other nodes. Data transmission is the major issue in WSN. Each node has limited energy which is used in transmitting and receiving the data. Various routing protocols have been proposed to save the energy during the transmission of data. data centric approach based routing protocol which efficiently propagates information between sensor nodes in an energy constrained mode. This paper proposes a data centric routing Using evolutionary apporoach in WSN.The main objective of this protocol with evolutionary apporoach is to use artificial intelligence, to reduce the energy consumption by the nodes in transmitting and receiving the data. Implementation of Basic SEP, intelligence cluster routing and proposed protocols will be done using MATLAB.
Wireless sensor network is the combination of sensor nodes where sensor nodes are distributed all over the network. There are some challenges that come into the wireless sensor network n context to energy efficiency, network lifetime, storage and battery backup. The most important feature of a routing protocol, in order to be efficient for WSNs, is the energy consumption and the extension of the network’s lifetime. In this paper, we have analyzed various routing techniques for WSN that increases the network lifetime and energy consumption.
Spread Spectrum Based Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor NetworksIDES Editor
The Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is
considered to be one of the most promising emerging
technologies. However one of the main constraints which
is holding back its wide range of applications is the
battery life of the sensor node and thus effecting the
network life. A new approach to this problem has been
presented in this paper. The proposed method is suitable
for event driven applications where the event occurrence
is very rare. The system uses spread spectrum as a means
of communication.
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This paper considers a heterogeneous network of energy constrained sensors deployed over a region. Each
Normal sensor node in a network is systematically gathering and transmitting sensed data to the clusterhead,
and then cluster head sending data to a base station (via intermediate cluster- heads). This paper
focuses on reducing the energy consumption and hence improving lifetime of wireless sensor Networks.
Clustering sensor node is an effective topology for the energy constrained networks. So energy saving
algorithm has been developed in which clusters are formed considering a subset of high energy nodes as a
cluster-head and another subset of powerful nodes is ask to go to sleep. When Cluster heads deplete their
energy another subset of nodes becomes active and acts as a cluster head. Proposed approach is
implemented in MATLAB, Simulation results shows that it can prolong the network lifetime than LEACH
protocol, and achieves better performance than the existing clustering algorithms such as LEACH.
Comprehensive Review on Base Energy Efficient Routing ProtocolIJRES Journal
With the faster growing in electronics industry, small inexpensive battery powered wireless sensors have made an impact on the communications with the physical world. The Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) consists of hundreds of sensor nodes which are resource constrained. WSN nodes monitor various physical and environmental conditions very cooperatively. WSN uses various nodes for the communication. WSN has become one of the interested areas in the field of research from last few years. To enhance the lifetime of the whole networks energy reduction is the necessary consideration for design and analyse of the clustering and routing protocols. This paper describes the study of various energy efficient routing protocols in WSNs which are important for their designing purpose so as to meet the various resource constraints.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
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• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
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A review of Hierarchical energy Protocols in Wireless Sensor Network
1. IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSRJCE)
eISSN: 22780661,pISSN: 22788727, Volume 17, Issue 3, Ver. IV (May – Jun. 2015), PP 4246
www.iosrjournals.org
A review of Hierarchical energy Protocols in Wireless Sensor
Network
Anchal Uniyal, S K Verma
(Computer Science Department, GBPEC Pauri,India)
(Computer Science Department, GBPEC Pauri,India )
Abstract: This paper attempts to provide an overview of various protocols used in wireless sensor network
which include data dissemination and data gathering protocols .Wireless network is any type of computer
network which uses wireless communication between nodes. Wireless network of autonomous sensors is used to
monitor physical and environmental conditions like pressure, temperature, air pollution, water quality etc. and
pass them through the network to the desired location. Each sensor network has several parts – a radio
transceiver with antenna, a microcontroller, an electronic circuit for interfacing with sensors and energy source
which is generally a battery or an embedded form of energy harvesting. Wireless sensor network are having
limitation of storage space, computing power and energy. Therefore various protocols are used to design energy
efficient wireless network. This paper reviews all hierarchical routing protocols .Energy consumption and
network lifespan are primary issues considered in this paper.
Keywords:Wireless Sensor network, battery, routing protocols,energy efficient, Energy consumption, network
lifetime.
