Fasteners are hardware devices that mechanically join or affix objects together. There are many types of fasteners including threaded and non-threaded. Threaded fasteners have external or internal threads and are defined by properties like pitch, diameter, and thread angle. Fasteners can be removable, semi-permanent, or permanent. Manufacturing processes for threaded fasteners include forging, rolling, and turning. Standards organizations define specifications for fastener design. Special fasteners may require unique designs or coating for corrosion resistance. The fastener industry is important for automotive, industrial, and construction applications.

1. Fasteners
Pawandeep Singh
Pratyush Srivastava

2. Introduction
 A fastener is a hardware device that
mechanically joins or affixes two or more
objects together.
 They can be made from metals, plastics
or composites.
 Fasteners types: Threaded and non-
Threaded.

3. Thread Definitions
 Screw Thread: A ridge of uniform section
in the form of a helix.

4. Thread Definitions
 External Thread: External threads are
on the outside of a member.
 A chamfer on the end of the screw thread
makes it easier to engage the nut.
Chamfer

5. Thread Definitions
 External Thread:
 An external thread is cut using a die or a
lathe.

6. Thread Definitions
 Internal Thread: Internal threads are on
the inside of a member.
 An internal thread is cut using a tap.

7. Thread Definitions
 Major DIA (D): The largest diameter (For
both internal and external threads).
 Minor DIA (d): The smallest diameter.
 Depth of thread: (D-d)/2
 Pitch DIA (dP): The diameter at which a
line cuts the spaces and threads equally.

8. Thread Definitions
 Crest: The top surface.
 Root: The bottom Surface.
 Side: The surface between the crest and
root.

9. Thread Definitions
 Pitch (P): The distance from a point on a
screw thread to a corresponding point
on the next thread (in/Threads).
 Angle of Thread (A): The angle between
the threads.

10. Thread Definitions
 Screw Axis: The longitudinal centerline.
 Lead: The distance a screw thread
advances axially in one turn.

11. Identify the Pitch, Screw Axis and Thread Angle.
Crest
Axis Pitch
Root Thread Depth
Minorn Pn Majorn
8
Angle Side

12. Thread Definitions
 Right Handed Thread: Advances when
turned CW. (Threads are assumed RH
unless specified otherwise.)
 Left Handed Thread: Advances when
turned CCW.

13. Types of Fasteners
 Removable: This type permits the parts to be
readily disconnected without damaging the
fastener, e.g. nut and bolt.
 Semi-permanent: For this type, the parts
can be disconnected, but some damage
usually occurs to the fastener,
e.g. cotter pin
 Permanent: When this type of fastener is
used, the parts will never be disassembled.
e.g. rivets and welding

14. Advantages and disadvantages
of using fasteners
Advantages
 Easy to install
 Wide variety of standard parts
 Reversible up to some extent
 Operational efficiency and speed
Disadvantages
 loosening
 Failure under tensile loading
 Cost is higher than welding.

15. Threaded Fasteners
Threaded Fastener Issues:
 Types
 Materials/Grades
 Tightening Torque

16. Types
 Machine screws
 Wood screws
 Tapping screws

17. Typical Designation
1/2” - 13 UNC - 2A – RH/LH
Terminology of screw threads
Sharp vee threads shown for
clarity; the crests and roots are
A=external thread actually flattened or rounded
(B means internal) during the forming operation.
Class of fit
(1 is loosest tolerance, 3 is tightest)
Thread Series
UNC (Unified Coarse); UNF (Unified Fine)
Pitch (threads/inch)
Nominal Diameter
(also shown as decimal or
screw #)

19. Tightening Torque
It is typical on engines for bolts
to have a specified tightening torque. Why?
It results in a quantified preload on the bolts
It ensures that parts never separate
Maintains friction (no sliding to shear forces)
Insures even distribution of loading
 prevent warpage of mating parts
 uniform pressure distribution over seal or gasket
Preventsbolt from loosening
Reduces fatigue effects

20. Standard Thread Systems

21. Bolt Manufacturing
Processes
 Forging (upsetting)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
UIPcEWNFcx0
 Rolling
a) b)
Thread-rolling processes: a) reciprocating flat dies; and b) two-roller dies.
Threaded fasteners, such as bolts, are made economically by these
processes at high rates of production http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_azbmSeb
PQ0

