The document provides information on various types of building and construction materials including:
- Mild steel grades such as S235 JR and their mechanical properties.
- Cold rolled steel grade DC01 and its surface finishes.
- Galvanized steels with specifications for coatings like G60 and qualities like DX51D.
- Stainless steels grades 304 and 316 and their mechanical properties.
- Aluminum alloys 5052 and 6063 with conversion tables.
- Guidelines for bi-metallic contact between different metals.
- Hot-dip galvanization process and comparisons of standards like ISO 1461 and ASTM A123 for coating thickness.
This document discusses the properties and applications of aluminum and its alloys. It outlines that aluminum is lightweight, corrosion resistant, and electrically and thermally conductive. However, in its pure form aluminum is soft and has a low melting point. The document then discusses how aluminum is commonly alloyed with other metals like copper, magnesium, and manganese to increase its strength and maximum operating temperature. These aluminum alloys have many applications in transportation, infrastructure, consumer goods, and oil and gas due to their high strength to weight ratio and corrosion resistance.
The document classifies and describes different types of plain carbon and alloy steels. It discusses three types of plain carbon steels based on carbon content: low carbon steels containing less than 0.25% carbon, medium carbon steels containing 0.25-0.60% carbon, and high carbon steels containing more than 0.60% carbon. It then provides details on properties, applications and heat treatment of each type. The document also classifies alloy steels into low alloy steels containing 3-4% alloying elements and high alloy steels containing over 5% alloying elements. It discusses AISI, HSLA, tool/die and stainless varieties of alloy steels.
Material Science and Engineering
Ferrous Materials
Classification of Steel
Low carbon steel
Medium Carbon steel
High carbon steel
Structural steel
stainless steel
Applications
This document provides information on various types of cast iron:
- White cast iron forms massive carbides when iron cools rapidly, making it very hard but brittle. It is used for abrasion resistance.
- Grey cast iron contains flake graphite in a matrix, giving it good machinability and vibration damping. It is widely used for machine parts.
- Ductile or nodular cast iron has graphite in spherical nodules, making it much more ductile than grey cast iron. It has applications in machinery.
- Malleable cast iron and spheroidal graphite cast iron undergo heat treatments to form irregular graphite clusters, resulting in properties between ductile iron and steel.
1. Carbon steels are classified as mild, medium, and high carbon based on their carbon content ranging from 0.05% to 1.5%. Mild steels contain up to 0.3% carbon, medium steels contain 0.3-0.7% carbon, and high carbon steels contain 0.7-1.5% carbon.
2. Alloy steels contain additional alloying elements added in amounts exceeding 1% to improve properties such as strength, corrosion resistance, and hardenability. Common alloying elements include chromium, nickel, molybdenum, and vanadium.
3. Stainless steels contain a minimum of 11.5% chromium which
The document discusses different types of steel based on carbon content and alloying elements. Plain carbon steel is classified as low carbon steel containing up to 0.3% carbon, medium carbon steel containing 0.3-0.6% carbon, and high carbon steel containing 0.6-2% carbon. Alloy steels contain additional alloying elements added to plain carbon steel to improve properties such as hardenability, corrosion resistance, and strength at high temperatures. Alloy steels are further classified based on alloy content as low alloy steel containing less than 5% alloying elements, medium alloy steel containing 5-10%, and high alloy steel containing over 10%.
The document discusses non-ferrous metals and focuses on aluminium. It defines metals and classifies them as ferrous and non-ferrous. For aluminium, it describes its properties, common uses in construction, how it is extracted from bauxite ore and manufactured, and why it is widely used in the building industry due to properties like durability, flexibility, strength to weight ratio, and recyclability.
This document provides information on copper and its alloys. It discusses the properties and applications of copper, as well as various copper alloys including brass, bronze, and gun metal. Specific alloys are defined, such as electrolytic copper, deoxidized copper, and arsenical copper. Application areas are noted for each alloy type. Brass contains zinc as its primary alloying element and types include gliding metal and cartridge brass. Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin that is hard and resistant to wear. Gun metal contains copper, tin and zinc and has various types including admiralty and leaded gun metal.
This document discusses the properties and applications of aluminum and its alloys. It outlines that aluminum is lightweight, corrosion resistant, and electrically and thermally conductive. However, in its pure form aluminum is soft and has a low melting point. The document then discusses how aluminum is commonly alloyed with other metals like copper, magnesium, and manganese to increase its strength and maximum operating temperature. These aluminum alloys have many applications in transportation, infrastructure, consumer goods, and oil and gas due to their high strength to weight ratio and corrosion resistance.
