This document discusses the history and concepts of climatology and meteorology. It provides definitions of climate from various scholars as the composite of weather over a long period of time, including variations and extremes. Meteorology is defined as the study of weather and atmospheric conditions. The document also outlines the key elements of climate, factors influencing climate distribution, and subdivisions of climatology including physical, regional, and applied climatology.

1. Greek: Clima = Inclination/ slope altitude.
Eratosthenes- First Greek philosopher—the
angle of incidence of the sunrays.
Parmenides – 5th BC - Fire climatic zones of
the world.
― Scientific Study of the climate‖.
-‘The varieties of climates found on the earth
and their distribution over its surface‘.
-‘ the atmospheric Science‘.

2. 




METEOROLOGY ?
Study of weather & climate ?
State of atmosphere at any given time
denoting the short term variations of
atmosphere in terms of temperature,
pressure,
Wind,
Moisture,
Cloudiness,
Precipitation
and
Visibility.
Highly
Variable
_
Constantly
changing_ Behaviour of the lower
atmosphere _ has marked influence
on the Biosphere.
David
L.
Blumenstock

3. 







CLIMATE ?
_ Sum of the variety of weather
conditions of an area of place.
- the aggregate
weather conditions.
‖ The sum of all statistical weather
informations of a particular area during a
specified interval
of time, usually
Several decades‖ .
World
Meteorological
organisation
standard Period is of 31 years.
Riley & Spolton _ ‗the Study of weather
condition over a longer period.‘
Austin Court _ Compounded parts of the
three modern disciplines
Meteorology+ Statistics + Geography.

4. AT LOW TEMPERATURE






Constriction of skin
blood vessels
Concentration of blood
Flections to reduce
surface exposure
Increased muscle tone
Shivering
Inclination to
increase activity
AT HIGH TEMPERATURE






Dilation
of skin
blood vessels
Dilution of blood
Extension to increase
exposure
Decreased muscle tone
Sweating
Inclination to decrease
activity

5. AT LOW TEMPERATURE


Increased urine volume
Danger of inadequate
blood supply to exposed
parts: frostbite
AT HIGH TEMPERATURE


Decreased urine volume
Mobilization of tissue fluid
Thirst and dehydration
Reduced blood supply to
brain; dizziness; nausea;
fainting.



Discomfort leading to
neuroses
Increased appetite
Reduced chloride balance;
heat cramps

Discomfort leading to
neuroses

Decreased appetite

6. 


Climate is an aggregate of environment
conditions involving heat, moisture and Motion.
Extremes in additions to means, trends,
fluctuations, Probabilities and their variations in
time Space.
The weather and climate are the dynamic features
of our physical environment .
Trewartha. ―Climate represents a composite of the
day to day weather condition, and of the
atmospheric elements, within a specified area over
a long period of time. It is more than ‗average
weather‘ for no adequate concept of climate is
possible without an appreciation of seasonal and
diurnal change and of the succession of weather
episodes generated by mobile atmospheric
disturbances. While in a study of climate emphasis
may be given to the averages, still departures,
variations, and extremes are also important‖.

7. 


CRITCHFIELD.
―The processes of exchange of heat and
moisture between the earth and the
atmosphere over a long period of time
result in conditions which we call climate.
Climate is more than a statistical average; it
is the aggregate which we call climate.
Climate is more than a statistical average; it
is the aggregate of atmospheric conditions
involving heat, moisture, and air movement
Extremes must be considered in any
climatic description in addition to means ,
trends, and probabilities.‖

8. 

Koeppe and De Long.
― Climate is a summary, a composite of weather
conditions over a long period of time; truly
portrayed, it includes details of variations –
extremes, frequencies, sequences – of the weather
elements which occur from year to year,
particularly in temperature and precipitation.
Climate is the aggregate of the weather‖.
Kendrew.
― Climate is a composite idea, a generalization of the
manifold weather conditions from day to day
throughout the year.. Certainly no picture of it is
at all real unless it is painted in all the colours of
the manifold variations of weather and the
rounds of the seasons which are the really
prominent features; it is quite inadequate to give
merely the mean state of any element.‖

9. 



