This document discusses weather, climate, and how they are measured. It defines weather as the day-to-day conditions of a place, driven by differences in air pressure, temperature and moisture. Climate is defined as the average weather conditions over many years, usually 30, and is influenced by location. The key elements that make up weather and climate are discussed as temperature, pressure, wind, humidity and precipitation. Weather stations use instruments like hygrometers, rain gauges, barometers and maximum/minimum thermometers to measure these elements.

1. UNIT 1
GREEN BUILDING AND INFRASTRUCTURE

2.  Everything which surrounds us may collectively be
termed as Environment.
 It includes living things and natural forces.
 Living things do not simply exists in their environment
but they constantly interact with it.
 It deals with the interaction amongst plants, animals,
soil, water, temperature, light and other living and non-
living things.
What is Environment???

3.  weather
 climate
 Elements of weather and
climate.
 Measuring the weather
CONTENT

4. Weather
 Weather is the day-to-day conditions of a particular place.
 Most weather phenomena occur in the troposphere, just below the
stratosphere.
 Weather is driven by air pressure (temperature and moisture)
differences between one place and another.
 These pressure and temperature differences can occur due to
the sun angle at any particular spot, which varies by latitude
from the tropics.
 Higher altitudes are cooler than lower altitudes due to
differences in compressional heating.

5.  On Earth, temperatures usually range ±40 °C (100 °F to −40 °F)
annually.
 The coldest air temperature ever recorded on Earth is −89.2 °C
(−128.6 °F), at Vostok Station, Antarctica on 21 July 1983.
 The hottest air temperature ever recorded was 57.7 °C (135.9 °F) at
'Aziziya, Libya, on 13 September 1922.
 However, weather is not limited to planetary bodies.
 A star's corona is constantly being lost to space, creating what is
essentially a very thin atmosphere throughout the Solar System.
 The movement of mass ejected from the Sun is known as the solar
wind.

7. Sunny weather Cold weather
Rainy weather Rainy with Thunder
Different types of weather

8.  Climate is the average weather in a place over many years or the
average weather, usually over a 30-year interval.
 It is measured by assessing the patterns of variation in
temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, precipitation etc.
 It takes hundreds, thousands, even millions of years to change.
 Climate is different from weather, in that weather only describes
the short-term conditions.
 The climate of a location is affected by its latitude, terrain, and
altitude, as well as nearby water bodies and their currents.
Climate

11. Elements of Weather and Climate
There are several elements that make up the weather and climate of a
place. The major of these elements are five:
• Temperature
• pressure
• wind
• humidity
• precipitation
Analysis of these elements can provide the basis for forecasting weather
and defining its climate. These same elements make also the basis of
climatology study, of course, within a longer time scale rather than it
does in meteorology.

12. • Temperature is how hot or cold the atmosphere is, how many
degrees it is above or below freezing. Temperature is a very
important factor in determining the weather, because it influences or
controls other elements of the weather, such as precipitation,
humidity, clouds and atmospheric pressure.

13. Wind is the movement of air masses, especially on the
Earth's surface.
Humidity is the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere.

14. • Precipitation is the product of a rapid condensation
process (if this process is slow, it only causes cloudy
skies). It may include snow, hail, sleet, drizzle, fog, mist
and rain.

15. Atmospheric pressure (or air pressure) is the weight of air
resting on the earth's surface. Pressure is shown on a
weather map, often called a synoptic map, with lines called
isobars.

18. Measuring the weather
Weather stations are places where a variety of instruments are used
to record regular data on the weather. The most important instruments
used in a weather station are shown below.
 Hygrometers
 Rain gauges
 Barometers
 Maximum and
minimum thermometers

19. Hygrometers are special thermometers that measure
humidity by calculating the amount of water vapour in
the air.
Hygrometers

20. Rain gauges are containers that collect and measure
rainfall or any other form of precipitation. Levels of rainfall
are measured in millimetres (mm).
Rain gauges

21.  Barometers are used to measure atmospheric pressure.
They may be either mercury or aneroid (vacuum)
barometers. Often they are attached to a pen that charts
movements in pressure on a piece of paper. The resulting
chart is called a barograph.
Barometers

22. Maximum and minimum thermometers measure the highest
and lowest temperature in degrees celsius. From the lowest
temperatures to the highest temperatures.
Maximum and minimum thermometers

23. THANKYOU
Presented by
Abdul rab
12131AA002