The document classifies and describes different types of plain carbon and alloy steels. It discusses three types of plain carbon steels based on carbon content: low carbon steels containing less than 0.25% carbon, medium carbon steels containing 0.25-0.60% carbon, and high carbon steels containing more than 0.60% carbon. It then provides details on properties, applications and heat treatment of each type. The document also classifies alloy steels into low alloy steels containing 3-4% alloying elements and high alloy steels containing over 5% alloying elements. It discusses AISI, HSLA, tool/die and stainless varieties of alloy steels.
Material Science and Engineering
Ferrous Materials
Classification of Steel
Low carbon steel
Medium Carbon steel
High carbon steel
Structural steel
stainless steel
Applications
This document provides information on various types of cast iron:
- White cast iron forms massive carbides when iron cools rapidly, making it very hard but brittle. It is used for abrasion resistance.
- Grey cast iron contains flake graphite in a matrix, giving it good machinability and vibration damping. It is widely used for machine parts.
- Ductile or nodular cast iron has graphite in spherical nodules, making it much more ductile than grey cast iron. It has applications in machinery.
- Malleable cast iron and spheroidal graphite cast iron undergo heat treatments to form irregular graphite clusters, resulting in properties between ductile iron and steel.
1. Carbon steels are classified as mild, medium, and high carbon based on their carbon content ranging from 0.05% to 1.5%. Mild steels contain up to 0.3% carbon, medium steels contain 0.3-0.7% carbon, and high carbon steels contain 0.7-1.5% carbon.
2. Alloy steels contain additional alloying elements added in amounts exceeding 1% to improve properties such as strength, corrosion resistance, and hardenability. Common alloying elements include chromium, nickel, molybdenum, and vanadium.
3. Stainless steels contain a minimum of 11.5% chromium which
The document discusses different types of steel based on carbon content and alloying elements. Plain carbon steel is classified as low carbon steel containing up to 0.3% carbon, medium carbon steel containing 0.3-0.6% carbon, and high carbon steel containing 0.6-2% carbon. Alloy steels contain additional alloying elements added to plain carbon steel to improve properties such as hardenability, corrosion resistance, and strength at high temperatures. Alloy steels are further classified based on alloy content as low alloy steel containing less than 5% alloying elements, medium alloy steel containing 5-10%, and high alloy steel containing over 10%.
The document discusses non-ferrous metals and focuses on aluminium. It defines metals and classifies them as ferrous and non-ferrous. For aluminium, it describes its properties, common uses in construction, how it is extracted from bauxite ore and manufactured, and why it is widely used in the building industry due to properties like durability, flexibility, strength to weight ratio, and recyclability.
This document provides information on copper and its alloys. It discusses the properties and applications of copper, as well as various copper alloys including brass, bronze, and gun metal. Specific alloys are defined, such as electrolytic copper, deoxidized copper, and arsenical copper. Application areas are noted for each alloy type. Brass contains zinc as its primary alloying element and types include gliding metal and cartridge brass. Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin that is hard and resistant to wear. Gun metal contains copper, tin and zinc and has various types including admiralty and leaded gun metal.
The document discusses non-ferrous alloys, beginning with an introduction on the limitations of ferrous alloys and advantages of using non-ferrous alloys. It then covers various non-ferrous metals and their alloys including copper and copper alloys like brass and bronze, aluminum and aluminum alloys, magnesium and magnesium alloys, and titanium and its alloys. For each metal/alloy, it describes common compositions, properties, and applications. It also discusses bearing materials and includes detailed information on composition and uses of various copper, aluminum, and magnesium alloys.
The document discusses the production of ferrous metals like iron and steel. It begins with an overview of the three main ingredients - iron ore, coke, and limestone - that are fed into a blast furnace to produce molten iron or pig iron. The pig iron can then undergo further processing through cupola furnaces or Bessemer converters to produce cast iron or steel. Continuous casting is also discussed, which involves pouring the molten metal directly into molds to produce shapes like blooms, slabs, and billets.
This document discusses ferrous metals, which include iron, steel, and their alloys. It describes the production of pig iron through the blast furnace process and its uses. Pig iron can be further processed into cast iron and wrought iron. Steel is also discussed, which contains 0.1-1.5% carbon and is produced through various processes including the Bessemer process. The properties and applications of these ferrous metals are explained.