G.F. Taylor.
―Climate is the integration of weather, and
weather is the differentiation of climate. The
distinction between weather and climate is, there
fore, mainly one of time.‖
C.S.Thornthwaite
Has given a comprehensive and systematic
analysis of climate. He is of the opinion that the
climatic characteristics of any region of the world
depend on the nature of exchange of momentum,
heat as well as moisture between the earth‘
surface and the atmosphere. Thus, the climate of
any place or locality represents the equilibrium
between the receipt and the expenditure of the
radiant heat as well as moisture. According to
him, it is the heat and the moisture budget of a
specified area that explains its climate.

10. 









OBSERVABLE ELEMENTS OF CLIMATE.
Intensity and duration of Solar radiation.
Temperature
Humidity
Evaporation
Cloudiness and Fog
Precipitation
Visibility
Barometric Pressure
Winds.

11. 



Their occurence in particular combination
results from transforms of energy and mass
in the climatic system.
The transfer processes are influenced in turn
by differences in latitude, altitude, land and
water surfaces, mountain barriers, local
topography, winds, air masses and Pressure
centres.
Climates exhibit both Spatial and temporal
variations through out the world.
―A Particular type of climatic conditions
gives rise to a Specific landscape‖.

12. 
METEOROLOGY
CLIMATOLOGY
Study of the characteristic s components elements
and behaviour of atmosphere of Climate the factors which
determine and control its
distribution
MODERN CONCEPT: Definition

Climatological record.

Theory of climate

Energy & Moisture balances of the Earth.

Study of climate as the environment of the organisms.

Study of the climate as the direct environment of man.




13. 








AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
‗To discuss various climatic elements as
well as factors that control the distribution
of climate over the Earth‘.
Climatology seeks to explain.
The causes of different types of climates.
The reasons for their variations.
Their general and Specific variation.
Their effect on natural vegetation.
The processes that produce different
climates.
Detailed analysis of the interactions of
weather and climate elements with Human
Societies.

14. 




SUB DIVISIONS OF
CLIMATOLOGY
CRITCHFIELD :
Physical Climatology
Regional [ Descriptive] Climatology
Applied climatology

15. 
PHYSICAL CLIMATOLOGY:
The factors responsible for
bringing
about the temporal and spatial variations in
heat exchange, moisture exchange and air
movement.
 Several
observable
element
aid
the
description

Intensity and duration of solar radiation

Temperature -- Humidity—Evaporation

Cloudiness and Fog – Precipitation

Visibility, barometric pressure and winds

The transfer processes are influenced by

Differences in latitude, altitude land and
water surfaces.

Mountain barriers, local topography and such
gross
atmospheric features as prevailing winds, air masses and pressure
centres.


16. 





This branch seeks to determine
describe the various types of climates.
and
The descriptive climatology is concerned
with the identification of important climatic
characteristics and analyses the interaction
of weather and climatic elements upon the
life, health and economics of people and
areas.
On the basis of size and extent of climatic
regions, the World is divided in to 3
regions.
1. Macro climatic region
2.Meso climatic region
3. Micro climatic region

17. 






APPLIED CLIMATOLOGY
Explore the relationship of climate to other phenomena
and consider its potential effect on human welfare –
Modification of climates to meet human needs.
IMPORTANCE OF CLIMATE
Lithosphere
Hydrosphere
Biosphere
Atmosphere

18. 




1. Climate As A Factor in
soil Formation
Soils are affected by climate
directly throughout their
evolution from Parent rock to
their
current
state
of
development.
Disintegration
:
decomposition
Eluviations : Downward
transport
of
colloidal
substances.
Leaching:
removal
of
minerals/ org. compounds

19. 






2. SOIL PROFILE
Soil layers or horizons.
3 . Spatial patterns of soilsInfluence the development and
properties of soils, major world soil
regions correspond
in a general
way to the world climatic regions and,
therefore, to spatial patterns of
vegetation.
4. Soil Erosion‗Natural or accelerated‘
Temperature has its maximum effect
on accelerated erosion.

