The document discusses the key differences between weather and climate. It defines weather as the short-term atmospheric conditions of a place at a given time, measured in days or weeks. Climate is defined as the average weather conditions of a region over a long period of time, typically 30 years. The document then outlines some of the main elements that define weather and climate, such as temperature, pressure, wind, humidity, precipitation, and sunlight. It provides details on how each of these elements is measured.

4. Contents
Introduction
Acknowledgement
Difference between Weather and
Climate
Elements of Weather and Climate
Conclusion

5. Introduction
The way people of a place live depends on the
weather of that place.It determines what type of
clothes they wear , what kind of food they eat , what
type of houses they live in,etc.
In our daily conversation we often discuss a cold
morning, a cloudy sky, a sultry afternoonor a warm
evening.All these refer to the weather conditions of a
particular place at a particular time.
The term `weather`,however,should not be confused
with the term `climate`.These are two different terms
and, though they are related to each other, cannot be
interchanged.For example, it would be wrong to say
that the `climate has become so hot` or `Siberia has a
cold weather`.

6. Acknowledgement
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude
to my teacher Tripati Sir as well as our principal
ma`am who gave me the golden opportunity to do this
wonderful project on the topic Weather and Climate,
which also helped me in doing a lot of Research and i
came to know about so many new things
I am really thankful to them.
Secondly i would also like to thank my parents and
friends who helped me a lot in finishing this project
within the limited time.
I am making this project not only for marks but to also
increase my knowledge .
THANKS AGAIN TO ALL WHO HELPED ME.

7. Difference between Weather and
Climate
Weather is the state of the atmosphere, to the degree that it is
hot or cold, wet or dry, calm or stormy, clear or cloudy.Weather,
seen from an anthropological perspective, is something all
humans in the world constantly experience through their senses,
at least while being outdoors. There are socially and scientifically
constructed understandings of what weather is, what makes it
change, what effects it has on humans in different situations
etc.Therefore weather is something people often communicate
about. Turning back to the meteorological perspective, most
weather phenomena occur in the troposphere, just below
the stratosphere. Weather generally refers to day-to-day
temperature and precipitation activity, whereas climate is the
term for the average atmospheric conditions over longer periods
of time. When used without qualification, "weather", is generally
understood to mean the weather of Earth.

8. Climate is a measure of the average pattern of variation
in temperature, humidity, atmospheric
pressure, wind, precipitation, atmospheric particle count and
other meteorological variables in a given region over long
periods of time. Climate is different from weather, in that
weather only describes the short-term conditions of these
variables in a given region.
A region's climate is generated by the climate system,
which has five
components: atmosphere,hydrosphere, cryosphere, land
surface, and biosphere.
The climate of a location is affected by its latitude, terrain,
and altitude, as well as nearby water bodies and their
currents. Climates can be classified according to the
average and the typical ranges of different variables, most

9. Climate Weather
Definition
Describes the average conditions
expected at a specific place at a given
time.A region's climate is generated by
the climate system, which has five
components: atmosphere,
hydrosphere, cryosphere, land
surface, and biosphere.
Describes the atmospheric
conditions at a specific place at a
specific point in time. Weather
generally refers to day-to-day
temperature and precipitation
activity
Components
Climate may include precipitation,
temperature, humidity, sunshine, wind
velocity, phenomena such as fog, frost,
and hail storms over a long period of
time.
Weather includes sunshine, rain,
cloud cover, winds, hail, snow,
sleet, freezing rain, flooding,
blizzards, ice storms,
thunderstorms, steady rains from a
cold front or warm front, excessive
heat, heat waves and more
Forecast
By aggregates of weather statistics
over periods of 30 years
By collecting meteorological data,
like air temperature, pressure,
humidity, solar radiation, wind
speeds and direction etc.
About
Climate is defined as statistical
weather information that describes the
variation of weather at a given place
for a specified interval.
Weather is the day-to-day state of
the atmosphere, and its short-term
(minutes to weeks) variation
Time period Measured over a long period Measured for short term

10. Elements of Weather and Climate
The elements of weather and climate are as follows
:
Temperature
Pressure
Wind
Humidity
Precipitation
Sunshine
Cloud cover

11. Temperature
A temperature is a numerical measure of hot and
cold. Its measurement is by detection of heat
radiation, particle velocity, kinetic energy, or most
commonly, by the bulk behavior of
a thermometric material. It may be calibrated in any
of various temperature scales, Celsius, Fahrenheit,
Kelvin, etc.
Measurements with a small thermometer, or by
detection of heat radiation, can show that the
temperature of a body of material can vary from time
to time and from place to place within it. If changes
happen too fast, or with too small a spacing, within a
body, it may be impossible to define its temperature.