22. Manufacturing Processes -
continued
 Turning on screw machines
(a) Differences in the diameters of machined and rolled threads. (b) Grain flow in machined and rolled
threads. Unlike machining, which cuts through the grains of the metal, rolled threads have improved
strength because of cold working and favorable grain flow.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0q_q53
wsyHU

23. Advantages of Cut Threading
 Few limitations with regard to diameter and thread length.
 All specifications can be manufactured with cut threads.
Disadvantages of Cut Threading
 Significantly longer labour times means higher costs.
Advantages of Roll Threading
 Significantly shorter labour times means lower costs.
 Cold working makes threads more resistant to damage during handling.
 Rolled threads are often smoother due to the burnishing effect of the rolling operation.
Disadvantages of Roll Threading
 The availability of pitch diameter round bar is limited for certain material grades.

24. Standards of Fasteners
o
o
-
 Indian Standards-IS
 German Standards-DIN
 Japanese Standards-JIS
 American Standards-ASTM
 British Standards-BS

27. Special Fasteners
 Special Fasteners are manufactured to
suit unique customer specifications.
 These may have to be made available in
a variety of surface protection coatings.

31. oSometimes, fasteners may have to be coated in order to prevent them from corrosion.
oThe main industries which need coated fasteners are viz. Oil & Gas Industry; Food
processing; and Waste Water Treatment Industry.
oThe main types of coatings used these days are:-
Fluoropolymer- resin/lubricant blends that offer excellent
corrosion protection
Molybdenum Disulfide- friction reduction for high pressure loads
Epoxy, thermal cure- excellent impact resistance plus corrosion
and abrasion protection
Inorganic Zinc- corrosion and weathering protection for steel
Phenolic- ideal protection in low pH, high temperature
environments
Phosphate- ferrous metal coating for anti galling and minor
corrosion resistance
http://www.metcoat.com/fastener-coatings.htm

32. Manufacturing processes mainly include-
• annealing
• cold forging(nuts rivets sleeves)
• inline rolling,
• heat treatment,
• finishing/coating,
• CNC turning,
• centre less grinding,
• circular thread rolling and other secondary operations
• Induction hardening of critical fasteners, use of sophisticated in-line
hardening and tempering furnaces with auto-load, pre-wash and post-
washers, and the manufacture of special fasteners with very close
tolerance are key features of our manufacturing process.

33. Fastener Industry
Chief users :
automobiles, aircraft, appliances, agricultural machinery, commercial
construction, and infrastructure.
• The fastener industry in India may be classified into two segments, namely,
high tensile and mild steel fasteners, which broadly include nuts, bolts, studs,
rivets and screws.
• All types of fasteners except high tensile and special type of fasteners are
reserved for SSI (Small Scale Industries) Sector.
• Total domestic market of fastener industry in India: INR 1500 crore.
• The market size of high-tensile fasteners in the country is around Rs 1,100
crore.

34. Fastener Industry
• Automobile industry accounts for 75 % of the total demand of this industry.
Consumer durables and railways are the other primary users of the high
tensile fasteners.
• Mild steel fasteners are primarily manufactured by the unorganised sector,
while high tensile fasteners require superior technology and are dominated by
companies in the organized sector.
• The fastener industry has been delicensed and is eligible for 100 per cent FDI
under the automatic route. So there is a scope for growth in the exports.
• The automobile, general engineering, consumer durables, railways and auto
replacement market account for 95% of the demand of cold forged high tensile
fasteners industry in India.

35. Problems
Problems that make fastener industry less competent in the global market :
1)Poor product standardisation : production has never been streamlined
2) Increased input costs : due to indiscriminate hike in raw material costs
3) Low labour output (because the fabrication process of most fasteners is
intricate and complicated and hence the manpower required has to be
skilled and this increases the production cost .
4) Investment in manpower : In India the unskilled manpower is huge but
the skilled segment is small.

36. Scope
• There is a regular annual growth in the automobile industry which has
affected a proportional growth in the fastener market.
• The manufacturing cost of mild steel fasteners (which broadly include
nuts, bolts, studs, rivets and screws) is lower than that of customised
special purpose fasteners, and tensile fasteners.(but profit margin will be
low)
• High tensile fasteners are much more profitable but require cutting-edge
technology to be competent.
• To enter into business of aircraft parts the necessary certifications require
3-5 yrs. and the only way to access the technology is through acquisition
of companies.