The citric acid cycle, also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) or the Krebs cycle—is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate—derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins—into carbon dioxide.
The citric acid cycle, also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) or the Krebs cycle—is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate—derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins—into carbon dioxide.
Substrate level phosphorylation and it's mechanism || Biochemistry || B Pharmacy || Project || slideshare || biology || chemistry
*images use in this ppt is only for educational purpose
In this presentation, i tell about substrate level phosphorylation
Phosphorylation involves the transfer of phosphate
group from one compound to other.
➢ Substrate level phosphorylation is a direct
phosphorylation of ADP with a phosphatase group by
using the energy obtain from a coupled reaction.
➢ Occurs in cytoplasm ( glycolysis – due to aerobic and
anaerobic condition) and in mitochondrial matrix ( krebs
cycle – anaerobic condition)
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
Substrate level phosphorylation and it's mechanism || Biochemistry || B Pharmacy || Project || slideshare || biology || chemistry
*images use in this ppt is only for educational purpose
In this presentation, i tell about substrate level phosphorylation
Phosphorylation involves the transfer of phosphate
group from one compound to other.
➢ Substrate level phosphorylation is a direct
phosphorylation of ADP with a phosphatase group by
using the energy obtain from a coupled reaction.
➢ Occurs in cytoplasm ( glycolysis – due to aerobic and
anaerobic condition) and in mitochondrial matrix ( krebs
cycle – anaerobic condition)
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
Citric acid cycle krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acidhimanshupaneru1
Krebs cycle/ citric acid cycle/ tricarboxylic acid cycle TCA is the important topic from metabolism of carbohydrate in which we disscuss about cirtic acid cycle introduction, steps, regulation, energetics, important terms and lot more.
Krebs cycle/ citric acid cycle/ tricarboxylic acid cycle TCA is the important topic from metabolism of carbohydrate in which we disscuss about cirtic acid cycle introduction, steps, regulation, energetics, important terms and lot more.
citric acid cycle or TCA cycle.
krebs cycle is amphibolic in nature and its important reactions.
occurs in mitochondrial matrix in close proximity to ETC.
5 types of vitamins are involved in this cycle. also inhibitors are present . regulation of TCA cycle is governed by mainly 3 enzymes
and there is mention the energies of every step that takes place in citric acid cycle.
citric acid cycle produces 24 molecules of ATP in every cycle
Detailed chapter on Medical Lipid chemistry under different heading. The content is designed keeping the course in the view - MBBS, BDS, BPT, Nursing, BSc, MSc etc
Vitamin C and Vit B1 to B6 by Dr Anurag YadavDr Anurag Yadav
Details related to the Vitamin C and Vitamin B1 to B6. The biochemistry of these water soluble vitamins are explained under all the necessary heading.
Useful for students of MBBS, BDS, BPT, Nursing, BSc, MSc etc
Biochemistry of Calcium metabolism covering the source, factors effecting absorption, normal level of calcium, regulation of the calcium, hypercalcemia, hypocalcemia, disorders related to calcium and bone markers.
Useful for students of MBBS, BDS, BSc, MSc, MLT, Physiotherapy (BPT), Nursing etc.
Total Quality Management (TQM) by Dr Anurag YadavDr Anurag Yadav
Laboratory Total Quality Management, Concept of Laboratory errors, the quality control material, quality assurance program, factors affecting the quality of report, Steps in quality management, PDCA cycle, accuracy, precision, EQAS, IQAS, Proficiency testing.
the details are related to medical laboratory and help MBBS, MD, BSc MLT, MSc MLT, etc
The brief classification, types, physical properties, chemical properties, mucopolysaccherides type, disorders related to GAG.
the Topic covered with the interest of MBBS, BDS, BPT, Nursing, Bsc and MSc Biochemistry and MLT students
Plasma proteins, the components of plasma proteins, the protein fractions and condition causing the alteration in the each protein fraction. Clinical implications of the each fraction, the electrophorotic pattern of plasma protein. Acute phase proteins which include the positive and negative phase proteins.