This document discusses non-ferrous metals. It provides information on various non-ferrous metals including aluminum, copper, zinc, and others. Key points include:
- Non-ferrous metals do not contain appreciable amounts of iron. They are highly malleable and corrosion resistant compared to ferrous metals.
- Aluminum is one of the most widely used non-ferrous metals. It is lightweight, corrosion resistant, and used extensively in transportation and construction.
- Copper and zinc are also discussed with details provided on their properties and manufacturing processes.
- Various uses of non-ferrous metals in industrial applications are highlighted.
Heat treatment involves heating and cooling metals to alter their internal structure and properties. There are several heat treatment methods for carbon steels including annealing, normalizing, hardening, and tempering. Annealing involves heating steel to high temperatures and slowly cooling to relieve stresses and improve ductility. Normalizing also starts with heating above the critical point but involves air cooling to refine grain size. Hardening greatly increases hardness but causes brittleness, so tempering is used to relieve stresses and improve toughness through controlled reheating.
This document discusses aluminum alloys, including their types, heat treatment, and common alloying elements. It covers casting and wrought alloys, with casting alloys further divided based on their alloying elements like copper, silicon, magnesium, zinc, and tin. Heat treatable alloys can be strengthened through heat treatment to form precipitates, while non-heat treatable alloys rely on solid solution strengthening. Common alloying elements are discussed along with their effects on properties and example commercial alloys.
Wrought iron is a soft, ductile iron alloy containing less than 0.1% carbon. It is superior to cast iron due to its lower brittleness. Wrought iron is manufactured through puddling, which involves reheating cast iron while mixing in air to burn off carbon. It has historically been used to build structures like the Eiffel Tower and for applications such as railings and gates due to its malleability and toughness. Today, wrought iron can still be found in home decor items and architectural details.
'Iron seemeth a simple metal but in its nature are many mysteries’. Many, but not all,of these mysteries have been solved over the past three hundred years using the combined skill of the foundryman and the knowledge of the scientist to provide today's design engineer with a family of casting alloys that offer a virtually unique combination of low cost and engineering versatility.
The various combinations of low cost with castability , strength,
Machinability , hardness, wear resistance ,corrosion resistance, thermal conductivity and damping are unequalled among all casting alloys and It makes Cast Iron most widely used metal in engineering purpose .
This document summarizes different types of ferrous metals used in construction. It discusses pig iron, cast iron, and wrought iron, describing their properties and typical uses. It also covers steel alloys like stainless steel and mild steel. Finally, it briefly discusses metal coating techniques like electroplating, spraying, and galvanizing used to protect ferrous metals from corrosion.
Alloy steel is steel that contains other alloying elements in addition to carbon. Common alloying elements include manganese, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, silicon, and boron. Alloy steel has improved properties over carbon steel such as higher tensile strength, hardness, toughness, wear resistance, creep resistance, and high temperature resistance. These properties make alloy steel suitable for applications in automotive, engineering, construction, agriculture, home goods, and military uses. Production of alloy steel has been increasing to meet the demands of growing industries such as automotive and engineering.
This presentation is the basic of engineering materials. More presenetation will be added soon. If you like the work, please click on like button and do share. Thanks
Cast iron is an alloy of iron that contains 2-4% carbon, along with other elements like silicon and manganese. It is classified into gray, white, ductile, and malleable cast iron based on its composition and microstructure. Cast iron has high compressive strength but low tensile strength. It is brittle and not suitable for applications requiring flexibility. Historically, cast iron was widely used in construction for elements like bridges, columns and architectural details from the 18th century onward due to its low cost. However, it is prone to corrosion and cracking over time. Modern applications of cast iron include machine parts and components that require good castability and heat resistance.
This document discusses various ferrous metals and alloys, including pig iron, cast iron, wrought iron, carbon steels, and alloy steels. It describes the production of pig iron in a blast furnace and the key properties and uses of different types of cast iron and steels. The effects of various alloying elements in steels are also summarized.
Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon that is widely used in construction and manufacturing due to its high strength and low cost. There are several grades of steel depending on carbon content and other alloying elements. Low carbon steel has a very low carbon content below 0.3% and is the most commonly produced grade due to its low cost. Medium carbon steel has 0.3-0.6% carbon and can be heat treated to increase strength. High carbon steel contains 0.6-1.4% carbon and is very hard but brittle. Stainless steels contain at least 11% chromium which gives them high corrosion resistance.