I. Introduction
Efficient design and implementation of wireless sensor networks has become a hot area of research in
recent years, due to the capability of sensor networks to enable applications that connect the physical world to
the virtual world. WSNs are useful on the area or environment where it is difficult to stay long time or mostly
not possible to stay. WSNs[1] sense the network and also make communication between nodes. Sensor nodes of
WSNs collect the data for particular events and transfer it to BS from where user can get data.A sensor network
has main components [2]:Sensor unit, Analog digital converter, CPU central processing unit, Power unit and
Communication unit.
Fig.1.1Basic components of wireless sensor network [1]
DOI: 10.9790/066117344246 www.iosrjournals.org 42 | Page
2. A review of Hierarchical energy Protocols in Wireless Sensor Network
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) [3]provides a bridge between the real, physical and virtual worlds. It allows
the ability to observe the previously unobservable at a fine resolution over large spatialtemporal scales. It has a
wide range of potential applications to industry, science, transportation, civil infrastructure, and security.
The WSNs can contain thousands of sensor nodes. These sensor nodes have characteristic like limited battery
life time, heterogeneity, mobility. All this things affects the lifetime of WSNs. Each sensor nodes contains a
wireless sender/receiver, a microcontroller and a battery or energy source. In WSNs each sensor nodes collect
data for particular events and are then send it to the cluster head. Cluster head is the node which is the leader of
a particular cluster of sensor node and responsible for all matter happen in its own cluster. After data collection
all sensor heads pass the data to base station. And finally, end user gets the aggregated data from base station.
Here base station is defined as main data collection node and it is the link between sensor node and end user.
Base station does not have power limitations. It has information about the entire sensor node in network. The
cluster heads are selected on basis of two criteria, first one is energy level of node and second one is distance of
sensor node from base station. The applications of WSNs are inventory management, environment monitoring,
medical monitoring, biological, transportation and logistics, entertainment, security, healthcare etc.
II. Issues In Wireless Sensor Network
Various issues are related to wireless sensor network [4][5].Energy Efficiency is the most important
factor for any issue in the sensor networks. A good WSN [6]protocol supports changes in density, architecture
and size of network..The scalability concept involves several dimensions, like the number of nodes, the data
load, the application number etc. and act as basis to break up the cellular concept modifying it by multi hop
communications. In traditional wireless networks, each user, receive and send packets for their own
applications. However, in sensor networks, all nodes work for a single task and only one application run at any
time. Hence fairness is not important as long as applicationlevel performance is not decreased. Latency is one
of the important factors which need to be handled.Latency can be significant or insignificant it depends on what
application is running and the state of node. When there is no sensing occurs, then very less data flows in a
network and node remains in ideal state. We can save the energy by allowing the node to switch off their radios
to decrease energy consumption.
2.1. Routing Protocol Classification
Routing in WSN differs from conventional routing .There is no infrastructure, wireless links are
unreliable, sensor nodes may fail ,and routing protocols have to meet strict energy saving requirements. So
many routing algorithms were developed for wireless networks .Routing protocols [7][8] are classified into
various categories. Based on mode of functioning and type of target applications into Proactive, Reactive and
Hybrid. When sensor nodes are nonmovable i.e. static, it is desirable to have table driven routing protocols
rather than using reactive protocols. A huge amount of energy is used in route discovery and setup of reactive
protocol. In a Proactive Protocol the nodes maintain the information about the other node all the mobile nodes of
this protocol have to relay its entries to its adjacent nodes.The Low Energy Adaptive Clustering hierarchy
protocol (LEACH) utilizes this type of protocol. Reactive Protocol has the ability of choice, due to frequent
node mobility.Reactive protocols support data on demand and are simple in design. This type of protocol is used
in time critical applications. The Threshold sensitive Energy Efficient sensor Network (TEEN) is an example of
a reactive protocol.Hybrid Protocols Incorporate both Proactive and Reactive concepts. They first compute all
routes and then improve the routes at the time of routing. Adaptive Periodic TEEN (APTEEN) is an example of
Hybrid Protocols.
On basis of participation styles of node into direct communication, flat and clustering protocols[8][26].
