Uploaded byEllias International Pvt Ltd
Scrap Metal
Scrap metal refers to recyclable materials left over from manufacturing that still contain valuable raw materials. It includes parts from vehicles, buildings, and surplus materials. Scrap metal is processed and sorted by wrecking yards and scrap yards before being sold by weight to smelters. Recycling scrap metal provides significant energy savings compared to extracting raw materials from mines. It also reduces air and water pollution and mining wastes. The United States scrap metal recycling industry is a major part of the economy, supporting hundreds of thousands of jobs and billions in revenue and exports annually. Common metals recycled include steel, iron, aluminum, copper, and lead.
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Scrap Metal
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- 2. Scrap Metal • Recyclablematerial left over from product manufacturing and consumption • Parts of vehicles, building supplies, and surplus materials • Unlike waste, scrap can have significant monetary value • Constituent raw materials can be taken out and reused
- 3. Scrap categorization • Nosingle system exists for scrap metal as there are for pure metals • Grades cannot be defined as the scrap metal does not have a specific given composition • General terms are defined by ISRI (Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries) to identify materials with loosely defined compositions • Some examples include Apple, Dream, Elias, Twist, Seal, Indian, Zurik
- 4. Scrap processing • Twomain types of scrap processors • Wrecking yards and Scrap yards • Wrecking yards sell everything by item type • Charge price according to the usability of the item regardless of the weight
- 5. Scrap processing • Scrapyards sell metal by weight irrespective of type or usability of the metal item • Primary value of metal comes from smelters which is by metal weight • Items useless to wreakers are also sold to scrap yards by weight
- 6. Metal recycling industry •Metal recycling industry encompasses a wide range of metals • Frequently recycled metals are scrap Steel, Iron, Lead, Aluminium, Copper, Stainless Steel and Zinc • Precious metals like gold, silver and platinum group metals • Cobalt, mercury, titanium, tungsten, arsenic, beryllium, bismuth and some other rare earth metals are also recycled
- 7. Role in theAmerican economy • Valued at more than $90 billion in 2012 • Exports of $28 billion in scrap commodities to 160 countries • Supports around 5,00,000 workers • Generates revenue of more than $10 billion per year
- 8. Role in theAmerican economy • Recycled scrap serves as raw material feedstock for many metal industries in US • 60% Steel • 50% Copper and copper alloys • 50% Aluminium
- 9. Ferrous metal recycling •Contain an appreciable percentage of iron • Steel one of the most recycled materials in the world • In USA, steel containers, cans, automobiles, appliances, and construction materials contribute the greatest weight of re-cycled materials • Contain anywhere between 50-80% iron and steel
- 10. Ferrous metal recycling •Cheaper to recycle steel than to mine iron ore and manipulate it through the production process to form new steel • Steel does not lose any of its inherent physical properties during the recycling process • Has drastically reduced energy and material requirements compared with refinement from iron ore
- 11. Ferrous metal recycling •Different amount of recycled steel used for different steelmaking processes • Basic oxygen steelmaking (BOS) uses between 25 and 35% recycled steel as raw material • Electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking uses almost 100% recycled steel • Recycled steal contains some impurities which cannot be removed
- 12. Types of scrapused in steelmaking • Heavy melting steel - Industrial or commercial scrap steel greater than 6mm thick, such as plates, beams, columns, channels • Old car bodies - Vehicles with or without interiors and their original wheels • Cast iron - Cast iron baths, machinery, pipe and engine blocks • Pressing steel - Domestic scrap metal up to approx. 6mm thick. Examples - White goods (fridges, washing machines, etc.), roofing iron, water heaters, water tanks and sheet metal off-cuts
- 13. Types of scrapused in steelmaking • Reinforcing bars or mesh - Used in the construction industry within concrete • Turnings - Remains of drilling or shaping steels • Manganese steel - Non magnetic, hardened steel used in the mining industry, cement mixers, rock crushers, and other high impact and abrasive environments • Rails - Rail or tram tracks
- 14. Ferrous metal recyclingprocess • Sorting - Ferrous metal can be easily separated from other recyclables like paper in a recycling facility with magnetic belts. Different kinds of steel do not need to be separated • Shredding - Shredders incorporate rotating magnetic drums to extract iron and steel from the mixture of metals and other materials
- 15. Ferrous metal recyclingprocess • Media separation - Further separation is achieved using liquid floating systems • Shearing - Hydraulic machinery capable of exerting enormous pressure is used to cut thick heavy steel recovered from railways and ships • Baling - Iron and steel products are compacted into large blocks to facilitate handling and transportation
- 16. Applications Products made ofrecycled steel include - • Construction materials for roads, railways, infrastructure and buildings • Electrical appliances • Cans and containers • Automobiles and other vehicles • Office supplies • Hardware: bolts, nuts, screws, etc.
- 17. Major exporters ofsteel scrap
- 18. Major importers ofsteel scrap Countries increasing their scrap steel import Country Steel scrap imported in 2012 (Million Metric tonnes) Turkey 22.4 South Korea 10.1 India 8.2 Canada 2.3
- 19. Major importers ofsteel scrap Countries decreasing their scrap steel import Country Steel scrap imported in 2012 (Million Metric tonnes) China 4.97 Taiwan 4.95 USA 3.7 European Union (EU-27) 3.4
- 20. Major Multi-National ScrapRecyclers Company Country Volume in gross tons (2011) Sims Metal Management Inc USA 8.7 million OmniSource Corp. USA 5.9 million Schnitzer Steel Industries USA 5.3 million The David J. Joseph Co. USA 5 million Tube City IMS USA 5 million Commercial Metals Co. USA 3 million Ferrous Processing & Trading Co. USA 2.8 million Alter Trading Corp. USA 2.5 million Triple M Metal Inc. Canada 2.5 million Gerdau Ameristeel Recycling Canada 2.1 million
- 21. Benefits of recyclingscrap metals Using recycled scrap metal to make steel in place of virgin iron ore can yield - • 75% savings in energy • 90% savings in raw materials used • 86% reduction in air pollution • 40% reduction in water use • 76% reduction in water pollution • 97% reduction in mining wastes
- 22. Benefits of recyclingscrap metals Energy savings from other metals include - • Aluminium savings of 95% energy • Copper savings of 85% energy • Lead savings of 65% energy • Zinc savings of 60% energy
- 23. Risks • Hazardous materialspresent in scrap may cause death, injury or environmental damage • Radioactivity in scrap can contaminate chemical elements in metal smelters and can also called radiation poisoning • Specialized tools used in scrap yards can also be dangerous to untrained people
- 24. Metal theft • Usuallyincreases when worldwide prices for scrap metal rise • Metals most commonly stolen are non-ferrous metals such as copper, aluminium, brass, and bronze • Even cast iron and steel are now being taken owing to prices as scrap • Items with metal are stolen for their intrinsic value as raw material or commodities
- 25. Countries where majorscrap thefts have been reported • Canada • Czech Republic • Germany • Japan • Russia • South Africa • Ukraine • United Kingdom • USA
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