The document discusses materials science and engineering, specifically focusing on the production of iron and steel. It begins with an introduction to materials science and engineering. It then describes the production process of pig iron, including raw material procurement, blast furnace production, and products. It further discusses various steel production methods like basic oxygen furnace and electric arc furnace production. Continuous casting and different steel products are also outlined. In summary, the document provides an overview of the key industrial processes for producing iron and steel, from raw materials to final products.
The document discusses various metal joining processes, focusing on welding. It describes different types of welding processes, including arc welding, gas welding, resistance welding, and solid state welding. For arc welding processes specifically, it explains gas metal arc welding (MIG), shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), submerged arc welding (SAW), and the consumable electrodes, shielding gases, and power sources used.
This document provides an overview of steels, including their classification, composition, microstructure, and properties. Steels are classified based on their carbon content as low carbon (<0.3% C), medium carbon (0.3-0.6% C), high carbon (0.6-1.0% C), or ultra high carbon (1.25-2.0% C) steels. Low alloy steels contain up to 2% alloying elements. High strength low alloy (HSLA) steels contain small amounts of alloying elements like niobium, vanadium, and titanium to strengthen the steel. Heat treatments like carburizing can further modify the microstructure and properties. A
The document discusses various topics related to iron making and steel production, including:
1. It defines metallurgy and divides it into extractive metallurgy, physical metallurgy, and other subfields. Extractive metallurgy involves separating and concentrating raw materials.
2. It describes the production of pig iron using a blast furnace, which involves heating iron ore with coke to produce a molten iron alloy containing 3-4% carbon.
3. It then discusses the various processes for producing steel from pig iron, including the Bessemer process, open hearth furnace, and basic oxygen furnace, which reduce the carbon and impurity levels in pig iron
The document discusses several metals that are important for industrial use: copper, lead, zinc, mercury, magnesium, and titanium. Copper has been used for thousands of years in bronze and brass production. Lead and zinc often occur together in the same ore veins, with Russia and Australia being major producers. Mercury is the only metal found in liquid form naturally, with the Philippines having deposits of the mercury-containing mineral cinnabar. Magnesium and titanium are both light but strong metals used in industrial applications like aluminum. Gold and silver are also found in the Philippines in placer deposits or as flakes and nuggets.
The document discusses non-ferrous alloys, beginning with an introduction on the limitations of ferrous alloys and advantages of using non-ferrous alloys. It then covers various non-ferrous metals and their alloys including copper and copper alloys like brass and bronze, aluminum and aluminum alloys, magnesium and magnesium alloys, and titanium and its alloys. For each metal/alloy, it describes common compositions, properties, and applications. It also discusses bearing materials and includes detailed information on composition and uses of various copper, aluminum, and magnesium alloys.
The document discusses the production of ferrous metals like iron and steel. It begins with an overview of the three main ingredients - iron ore, coke, and limestone - that are fed into a blast furnace to produce molten iron or pig iron. The pig iron can then undergo further processing through cupola furnaces or Bessemer converters to produce cast iron or steel. Continuous casting is also discussed, which involves pouring the molten metal directly into molds to produce shapes like blooms, slabs, and billets.
This document discusses ferrous metals, which include iron, steel, and their alloys. It describes the production of pig iron through the blast furnace process and its uses. Pig iron can be further processed into cast iron and wrought iron. Steel is also discussed, which contains 0.1-1.5% carbon and is produced through various processes including the Bessemer process. The properties and applications of these ferrous metals are explained.
This document discusses non-ferrous metals. It provides information on various non-ferrous metals including aluminum, copper, zinc, and others. Key points include:
- Non-ferrous metals do not contain appreciable amounts of iron. They are highly malleable and corrosion resistant compared to ferrous metals.
- Aluminum is one of the most widely used non-ferrous metals. It is lightweight, corrosion resistant, and used extensively in transportation and construction.
- Copper and zinc are also discussed with details provided on their properties and manufacturing processes.
- Various uses of non-ferrous metals in industrial applications are highlighted.
Heat treatment involves heating and cooling metals to alter their internal structure and properties. There are several heat treatment methods for carbon steels including annealing, normalizing, hardening, and tempering. Annealing involves heating steel to high temperatures and slowly cooling to relieve stresses and improve ductility. Normalizing also starts with heating above the critical point but involves air cooling to refine grain size. Hardening greatly increases hardness but causes brittleness, so tempering is used to relieve stresses and improve toughness through controlled reheating.