20. 
―The restless
atmosphere is the
most active agent in the constant
redistribution of water on the earth‘s
surface - a fact that becomes even more
striking when we realize that only a
minute fraction of 1% of the earth‘s water
is contained in the atmosphere at any
time‖.
-------The Global Hydrologic System
Intricate
combinations
of
evaporation, run off, infiltration,
atmosphere circulation, condensation
precipitation, and ground water
movement…..

21. 
Agriculture:
Agroclimatology







Influence of climate elements on
specific crops and their productivity.
Thresh
hold temp. [ Min temp for
growth]
Oats
– 4 0c
Sweet corn—10 c
Potatoes – 7 c
Cotton – 17-18 c
Wet climate crops are most seriously
affected by chilling.

22. 




Rice and cotton are killed by near
freezing temperature.
The principal climatic factors affecting
crop production temperature, length of
growing season, moisture condition,
Sunlight, & wind. -PHENOLOGY
Low night temp is required – potatoes,
sugar beets
Warm night ― -- cotton, maize ,
tobacco
The greatest agriculture risk
Unseasonable FROSTS Loss of Millions
of dollars—Sub tropical climate crops
Potatoes, Tomatoes, melons, citrus etc.

23. 
Frost- free season- for Agricultural planning.
Drought, Heavy rainfall may directly damage
plants or interfere with flowering,pollination
and grain lodging
.
 Hail is a special case of excessive moisture
causes direct damage to plants.
 wind – evapotranspiration
‗FOREST FIRES‘
Plant- diseases
Ireland famine 1848– High rainfall.
Warm and High Humidity- Rusts,
Blights ,
Mildews
, scabs
InsectsMigrations (wind, Temp…)


24. 





Animal Husbandry:High temp.-- Reduces reproductive
capacity.
Cows exposed to High temp-- less
milk yield.
Extreme heat stress they die
Longer exposure to cold, accompanied
by wind may cause frostbite or death.
Supplementary lighting enhances yield
[milk and meat ]

25. 


Principle climatic influences
are-light, temperature, wind,
water quality, nutrient supply
and organisms.
Several species of Oysters,
Clams and Mussels are
adapted to mid latitude
marine environment.
El Nino affected -the yellow
fin tuna.

26. 


Hens lay larger eggs in
winter and at high
latitudes.
Fertility increase in
poultry in day light.
Lightening the
premises
increases
the egg production.

27. 



Temperature, sunshine and
humidity are important climatic
elements that affect human
body.
Wind exerts influence on skin
temperature and body moisture.
Changes in atmospheric
pressure influences circulatory
and respiratory systems.
‗clothing- the solution‘

28. 





Temperature and humidity factors –for
release of pollen
allergens.
Low temp- arthritis, stiff joints
swollen sinuses, and chill blains.
Dry air – chapped skin, inhibition of
healing of sores and wounds.
Hyperthermia- heat stroke
Hypothermia –frost bite

-

29. 





The Intense sunlight of the Arid
tropics or that off snow fields can
cause- blindness, headaches and
related discomforts.
UV can cause premature ageing
of skin and sun-burn ( erythema ).
Air pollution:
Dec 1930 -Belgium -63 persons
Oct 1948 – Pennsylvania – 21
persons.
Dec 1952 –London -4000 persons.

30. 




Incidence, severity and spread
of diseases:
In tropics and sub tropics –
warm climates –increase in
parasites.
Warm humid climates –Yellow
fever and malaria.
In tropics- Leprosy. Winter in
mid latitudes- Pneumonia and
influenza.
Rickets and certain skin
diseases respond to sunlight.

31. 











1. Harvesting of Solar energy
2.Wind energy
3.Aviation
4.Construction of Bridges and
buildings [Architectural climatology ]
5.Water transport
6.Railways
7.Highways and Roadways
8. Food processing
9. Cosmetics
10.Paper industries
11.Photography
12.Textiles

32. THE END