DNA repair, DNA Mutation, Gene Expression by Dr. Anurag YadavDr Anurag Yadav
Various causes of DNA damage,
Methods of DNA repair for the Damage to the DNA structure,
Gene regulation and Gene Expression in eukaryotes and Prokaryotes.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
1. Citric Acid cycle
Dr Anurag Yadav
MBBS, MD
Assistant Professor
Department of Biochemistry
Instagram page –biochem365
Email: dranurag.y.m@gmail.com
MNR MEDICAL COLLEGE & HOSPITAL
2. • Also know as Krebs Cycle.
• Krebs proposed the original name TCA
(Tricarboxylic acid)
3. Functions of the Citric acid cycle
1. The final common oxidative pathway that
oxidizes acetyl CoA to CO2.
2. The source of reduced co-enzymes that provide
the substrate for the respiratory chain.
3. The link between catabolic and anabolic
pathways (amphibolic role).
4. Provides precursors for synthesis of amino acids
and nucleotides.
5. Components of the cycle have a direct or indirect
controlling effects on key enzymes of other
pathways.
4. Significance of Citric acid cycle
1. Complete oxidation of acetyl CoA
2. ATP generation
3. Final common oxidative pathway
4. Integration of major metabolic pathways
5. Fat is burned on the wick of carbohydrates
6. Excess carbohydrates are converted as neutral fat
7. No net synthesis of carbohydrates from fat
8. Carbon skeletons of amino acids finally enter the citric acid cycle
9. Amphibolic pathway
10. Anaplerotic role.
5. STEPS of CITRIC ACID CYCLE
• Location: Mitochondrial matrix
• Krebs cycle basically involves the combination
of a two carbon acetyl CoA with a four carbon
oxaloacetate to produce a six carbon
tricarboxylic acid, citrate.
6. • In the reactions that follow, the two carbons
are oxidized to CO2 and oxaloacetate is
regenerated and recycled.
• Oxaloacetate is considered to play a catalytic
role in citric acid cycle.
7.
8. Reactions of the cycle preparatory
step
• Acetyl CoA enters the cycle, and is completely
oxidized.
• All the enzymes of citric acid cycle are located
inside the mitochondria.
9.
10. Reactions of citric acid cycle
Formation of citrate
Citrate is isomerized to isocitrate
Formation of alpha-ketoglutarate
Conversion of alpha-ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA
Formation of Succinate
Conversion of succinate to fumarate
Formation of malate
Conversion of malate to oxaloacetate
11.
12. Steps
• starts with the condensation of acetyl
CoA and oxaloacetate, catalysed by
the enzyme citrate synthase.
formation of
citrate:
• by enzyme aconitase.
2 & 3. citrate is
isomerized to
isocitrate
• Isocitrate dehydrogenase catalyses
the conversion of isocitrate to
oxalosuccinate and then to alpha-
ketoglutarate.
4 & 5.
Formation of
alpha-
ketoglutarate:
13. • Occurs through oxidative
decarboxylation, catalysed by
alpha-ketoglutarate
dehydrogenase complex.
• This enzyme is dependent on
five cofactors—TPP,
lipoamide, NAD+, FAD and
CoA.
6. Conversion
of alpha-
ketoglutarate
to succinyl
CoA:
14. • succinyl CoA is converted to
succinate by succinate thiokinase.
• this is substrate level
phosphorylation
7.
Formation
of succinate:
• succinate is oxidized by succinate
dehydrogenase to dumarate
• result in production of FADH2
8.
Conversion
of succinate
to fumarate:
15. • fumarase catalyses the conversion
of fumarate to malate
9. Formation
of malate:
• malate is oxidized to oxaloacetate
by malate dehydrogenase.
• third and final synthesis of NADH
occurs at this stage.
• Oxaloacetate is regenerated
10.
Conversion of
malate to
oxaloacetate:
16. ATP Generating steps in TCA Cycle
3 NADH generated
3 * 2.5 = 7.5 ATP
1 FADH2 generated
1 * 1.5 = 1.5 ATP
1 GTP generated
= 1 ATP
Per turn of cycle = 10 ATP are generated
17.
