it is useful for the Pharmacy students I.B.Pharm second semester students and D.Pharm and Pharmacy professionals

1. ENERGETICS
SURESH BABU EMANDI
Asst.Professor
Department of Pharmacognosy
Vikas Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Near Air Port, Rajahmundry-533102.

2. ENERGETICS
 the branch of science which deals with the
properties of energy and the way in which it is
redistributed in physical, chemical, or
biological processes

3. Adenosine Triphosphate(ATP)
 Definition
 Adenosine triphosphate, also known as ATP, is a molecule
that carries energy within cells.
 It is the main energy currency of the cell, and it is an end
product of the processes of photophosphorylation (adding a
phosphate group to a molecule using energy from light),
cellular respiration, and fermentation. All living things use
ATP.
 In addition to being used as an energy source, it is also used
in signal transduction pathways for cell communication and is
incorporated into deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) during DNA
synthesis.

4.  It is the creation of ATP from ADP using energy
from sunlight, and occurs during
photosynthesis. ATP is also formed from the
process of cellular respiration in the
mitochondria of a cell. This can be through
aerobic respiration, which requires oxygen, or
anaerobic respiration, which does not.

5. Structure of ATP
This is a structural diagram of ATP. It is made up
of the molecule adenosine (which itself is made
up of adenine and a ribose sugar) and three
phosphate groups. It is soluble in water and has
a high energy content due to having two
phosphoanhydride bonds connecting the three
phosphate groups.

6. Functions of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
 Energy Source
 Signal Transduction
 The transmission of signals from a cell’s outside
to it
 adenosine triphosphate (ATP), energy-carrying
molecule found in the cells of all living things.
 ATP captures chemical energy obtained from the
breakdown of food molecules and releases it to
fuel other cellular processes. inside.

7.  Functions of ATP
 Energy Source
 ATP is the main carrier of energy that is used for all
cellular activities. When ATP is hydrolyzed and
converted to adenosine diphosphate (ADP), energy is
released. The removal of one phosphate group
releases 7.3 kilocalories per mole, or 30.6 kilojoules
per mole, under standard conditions. This energy
powers all reactions that take place inside the cell.
ADP can also be converted back into ATP so that the
energy is available for other cellular reactions

8. FORMATION OF ATP
 ATP is made in the mitochondria, which are the
organelles in the cell where cellular respiration takes
place. This is why mitochondria are often referred to
as “the powerhouse of the cell”.
 ATP is produced through several different methods.
Photophosphorylation is a method specific to plants
and cyanobacteria. It is the creation of ATP from ADP
using energy from sunlight, and occurs during
photosynthesis.
 ATP is also formed from the process of cellular
respiration in the mitochondria of a cell. This can be
through aerobic respiration, which requires oxygen, or
anaerobic respiration, which does not.

9. FORMATION OF ATP
 Aerobic respiration produces ATP (along with carbon
dioxide and water) from glucose and oxygen.
 Anaerobic respiration uses chemicals other than
oxygen, and this process is primarily used by archaea
and bacteria that live in anaerobic environments.
 Fermentation is another way of producing ATP that
does not require oxygen.
 it is different from anaerobic respiration because it
does not use an electron transport chain.
 Yeast and bacteria are examples of organisms that
use fermentation to generate ATP.

10.  Signal Transduction
 ATP is a signaling molecule used for cell
communication. Kinases, which are enzymes that
phosphorylate molecules, use ATP as a source of
phosphate groups. Kinases are important for
signal transduction, which is how a physical or
chemical signal is transmitted from receptors on
the outside of the cell to the inside of the cell.
Once the signal is inside the cell, the cell can
respond appropriately. Cells may be given signals
to grow, metabolize, differentiate into specific
types, or even die.