In Direct Communication Protocols, any node can directly send information to the base station. This has a
disadvantage that when we have a large numbers of network consisting of various nodes then, the energy of the
sensor node.When this is applied in a large network, the energy of sensor nodes may be lost quickly. It is not
very scalable. SPIN is an example of this type of protocol. In the case of Flat Protocols, node which want to
send data first searches for a valid route to the BS and then transmits the data .nodes around the base station may
drain their energy quickly. Its scalability is average.Rumors routing is an example of this protocol.
2.2. Some Hierarchical Routing Protocols
W.R. Heinzelmanet.al [9] [10] projected LEACH protocol. LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering
Hierarchy) is the first and most popular energyefficient hierarchical clustering algorithm for WSNs that was
proposed for reducing power consumption. In LEACH, based on time, the clustering task is rotated among the
node.LEACHis a TDMAbased MAC protocol which is integrated with clustering and a simple routing protocol
DOI: 10.9790/066117344246 www.iosrjournals.org 43 | Page
3. A review of Hierarchical energy Protocols in Wireless Sensor Network
inwireless sensor networks (WSNs). The goal of LEACH is to lower the energy consumption required to create
and maintain clusters in order to improve the life time of a wireless sensor network. It uses clusters to prolong
the life of the wireless sensor network.LEACH is an example of hierarchical protocol in which most nodes
transmit to cluster heads, and the cluster heads combine and abbreviate the data and forward it to the base station
(sink). Each node uses a stochastic algorithm at each round to determine whether it will become a cluster head in
this round. LEACH assumes that each node has a sufficient energy to directly reach the base station or the
nearest cluster head, but using this radio at full power all the time would waste energy.
LEACH is a cluster based protocol, which include distributed cluster formation. This protocol
randomly selects a few sensor nodes to cluster head and rotate this role to evenly distribute the energy load
among sensors.In LEACH,the cluster head node compress data arriving from nodes that belong to the respective
cluster and sends an aggregate packet to the base station in order to reduce the amount of information that must
be transmitted to base station.
The operation of leach is serrated into two phases, the setup phase and steady up phase. In Setup
phase, the clusters are organized and clusterhead are selected.In steady state phase, the actual data transfers to
the base station take place.Duration of steady phase is longer than setup phase. Nowadays, Round Robin
algorithm is used for cluster head selection but in future may be power based technique is used.LEACH [8] is
completely distributed in nature and requires no global knowledge of network. Cluster head communicates with
sink. The cluster heads combine the data gathered by the nodes and due to this the traffic generated in the
network is limited. Thus, a largescale network without traffic burden could be deployed and improved energy
efficiency in comparison to flattopology could be attained.In LEACH there is a Singlehop routing from node
to cluster head, which saves energy. Leach Protocol does not need location information of the nodes to build the
clusters. Therefore, it is powerful and simple. Further LEACH is extended for privacy preservation in secure
data aggregation However,CHs directly communicate with sink in between there is no inter cluster
communication, and for this high transmission power is needed. Therefore, it is not suitable for large scale
networks that require singlehop communication with sink.For data privacy preservation ,LEACH is further
extended in secure data aggregation[11][12]
Fig3.1 LEACH [10]
S. Lindsey et.al[13][14] introduced Power Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information Systems
(PEGASIS) protocol. PEGASIS is a near optimal chainbased power efficient protocol based on LEACH .The
basic idea of this protocol is that in order to extend network lifetime node needs to communicate with their
closest neighbors and the take turn in communicating with base station. PEGASIS has two main objectives:First
increase the lifespan of each node by using collaborative technique and as a result the network lifetime will
increase.Second, allow only local coordination between nodes that are close together so that bandwidth
consumed in communication is reduced. Unlike LEACH, PEGASIS [15]avoid cluster formation and use only
one node in achain to transmit the base station instead of using multiple nodes. It is an improved version of
LEACH.This protocol is in position to outgo LEACH for different or various network sizes and topologies
cluster creation in LEACH, so decreases the number or quantity of data transmission volume through the chain
of information aggregation. Within the network the energy load is distributed consistently. So that the
consequently early deaths of sensor nodes are prevented .Successively all sensor nodes act as leader.
