6.1 Annealing: Purposes of annealing, Annealing temperature range, Types and applications
6.2 Normalizing: Purposes of Normalizing, Temperature range, Broad applications of Normalizing
6.3 Hardening: Purposes of hardening, Hardening temperature range ,application
6.4 Tempering: Purpose of tempering, Types of tempering and its applications
6.5 Case hardening methods like Carburizing, Nitriding, and Cyaniding.
6.6 Heat treatment Furnaces – Muffle , Box type
6.1 Annealing: Purposes of annealing, Annealing temperature range, Types and applications
6.2 Normalizing: Purposes of Normalizing, Temperature range, Broad applications of Normalizing
6.3 Hardening: Purposes of hardening, Hardening temperature range ,application
6.4 Tempering: Purpose of tempering, Types of tempering and its applications
6.5 Case hardening methods like Carburizing, Nitriding, and Cyaniding.
6.6 Heat treatment Furnaces – Muffle , Box type
this ppt is useful for understanding the concept of heat treatment process in steel.
it gives the idea about the various stages of heat treatment process in details
Carburzing and Different Types of CarburzingMelwin Dmello
This Presentation covers the Basic concepts of Carburzing and Different Types of Carburzing in a easy version. For more information, please refer the books mentioned in the references slide.... Thank you
Hydroforming processes have become popular in recent years, due to the increasing demands for lightweight parts in various fields, such as bicycle, automotive, aircraft and aerospace industries. This technology is relatively new as compared with rolling, forging or stamping. Comparing to conventional manufacturing via stamping and welding, tube (THF) and sheet (SHF) Hydroforming offers several advantages, such as decrease in work piece cost, tool cost and product weight, improvement of structural stability and increase of the strength and stiffness of the formed parts, more uniform thickness distribution, fewer secondary operations, etc. This presentation presents extensive possibilities of component development by means of Hydroforming processes.
this ppt is useful for understanding the concept of heat treatment process in steel.
it gives the idea about the various stages of heat treatment process in details
Carburzing and Different Types of CarburzingMelwin Dmello
This Presentation covers the Basic concepts of Carburzing and Different Types of Carburzing in a easy version. For more information, please refer the books mentioned in the references slide.... Thank you
Hydroforming processes have become popular in recent years, due to the increasing demands for lightweight parts in various fields, such as bicycle, automotive, aircraft and aerospace industries. This technology is relatively new as compared with rolling, forging or stamping. Comparing to conventional manufacturing via stamping and welding, tube (THF) and sheet (SHF) Hydroforming offers several advantages, such as decrease in work piece cost, tool cost and product weight, improvement of structural stability and increase of the strength and stiffness of the formed parts, more uniform thickness distribution, fewer secondary operations, etc. This presentation presents extensive possibilities of component development by means of Hydroforming processes.
Polish Electrical Steel Sector [Silicon Steels]Andrzej Kotas
Polish electrical steel [silicon steels] report that discusses the product definitions, the trade classification, the consumption data; and which presents trade perspectives on export and import and illustrates sales routes to Poland's electrical steel market.
An eddy current brake, like a conventional friction brake, is a device used to slow or stop a moving object by dissipating its kinetic energy as heat. However, unlike electro-mechanical brakes, in which the drag force used to stop the moving object is provided by friction between two surfaces pressed together, in an eddy current brake the drag force is an electromagnetic force between a magnet and a nearby conductive object in relative motion, due to eddy currents induced in the conductor through electromagnetic induction. A conductive surface moving past a stationary magnet will have circular electric currents called eddy currents induced in it by the magnetic field, due to Faraday's law of induction. By Lenz's law, the circulating currents will create their own magnetic field which opposes the field of the magnet. Thus the moving conductor will experience a drag force from the magnet that opposes its motion, proportional to its velocity. The electrical energy of the eddy currents is dissipated as heat due to the electrical resistance of the conductor. In an electromagnetic brake the magnetic field may be created by a permanent magnet, or anelectromagnet so the braking force can be turned on and off or varied by varying the electric current in the electromagnet's windings. Another advantage is that since the brake does not work by friction, there are no brake shoe surfaces to wear out, necessitating replacement, as with friction brakes. A disadvantage is that since the braking force is proportional to velocity the brake has no holding force when the moving object is stationary, as is provided by static friction in a friction brake, so in vehicles it must be supplemented by a friction brake. Eddy current brakes are used to slow high-speed trains and roller coasters, to stop powered tools quickly when power is turned off, and in electric meters used by electric utilities.
This presentation is about Neemrana and a residential Project Neemrana One. This is useful for investors who want to invest in Neemrana. The Residential Project Neemrana One is near the Japanese Zone in Neemrana on main NH8. For bookings 2 BHK in NEEMRANA ONE, 1 BHK in Neemrana One, 3 BHK in Neemrana One then please contact us at Unicorn Estate. Mob: 9711930423, Email: unicornestate11@gmail.com
Rotary forging is a combination of two actions, rotational and an axial compression movement, for precise component forming that can be carried out cold or hot
'Iron seemeth a simple metal but in its nature are many mysteries’. Many, but not all,of these mysteries have been solved over the past three hundred years using the combined skill of the foundryman and the knowledge of the scientist to provide today's design engineer with a family of casting alloys that offer a virtually unique combination of low cost and engineering versatility.