18. Role of Vitamins in TCA cycle
• Coenzyme for alpha-ketoglutarate
dehydrogenase
Thiamine (TPP)
• Coenzyme for succinate
dehydrogenase
Riboflavin
(FAD)
• electron acceptor for isocitrate
dehydrogenase, alpha ketoglutarate
dehydrogenase, malate
dehydrogenase
Niacin (NAD+)
• Acetyl CoA and Succinyl CoA
Pantothenic
acid
19. Regulation of Citric Acid cycle
• Inhibited by ATP, NADH, Acetyl
CoA and Succinyl CoA
Citrate synthase
• Activated by ADP, and inhibited by
ATP and NADH
Isocitrate
dehydrogenase
• Inhibited by succinyl CoA and
NADH
Alpha-ketoglutarate
dehydrogenase
Availability of ADP
20. Integration of Major Metabolic
Pathway
1. carbohydrates: are metabolized through
glycolytic pathway to pyruvate, then converted
to acetyl CoA which enters TCA.
2. Fatty acids: through beta oxidation, are broken
down to acetyl CoA and then enters this cycle.
3. Glucogenic amino acids after transamination
enter at some or other points in this cycle.
• Ketogenic amino acids are converted into acetyl
CoA.
21. Fat is burned on the wick of
carbohydrates
• The oil in a lamp by itself cannot be lighted;
the flame needs a wick
• Oxidation of fat need the help of oxaloacetate.
• Major source of oxaloacetate is pyruvate
(Carb)
22. Excess Carb are converted to Neutral
fat
• Excess calories are deposited as fat in adipose tissue.
• The pathway is glucose to pyruvate to acetyl CoA to
fatty acid.
• fat cannot be converted to glucose because pyruvate
dehydrogenase reaction (pyruvate to acetyl CoA) is an
absolutely irreversible step.
• No Net synthesis of Carbohydrate from Fat
23. Amphibolic nature of TCA cycle
• TCA cycle is both catabolic and analbolic.
• TCA is termed as Metabolic Traffic Circle
24. Important anabolic reactions
• Oxaloacetate is the precursor of aspartate
• Alpha ketogutarate can be made into
glutamate
• Succinyl CoA is used for synthesis of heme
• Mitochondrial citrate is transported to
cytoplasm, where it is cleaved into acetyl
CoA, which then is the starting point of
fatty acid synthesis.
27. Anaplerotic Role of TCA cycle
• Greek word : Fill up
• The synthetic reactions depletes the
intermediates of TCA cycle.
• Cycle will ease to operate unless the
intermediates are replenished.
28. • The reactions concerned to replenish or to fill
up the intermediated of citric acid cycle are
called anaplerotic reactions or anaplerosis.
29.
30.
31. Inhibitors of TCA cycle
• Inhibited by Fluoro-acetate
Aconitase
• Inhibited by Arsenite
Alpha
ketoglutarate
dehydrogenase
• Inhibited by Malonate
Succinate
dehydrogenase
32. Metabolic Defects Related to Krebs
Cycle
• Though rare.
• Some of the defects are found to affect the
operation of TCA cycle
33. • Pyruvate to acetyl CoA
• Lactic acidosis, Neurological disorders
Pyruvate
dehdrogenase
• Fatty acyl CoA to Alpha, beta unsaturated
fatty acyl CoA
• Organic aciduria, glutaric aciduria,
acidosis, hypoglycemia
Acyl CoA
dehydrogenase
• Pyruvate to oxaloacetate
• Oxaloacetate needed for sparking TCA
cycle is deficient. Lactic acidosis,
hyperammonemia and hyperalaninemia
Pyruvate
carboxylase
34. Dr Anurag Yadav
MBBS, MD
Assistant Professor
Department of Biochemistry
Instagram page –biochem365
YouTube – Dr Biochem365
Email: dranurag.y.m@gmail.com