This document discusses aluminum alloys, including their types, heat treatment, and common alloying elements. It covers casting and wrought alloys, with casting alloys further divided based on their alloying elements like copper, silicon, magnesium, zinc, and tin. Heat treatable alloys can be strengthened through heat treatment to form precipitates, while non-heat treatable alloys rely on solid solution strengthening. Common alloying elements are discussed along with their effects on properties and example commercial alloys.
Wrought iron is a soft, ductile iron alloy containing less than 0.1% carbon. It is superior to cast iron due to its lower brittleness. Wrought iron is manufactured through puddling, which involves reheating cast iron while mixing in air to burn off carbon. It has historically been used to build structures like the Eiffel Tower and for applications such as railings and gates due to its malleability and toughness. Today, wrought iron can still be found in home decor items and architectural details.
'Iron seemeth a simple metal but in its nature are many mysteries’. Many, but not all,of these mysteries have been solved over the past three hundred years using the combined skill of the foundryman and the knowledge of the scientist to provide today's design engineer with a family of casting alloys that offer a virtually unique combination of low cost and engineering versatility.
The various combinations of low cost with castability , strength,
Machinability , hardness, wear resistance ,corrosion resistance, thermal conductivity and damping are unequalled among all casting alloys and It makes Cast Iron most widely used metal in engineering purpose .
This document summarizes different types of ferrous metals used in construction. It discusses pig iron, cast iron, and wrought iron, describing their properties and typical uses. It also covers steel alloys like stainless steel and mild steel. Finally, it briefly discusses metal coating techniques like electroplating, spraying, and galvanizing used to protect ferrous metals from corrosion.
Alloy steel is steel that contains other alloying elements in addition to carbon. Common alloying elements include manganese, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, silicon, and boron. Alloy steel has improved properties over carbon steel such as higher tensile strength, hardness, toughness, wear resistance, creep resistance, and high temperature resistance. These properties make alloy steel suitable for applications in automotive, engineering, construction, agriculture, home goods, and military uses. Production of alloy steel has been increasing to meet the demands of growing industries such as automotive and engineering.
This presentation is the basic of engineering materials. More presenetation will be added soon. If you like the work, please click on like button and do share. Thanks
Cast iron is an alloy of iron that contains 2-4% carbon, along with other elements like silicon and manganese. It is classified into gray, white, ductile, and malleable cast iron based on its composition and microstructure. Cast iron has high compressive strength but low tensile strength. It is brittle and not suitable for applications requiring flexibility. Historically, cast iron was widely used in construction for elements like bridges, columns and architectural details from the 18th century onward due to its low cost. However, it is prone to corrosion and cracking over time. Modern applications of cast iron include machine parts and components that require good castability and heat resistance.
This document discusses various ferrous metals and alloys, including pig iron, cast iron, wrought iron, carbon steels, and alloy steels. It describes the production of pig iron in a blast furnace and the key properties and uses of different types of cast iron and steels. The effects of various alloying elements in steels are also summarized.
Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon that is widely used in construction and manufacturing due to its high strength and low cost. There are several grades of steel depending on carbon content and other alloying elements. Low carbon steel has a very low carbon content below 0.3% and is the most commonly produced grade due to its low cost. Medium carbon steel has 0.3-0.6% carbon and can be heat treated to increase strength. High carbon steel contains 0.6-1.4% carbon and is very hard but brittle. Stainless steels contain at least 11% chromium which gives them high corrosion resistance.
The document discusses materials science and engineering, specifically focusing on the production of iron and steel. It begins with an introduction to materials science and engineering. It then describes the production process of pig iron, including raw material procurement, blast furnace production, and products. It further discusses various steel production methods like basic oxygen furnace and electric arc furnace production. Continuous casting and different steel products are also outlined. In summary, the document provides an overview of the key industrial processes for producing iron and steel, from raw materials to final products.
The document discusses various metal joining processes, focusing on welding. It describes different types of welding processes, including arc welding, gas welding, resistance welding, and solid state welding. For arc welding processes specifically, it explains gas metal arc welding (MIG), shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), submerged arc welding (SAW), and the consumable electrodes, shielding gases, and power sources used.