12. Within a body that exchanges no energy or matter with its
surroundings, temperature tends to become spatially
uniform as time passes. When a path permeable only
to heat is open between two bodies, energy always
transfers spontaneously as heat from a hotter body to a
colder one. The transfer rate depends on the nature of the
path. If they are connected by a path permeable only to
heat, and no heat flows between them, then the two
bodies are equally hot. If changes are slow and spatially
smooth enough to allow consistent comparisons of their
hotness with other bodies that are respectively in their own
states of internal thermodynamic equilibrium, they obey
the Zeroth law of thermodynamics and then they have well
defined and equal temperatures.
Then thermodynamics provides a fundamental physical
definition of temperature, on an absolute scale, relying on
thesecond law of thermodynamics.

13. A thermometer is a device that
measures temperature or a temperature
gradient using a variety of different
principles. A thermometer has two important
elements: the temperature sensor (e.g. the
bulb on a mercury-in-glass thermometer) in
which some physical change occurs with
temperature, plus some means of
converting this physical change into a
numerical value (e.g. the visible scale that is
marked on a mercury-in-glass thermometer) Mercury
thermometer for
measurement of
room temperature.

14. The temperature of the air is measured in degrees
(o).The two most common thermometer scales in
use are Fahrenheit (F) and celsius (C) or the
Centigrade.In our country , we commonly use the
Celsius scale, on which the melting point of ice is
0o C and the boiling point of water is 100o C .On
the Fahrenheit scale these points are 32o F and
212o F,respectively.

15. Pressure
Pressure (symbol: P or p) is the ratio of force to
the area over which that force is distributed.
Pressure is force per unit area applied in a
direction perpendicular to the surface of an
object. Gauge pressure (also spelled gage pressure) is
the pressure relative to the local atmospheric or ambient
pressure. Pressure is measured in any unit of force
divided by any unit of area. The SI unit of pressure is
the newton per square metre, which is called
thepascal (Pa) after the seventeenth-century
philosopher and scientist Blaise Pascal. A pressure of 1
Pa is small; it approximately equals the pressure exerted
by a dollar bill resting flat on a table. Everyday pressures

16. Atmospheric pressure is the force per unit area
exerted on a surface by the weight of air above that
surface in the atmosphere of Earth (or that of another
planet). In most circumstances atmospheric pressure
is closely approximated by the hydrostatic
pressure caused by the weight of air above the
measurement point. On a given plane, low-pressure
areas have less atmospheric mass above their
location, whereas high-pressure areas have more
atmospheric mass above their location. Likewise,
as elevation increases, there is less overlying
atmospheric mass, so that atmospheric pressure
decreases with increasing elevation.
Atmospheric pressure depends on factors like
altitude,temperature,water vapour content in air and
rotation of the earth.

17. The instrument used to measure atmospheric
pressure is called a barometer. The unit in which
air pressure is measured is called millibars.
There are two kinds of barometers -
aneroid
barometerMercury barometer

18. In the mountains,air
pressure is so low that
mountaineers have to
carry oxygen masks

19. Winds
Wind is the flow of gases on a large scale. On the
surface of the Earth, wind consists of the bulk
movement of air. In outer space, solar wind is the
movement of gases or charged particles from
the sun through space, while planetary wind is the
outgassing of light chemical elements from a planet's
atmosphere into space. Winds are commonly
classified by their spatial scale, their speed, the types
of forces that cause them, the regions in which they
occur, and their effect. The strongest observed winds
on a planet in our solar system occur
on Neptune and Saturn. Winds have various aspect,
one important aspect is its velocity; another the

20. In meteorology, winds are often referred to according to
their strength, and the direction from which the wind is
blowing. Short bursts of high speed wind are termed gusts.
Strong winds of intermediate duration (around one minute)
are termed squalls. Long-duration winds have various
names associated with their average strength, such
as breeze, gale, storm, hurricane, andtyphoon. Wind
occurs on a range of scales, from thunderstorm flows
lasting tens of minutes, to local breezes generated by
heating of land surfaces and lasting a few hours,
to global winds resulting from the difference in absorption
of solar energybetween the climate zones on Earth. The
two main causes of large-scale atmospheric circulation are
the differential heating between the equator and the poles,
and the rotation of the planet (Coriolis effect). Within the
tropics, thermal low circulations over terrain and high
plateaus can drive monsoon circulations. In coastal areas
the sea breeze/land breeze cycle can define local winds;
in areas that have variable terrain, mountain and valley