The various combinations of low cost with castability , strength,
Machinability , hardness, wear resistance ,corrosion resistance, thermal conductivity and damping are unequalled among all casting alloys and It makes Cast Iron most widely used metal in engineering purpose .
The Metaverse and AI: how can decision-makers harness the Metaverse for their...Jen Stirrup
The Metaverse is popularized in science fiction, and now it is becoming closer to being a part of our daily lives through the use of social media and shopping companies. How can businesses survive in a world where Artificial Intelligence is becoming the present as well as the future of technology, and how does the Metaverse fit into business strategy when futurist ideas are developing into reality at accelerated rates? How do we do this when our data isn't up to scratch? How can we move towards success with our data so we are set up for the Metaverse when it arrives?
How can you help your company evolve, adapt, and succeed using Artificial Intelligence and the Metaverse to stay ahead of the competition? What are the potential issues, complications, and benefits that these technologies could bring to us and our organizations? In this session, Jen Stirrup will explain how to start thinking about these technologies as an organisation.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
zkStudyClub - Reef: Fast Succinct Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge Regex ProofsAlex Pruden
This paper presents Reef, a system for generating publicly verifiable succinct non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs that a committed document matches or does not match a regular expression. We describe applications such as proving the strength of passwords, the provenance of email despite redactions, the validity of oblivious DNS queries, and the existence of mutations in DNA. Reef supports the Perl Compatible Regular Expression syntax, including wildcards, alternation, ranges, capture groups, Kleene star, negations, and lookarounds. Reef introduces a new type of automata, Skipping Alternating Finite Automata (SAFA), that skips irrelevant parts of a document when producing proofs without undermining soundness, and instantiates SAFA with a lookup argument. Our experimental evaluation confirms that Reef can generate proofs for documents with 32M characters; the proofs are small and cheap to verify (under a second).
Paper: https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1886
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
SAP Sapphire 2024 - ASUG301 building better apps with SAP Fiori.pdfPeter Spielvogel
Building better applications for business users with SAP Fiori.
• What is SAP Fiori and why it matters to you
• How a better user experience drives measurable business benefits
• How to get started with SAP Fiori today
• How SAP Fiori elements accelerates application development
• How SAP Build Code includes SAP Fiori tools and other generative artificial intelligence capabilities
• How SAP Fiori paves the way for using AI in SAP apps
Enhancing Performance with Globus and the Science DMZGlobus
ESnet has led the way in helping national facilities—and many other institutions in the research community—configure Science DMZs and troubleshoot network issues to maximize data transfer performance. In this talk we will present a summary of approaches and tips for getting the most out of your network infrastructure using Globus Connect Server.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Le nuove frontiere dell'AI nell'RPA con UiPath Autopilot™UiPathCommunity
In questo evento online gratuito, organizzato dalla Community Italiana di UiPath, potrai esplorare le nuove funzionalità di Autopilot, il tool che integra l'Intelligenza Artificiale nei processi di sviluppo e utilizzo delle Automazioni.
📕 Vedremo insieme alcuni esempi dell'utilizzo di Autopilot in diversi tool della Suite UiPath:
Autopilot per Studio Web
Autopilot per Studio
Autopilot per Apps
Clipboard AI
GenAI applicata alla Document Understanding
👨🏫👨💻 Speakers:
Stefano Negro, UiPath MVPx3, RPA Tech Lead @ BSP Consultant
Flavio Martinelli, UiPath MVP 2023, Technical Account Manager @UiPath
Andrei Tasca, RPA Solutions Team Lead @NTT Data
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 days
Electrical Steel
1. • CRGO
• CRNGO
• Electrical steel properties
• Reason for the properties
• Manufacturing Process
• CRGO CRNGO and MS
• ES grades
• GOS industry in India and abroad
• Challenges Pratyush Srivastava
Pawandeep Singh Arora
B-tech IIT BHU
2. Electrical steels
Electrical steel, also called lamination
steel or silicon electrical steel, silicon
steel or transformer steel, is special
steel tailored to produce certain specific
magnetic properties.
It has specific proportion of silicon that is
responsible for its unique properties.
3. Properties of Electrical steel
The hysteresis loss is low ie. The magnetic
domains get easily aligned in one or the other
directions and not much of electrical energy is
required for this process.(hysteresis graph on
following slides)
The magnetic permeability is high ie the
material easily allows formation and
accumulation of magnetic field within.
Electrical resistance is high to prevent eddy
current losses.(current that flows on the
surface as a result of electro magnetic
induction over the core coil)
4. Raw material for manufacture :
ferro silicon alloy (15-90% Si) is the
base material.