This document provides an overview of steels, including their classification, composition, microstructure, and properties. Steels are classified based on their carbon content as low carbon (<0.3% C), medium carbon (0.3-0.6% C), high carbon (0.6-1.0% C), or ultra high carbon (1.25-2.0% C) steels. Low alloy steels contain up to 2% alloying elements. High strength low alloy (HSLA) steels contain small amounts of alloying elements like niobium, vanadium, and titanium to strengthen the steel. Heat treatments like carburizing can further modify the microstructure and properties. A
The document discusses various topics related to iron making and steel production, including:
1. It defines metallurgy and divides it into extractive metallurgy, physical metallurgy, and other subfields. Extractive metallurgy involves separating and concentrating raw materials.
2. It describes the production of pig iron using a blast furnace, which involves heating iron ore with coke to produce a molten iron alloy containing 3-4% carbon.
3. It then discusses the various processes for producing steel from pig iron, including the Bessemer process, open hearth furnace, and basic oxygen furnace, which reduce the carbon and impurity levels in pig iron
The document discusses several metals that are important for industrial use: copper, lead, zinc, mercury, magnesium, and titanium. Copper has been used for thousands of years in bronze and brass production. Lead and zinc often occur together in the same ore veins, with Russia and Australia being major producers. Mercury is the only metal found in liquid form naturally, with the Philippines having deposits of the mercury-containing mineral cinnabar. Magnesium and titanium are both light but strong metals used in industrial applications like aluminum. Gold and silver are also found in the Philippines in placer deposits or as flakes and nuggets.
HUS is a Bulgarian steel manufacturing and trading company established in 1990. It has over 300 employees and 14 warehouses totaling 600,000 square meters of space. HUS produces a variety of steel products including welded tubes, hollow sections, cold bent profiles, welded wire mesh, and corrugated sheets. It prides itself on high quality products and reliable service to customers.
This document discusses non-ferrous metals and alloys, including their properties and uses. It covers aluminum, lead, tin, copper, zinc, and nickel. Key alloys discussed include aluminum alloys like duralumin and y-alloy, tin-based bearing metals, copper alloys like bronze, brass, and babbitt metal, and nickel alloys such as monel metal, german silver, inconel, and nichrome.
Electropolishing removes iron from the surface of stainless steel, leaving a higher concentration of chromium which forms a thicker, more uniform protective oxide layer. This improves the steel's resistance to corrosion and makes the surface smoother, brighter, and better able to resist pitting, crevice, stress, and microbiologically influenced corrosion. Electropolishing also removes inclusions and particles from the manufacturing process, producing the highest level of corrosion resistance.
2714 steel is a tough die steel with high tempering resistance and good through-hardening properties. It is usually supplied in annealed condition or quenched and tempered to a working hardness of 370 to 410 HB (round) or 355 to 400 HB (square, flat). 2714 steel is commonly used for forging dies, press dies, extrusion dies, retainer plates, armored trim dies, hot-shear blades, and tool holders. The document provides information about 2714 steel properties and applications from Virat Special Steels, a supplier of 2714 steel based in India.
This document provides an overview of high speed CNC machining. It discusses how high speed CNC combines high feed rates and spindle speeds with specialized tools and motions. Key advantages include high material removal rates, improved surface finish and accuracy, and increased productivity. High speed CNC demands high power spindles that can reach speeds over 60,000 RPM along with rapid tool changes and integrated coolant systems. It finds applications in hard metals and high precision industries. While enabling greater efficiencies, high speed CNC also requires more advanced machine tools and trained operators.
High speed Machines and Special Purpose MachinesGaurav Shukla
This is the presentation on the topic "High speed Machines and Special Purpose Machines".
In this presentation the comparison is discussed between high speed & special purpose machines and Conventional Machines.
There are many types of tool steels suitable for different applications. High speed steels like Groups M and T, containing molybdenum and tungsten, are commonly used for high speed cutting tools. Hot work steels with chromium are used for tooling at elevated temperatures. Cold work steels include air hardening and high carbon/chromium varieties used for dies, punches, and other tools. Other types include shock resisting, low alloy, mold, and water hardening steels suited for specific applications. Most tool steels require heat treatment for optimal performance, with the heating and quenching processes varying between grades.
Forging Lubricants For The Hot Forging Of SteelsGustavo Schiuma
Die lubrication is key for quality and productivity in hot forging processes. The right lubricant must reduce friction to allow smooth metal flow while also releasing, cooling, and protecting the die to extend its life. Proper lubricant selection and application parameters are important. Forging lubricants typically contain graphite, which helps lubricate and release the forged part from the die. Maintaining consistent lubricant concentration and application are important for optimizing the forging process.
Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. It has several applications due to its attractive appearance, strength, corrosion resistance, and electrical and thermal conductivity properties. Some key uses of brass include decorative applications where it produces a gold-like appearance, and where low friction is required in components like locks, gears and bearings. It is also used in applications where sparks should not be produced, such as around explosive gases. Brass can be easily cast, machined, formed, and joined without plating or painting and is 100% recyclable.
The document discusses the mechanical and electrical components of CNC machines. It begins by defining CNC machines and comparing conventional, NC, and CNC machines. It then discusses the advantages and disadvantages of CNC machines. The main components of a CNC machine are described including drives, measuring systems, tool turrets, axes, coolant systems, and electrical drives like DC motors and AC motors. Specific mechanical components like ball screws, roller screws, and spindle drives are explained in detail.
Tool steels are high-quality alloy steels developed for shaping other materials. They contain carbon from 0.1-1.6% along with alloying elements like chromium, molybdenum, and vanadium. Tool steels offer better durability, strength, corrosion resistance, and temperature stability compared to other construction steels. They are used in applications involving forming, extrusion, and plastic molding. The document then discusses different types of tool steels categorized based on their intended use and hardening properties.
introduction, drawing, calculation for winch designAman Huri
The document provides information about designing a winch that can withstand a maximum load of 15kN and uses a cable with a diameter of 14mm.
It begins with an introduction to winches, their components, and operation systems. It then discusses the problem statement of designing a winch for pulling up boat anchors. The key design requirements are that it withstands 15kN of load and uses 14mm diameter cable.
The summary discusses the components that will be included in the design - the wire rope, drum, gears, and other parts. It provides calculations for selecting the appropriate wire rope and determining the drum dimensions based on withstanding the load requirement. Gears are also designed with calculations of number of teeth
This document discusses zinc coatings for metal studs used in construction. There are different types of zinc coatings but continuous sheet galvanizing is most common for metal studs. This process involves passing steel through molten zinc to apply a protective zinc coating. Standards specify minimum coating thicknesses of G40, G60, or G90 for interior or exterior use depending on corrosion risk. Understanding coating types and thicknesses is important for selecting the proper protection for metal studs in different environments.
This document discusses various piping materials used in modular fabrication yards. It covers the classification of materials into metals and non-metals and describes their selection based on mechanical and metallurgical properties. Specific details are provided about carbon steels, alloy steels, stainless steels, and corrosion. Standards for material naming conventions from ASTM and ASME are also outlined.
For construction professionals and sales personnel.
The material will take you through the basics of raw materials and coatings as well as describes how to use them in different applications. After studying the material you will:
* Know the basics of raw materials and coatings
* Know the newest products in coatings
* Get introduced to how different coatings and steel grades are used in construction applications
* Know some technical performance of the coatings
* Get a deeper overview of the two newest coating options
* Get some important tips maintenance-wise
Read more about steel coatings:
ruukki.com/colourcoatedsteels
ruukki.com/metalcoatedsteels
This document discusses aluminum alloys. It describes the different alloying elements used in aluminum alloys and their effects, including copper, manganese, silicon, magnesium, zinc, and others. It discusses the properties and applications of various common aluminum alloy series, including 2xxx, 3xxx, 4xxx, 5xxx, 6xxx, and 7xxx. It also covers casting aluminum alloys and the Russian standard classification system. In summary, it provides an overview of the composition, properties, and uses of the major types of wrought and casting aluminum alloys.
This document discusses aircraft materials, focusing on aluminum alloys. It provides an overview of the basic requirements for aircraft materials, including high strength, stiffness, corrosion resistance, and fatigue resistance. Common structural materials are aluminum, magnesium, titanium, and composite materials. Important aluminum alloys for aircraft include the 2xxx, 6xxx, and 7xxx series. Properties of specific alloys like 2024, 6061, 7075 are presented. Casting aluminum alloys and their microstructure and properties are also reviewed.