21. Ferrel's law explains that the wind in the north
gets deflected to the right and in the sounth, it
gets deflected to the left!
It is caused due to the rotation of the earth.
Elements of weather Measuring instrument
Temerature Thermometer
Air pressure Barometer
Wind speed Anemometer
Wind direction Wind vane
Humidity Hygrometer
Rainfall Rain gauge
Measuring the Elements of Weather

23. Humidity
Humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air.
Water vapor is the gaseous state of water and is
invisible. Humidity indicates the likelihood
of precipitation, dew, or fog. Higher humidity reduces
the effectiveness of sweating in cooling the body by
reducing the rate of evaporation of moisture from the
skin. This effect is calculated in a heat index table
or humidex, used during summer weather.
There are three main measurements of humidity:
absolute, relative and specific. Absolute humidity is
the water content of air. Relative humidity, expressed
as a percent, measures the current absolute
humidity relative to the maximum for that
temperature. Specific humidity is a ratio of the water
vapor content of the mixture to the total air content on

24. A device used to measure humidity is
called a psychrometer or hygrometer.
When the air contains the maximum amount
of water vapour,that is ,its relative humidity
is 100 %,It is said to be saturated . The
temperature at which air gets saturated is
known as dew point.

25. Precipitation
In meteorology, precipitation is any product of the
condensation of atmospheric water vapour that falls under
gravity.[1] The main forms of precipitation
include drizzle, rain, sleet, snow, graupel and hail. Precipitation
occurs when a local portion of the atmosphere becomes
saturated with water vapour, so that the water condenses and
"precipitates". Thus, fog and mist are not precipitation but
suspensions because the water vapour does not condense
sufficiently to precipitate. Two processes, possibly acting
together, can lead to air becoming saturated: cooling the air or
adding water vapour to the air. Generally, precipitation will fall
to the surface; an exception is virga which evaporates before
reaching the surface. Precipitation forms as smaller droplets
coalesce via collision with other rain drops or ice crystals within
acloud. Rain drops range in size from oblate, pancake-like
shapes for larger drops, to small spheres for smaller drops.
Unlike raindrops, snowflakes grow in a variety of different
shapes and patterns, determined by
the temperature and humidity characteristics of the air the
snowflake moves through on its way to the ground. While snow
and ice pellets require temperatures close to the ground to be
near or below freezing, hail can occur during much warmer

27. Sunshine
Sunlight is a portion of the electromagnetic
radiation given off by the Sun, in
particular infrared, visible, and ultraviolet light.
On Earth, sunlight is filtered through the Earth's
atmosphere, and is obvious as daylight when the Sun is
above thehorizon. When the direct solar radiation is not
blocked by clouds, it is experienced as sunshine, a
combination of brightlight and radiant heat. When it is
blocked by the clouds or reflects off other objects, it is
experienced as diffused light. TheWorld Meteorological
Organization uses the term "sunshine duration" to mean
the cumulative time during which an area receives
direct irradiance from the Sun of at least
120 watts per square meter.
The ultraviolet B component of sunlight on the skin is an
effective source of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) from

28. A sunshine recorder is a device that records the
amount of sunshine at a given location. The
results provide information about
the weather and climate of a geographical area.
This information is useful
in meteorology, science, agriculture, tourism, and
other fields. It has also been called a heliograph.
Sunshine Sunshine
recorder

29. Cloud Cover
Cloud cover (also known
as cloudiness, cloudage or cloud amount) refers
to the fraction of the sky obscured by cloudswhen
observed from a particular location. Okta is the usual
unit of measurement of the cloud cover.
Clouds play multiple critical roles in the climate
system. In particular, being bright objects in the
visible part of the solar spectrum, they efficiently
reflect light to space and thus contribute to the
cooling of the planet. Cloud cover thus plays an
important role in the energetic balance of the
atmosphere and a variation of it is a consequence of
and to the climate change expected by recent
studies.

30. Cloud Cover reduces the amount of heat
reaching the earth as well as prevents heat from
escaping it.

31. Conclusion
To make this wonderful project, I equired more
knowledge about “Weather and Climate”. It was a
very interesting topic on which I worked hard to
make this project wonderful and know something
more on this topic from outside the book. I am
thankful to God for giving me nice ideas to
complete this project timely.
I am also thankful to my teacher Tripati Sir and our
honourable Principal Ma`am to give us this golden
opportunity. I am also thankful to my friend for
helping me . Thanks to all those who helped me to
make this project file.