The alloy is processed to lower the
silicon content { 3.5% } and remove
constituents like Mn ,S etc.
Finally the density becomes around
(7600+-50) kg/m3
5. CRGO Vs CRNGO
CRGO :
Cold Rolled Grain Oriented steel.
Rolling done in one direction such that the grains elongate
along one direction.
CRNGO:
Cold Rolled Non Grain Oriented steel
Rolled in random directions such that the grains are
elongated along different direction.
CRGO needs precise alignment due to its anisotropy( the
properties that are different along different directions are
anisotropic properties) but CRNGO can respond to flux
changes in all directions (ie. Its properties are isotropic)
hence CRNGO is used in motors.
8. Why CRGO/ CRNGO over
MS
In mild steel there is much loss in
electrical energy due to hysteresis and
eddy current hence use of mild steel is The
uneconomical when it comes to usage in hysteresis
loss is
electrical devices. equivalent
to the area
of the
enclosed
loop.
Electrical steel Mild Steel
9. How CRGO reduces losses
Grain orientation: When cold rolling is done
the grains get elongated in one direction and
get narrowed in the perpendicular direction.
Hence due to the shape it becomes easier for
the domains to change polarity back and forth
along the elongated direction.
Grain enlargement: when heated at
temperatures around critical temperature
(temp at which the grain boundaries begin to
diffuse ) followed by slow cooling grain
enlargement occurs. This reduces electrical
losses due to hysteresis.
10. Manufacturing
Ferro silicon steel is heated in a
decarburizing environment(N with H20 and
H2 )
S N and O must be as low as possible
More silicon content increases resistivity
but at the same time makes it more brittle.
Si reduces magnetostriction. (change
shape/size when placed in a
electromagnetic field)
11. Manufacturing
In the final processed material –
C should be less than .06%
Mn +Al = .5% (approx.)
Si =3.2%
Then it is cold rolled to increase grain size :
2-5 in case of CGOS
5-20 in case of HGOS
as compared to MS ( .5 mm)
12. Manufacturing
PAIR = Pre Annealing Intermediate Rolling
This is done to improve uniformity of
grains. This will ensure easy conformation
of domains when a varying magnetic field
is applied.
MnS , carbides, oxides, or nitrides used as
the grain growth inhibitors.
Finally carlite coating is done. It helps
reduce eddy losses.
13. Manufacturing
Anisotropy correct to 7% in GO and 3%
in Hi-B GO(better grade of CRGO) ie the
direction of elongation should not vary
beyond these angles.
This elongation is obtained by careful
cold rolling.
This makes switching cost effective and
improves operational efficiency.
14. Applications
CRGO (or CGO) is used in transformers where we require
the cost of operation to be less but efficiency more .
Nickel Iron is an alternative but -> high installation cost.
Relay steel used in direct current conditions (not good
with AC current)
CRNGO in motors and generators due to isotropy (Since
in motors the coil is wound on axis and rotates with it so
direction of flux keeps changing and we require similar
properties in all directions), ballasts, small Transformers
generators for steam turbine and water wheels.
CRGO needs precise alignment and this often increases
the length of appliance.
15. CRGO Production
No CRGO production in India.
SAIL made an abortive attempt to
produce CRGO steel at its Bokaro plant
in Jharkhand (1990s) but failed.
The improvements in GOS have led to
an ever increasing demand of this grade
of steel due to operational cost reduction
16. CRGO Production
Inspite of being classified as a "steel" is very
rarely impacted by the international price
movement or other factors influencing mild
steels or other categories of steel products.
No competition from substitutes
Metglass Amorphous Boron Strip / Mu Metal
/Nickel Iron -- various technical problems and
have already been relegated for use in special
purpose applications (mainly high frequency)
only in developed countries. (suppliers are
mainly developing countries)
25. Challenges :
Indian testers are widely used but are in-consistent.
SOKEN (Japanese) single sheet tester is best in
category.
Transformer noise must be low because all the
transformer characteristics depends on core.
Nomenclature needs to be reviewed in most places.
Many organizations still use obsolete nomenclature.
For CRGO no definite standards when it comes to
manufacture of transformer cores because there is
always ambiguity in testing and most transformer
manufacturers use secondary/used cores.
26. Grades, Nomenclatures and
Materials
Different mills have different brand names and
nomenclatures whilst producing GOS and HGOS.
Most mills have now switched over to the following
method of grading Grain Oriented Steels:
(Thickness) (Brand Name) (Core loss at 1.7T/50Hz)
For eg. Nippon Steel grade 23ZH100 means
thickness 0.23mm, ZH is the brand name for Hi-B for
Nippon Steel and 100 means 1.00W/kg at
1.7T/50Hz.
Similarly 23 RGH100 IS Kawasaki Steel
nomenclature for the same material and
23ORSIH100, the Thyssen Krupp Electrical Steel
(TKES) nomenclature for the same material.