DOI: 10.9790/066117344246 www.iosrjournals.org 44 | Page
4. A review of Hierarchical energy Protocols in Wireless Sensor Network
Fig 3.2 PEGASIS [14]
A.Manjeshwaret.al[16][17]projected Threshold sensitive Energy Efficient sensor Network Protocol
(TEEN) protocol. TEEN protocol is based on the LEACH protocol, this protocol was proposed for time critical
applications. In TEEN sensor node senses the medium continuously, but the data transmission is done slowly.
TEEN[13] is based on ordered configuration in which sensor nodes are divided twice for grouping cluster in
order to identify the scene of rapid changes in the sensed characteristic like temperature. After forming the
clusters, TEEN divides the Cluster Head into the second level Cluster Head and uses hard model. Thus, the hard
threshold tries to decrease the number of transmissions by granting the nodes to transmit only when the sensed
attribute is in the range of interest.The number of transmission decreases by soft threshold by eliminating all the
transmissions which might have alternatively happened when there is small or no change in the sensed attribute
once in the hard threshold.
In TEEN [18] time critical data reaches the user almost instantaneously.The soft threshold can be
discrete, depending on the criticality of the sensed attribute and the target application.A smaller value of the soft
threshold gives a more precise picture of the network but energy consumption increased. After every cluster
change time, the attributes are declared afresh so, the user can change them as required.If data is need on
consistent basis then TEEN protocol is not suitable.If cluster head are not within the communication range of
each other, the data may be disappeared, because information transmission is completed only at CHs.
Manjeshwar et.al projected Adaptive Threshold sensitive Energy Efficient sensor Network Protocol
(APTEEN) protocol[19]. The APTEEN is an extension of TEEN and objective to both capturing periodic data
collections and reacting to time crucial events. APTEEN is a hybrid protocols that changes the periodicity or
threshold values used in TEEN protocol according to the user need and type of application. It combine both
proactive and reactive protocols.it offers a lot of flexibility by allowing the user to set the cunt timer interval and
the threshold values for the energy consumption can be controlled by changing count time as well as threshold
values. The performance of APTEEN lies between TEEN and LEACH in terms of energy consumption and
durability of the network. While sensing the environment, TEEN only transmits important and required data.
APTEEN is better than TEEN as it support periodic report for time crucial events.TEEN and APTEEN can be
improved by using an advance scheme that is adaptive clustering[20].
O. Younis et.al Hybrid Energy Efficient Distributed Clustering Protocol (HEED) protocol [21]. HEED
uses residual energy as a primary parameter and network topology features such as node degree, distances to
neighbors are secondary parameters which are used to shatter the tie between the candidate cluster heads. The
clustering process is done in various iterations and in every iteration nodes that are not covered by any cluster
head doubles their probability of becoming a cluster head. The main advantage of HEED algorithm is that in
this low power levels of cluster endorse an increase in spatial reuse while high power level of clusters are
needed for inter cluster communication. This gives uniform cluster head distribution across the network and
provide load balancing. However it is having a disadvantage that tentative cluster head that do not become final
cluster head leave some uncovered nodes which then forcefully become cluster headhavingno member
associated to them. Hence more cluster head are generated then the expected number and is also responsible for
unbalanced energy consumption in network. Due to the over workload in clusterhead particularly which are near
the sink, might die earlier. To extend the network lifetime we use HHEED[22]which is extension of HEED in
terms of non –homogeneity.
DOI: 10.9790/066117344246 www.iosrjournals.org 45 | Page
5. A review of Hierarchical energy Protocols in Wireless Sensor Network
III. Conclusion
For designing routing protocols for WSN,energy efficiency is biggest challenge.Hence the protocol
designed for WSN should be energy efficient so that they can increase the lifespan of a network.However the
sensor nodes also satisfy the constraints like fault tolerance, scalability, cost,topological change, hardware and
power consumption. The protocols discussed over here have their own advantages and disadvantages, depending
on the routing strategies and topology of network various protocols can be implemented.
All the above protocols we have discussed in this paper have special advantage of efficient scalability
and communication.By using these routing protocols, energy consumption of a network and data aggregation
can be carried out. Although Performance of these protocols is promising in terms of energy efficiency, further
research would handle the issues such as quality of service given by video, imaging and real time application.
Also in future we can integrate the sensor network with wired network.
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