Stainless steels contain 10.5-30% chromium which forms a passive oxide layer protecting the steel from corrosion. Common types include martensitic, ferritic, austenitic, and duplex stainless steels. Martensitic stainless steels can be hardened through heat treatment while ferritic stainless steels have higher ductility and corrosion resistance. Duplex stainless steels have a mixed austenite and ferrite structure providing high strength and pitting/stress corrosion resistance. Austenitic stainless steels have excellent ductility and toughness down to cryogenic temperatures and are widely used in chemical plants and food processing. Proper welding techniques are required to prevent issues like sensitization, hot cracking, and sigma
The document provides information about various ferrous and non-ferrous metals used in manufacturing, including their properties and applications. It discusses iron, steel, cast iron, aluminum, copper, zinc, tin, lead, and other metals. Production processes for pig iron and wrought iron using a blast furnace are described. The document also covers casting methods like gravity die casting and defects that can occur.
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geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
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governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
3. Mild Steel
A. Hot Rolled Steel Plates, Sheets and Coils
(Flat products of ordinary quality)
Non alloy steels EN 10025-2: 2004 / S235 JR, S355 JR
Designations and comparisons between designations
4. Mechanical properties
Notes:
- S235 JR : S = Structural steel ; 235 = Minimum yield strength in N/ mm2 or MPa
JR = Flat products; longitudinal charpy v-notch impact strength class 27 J @ 20 oC
- BS 4360, is gradually being replaced by EN 10025 steel plates, sheets and strips.
- CS = Commercial Steel , SS = Structural Steel,
DS = Drawing Steel, SQ = Structural Quality
5. - ASTM A 1011 (formerly ASTM A570 and ASTM A572); SS Grade 33 :
SS = Structural Steel,
33 = Minimum yield stress Rp 0.2 = 33 ksi = 230 MPa = 230 N/mm²
(To convert from ksi (kilo square inch) to MPa (Mega Pascal) or N/mm² multiply by 6.97)
- Temporary anti corrosion protection. (made by oiling)
Dry, oil free
Slight oiling : 0.4 – 0.7 g/m2 on each side
Medium oiling: 0.8 – 1.2 g/m2 on each side
Heavy oiling : 1.3 – 2.0 g/m2 on each side
(Oiling is done by: mineral oil, esters and additives)
- Tolerances are set down in EN 10151:1992
6. B. Cold Rolled Steel / DC01
Mild unalloyed steel grades for cold forming
Designations and comparisons between designations
Mechanical properties
7. Surface Quality
A = normal surface quality.
B = best surface quality.
Surface finish
- Dull finish or matte
- Bright finish
8. Surface treatment
Notes :
- Tolerances to DIN EN 10131, ASTM A568.
- Commercial quality by steel (CS), ASTM A366 and
- ASTM A1008 CS type B.
9. Galvanized Steel
C. Continuously Pre-Galvanized Hot–Dip Zinc Coated /
DX51D + Z
Steel Sheets, Strips and Coils for Cold forming
(Forming &Drawing Quality) (Lock Forming Quality LFQ)
Designations and comparisons between designations
11. Zinc coating surface finish
1. Normal or regular spangle
This finish is obtained during normal solidification of a hot-dip zinc coating on steel,
and results in the formation of a coating which exhibits either no spangle or zinc
crystals of different sizes and brightness. However, the zinc appearance has no
effect on either the quality or corrosion resistance of the coating.
2. Flattened minimized spangle
This zinc coating finish is obtained by restricting the normal zinc crystal growth
followed by the application of a skin pass process.
This finish is recommended for applications where a high gloss paint finish is
required.
It is available for zinc coatings mass up to Z275, and a maximum material
thickness of 1.20 mm if passivation is required, or a maximum thickness of
1.60 mm if passivation is not required.
.
12. Quality
A. Normal surface. Errors on surface can occur
B. Improved surface. Small errors are allowed (Skin passing)
C. Best surface. One error free side (Skin passing)
Coating thickness
(G60 means 0.6 oz/ft² coating thickness)
(to convert from oz/ft² to g/m² multiply by 306)
13. Zink layer
1. The coating weight of an area of 1 m2 including both surfaces
2. Coating thickness (µm) is calculated from triple spot test values,
and is for one side only
3. 1 g/m2 = µm x 7.067 , 1 oz/ft2 = 0.00327 g/m2
14. Surface treatment
Notes:
- DX 51D Bending and profiling quality in ASTM is CS Type B (Commercial Steel Type B)
- Hot – dip galvanized steel is produced on continuous zinc coating lines from either cold rolled
(thickness range 0.27 to 2.0 mm) or hot rolled (thickness range 2.01 to 3.0 mm) steel substrate; it is
produced to the requirements of EN 10327, EN 10326, EN 10142, EN 10143, ASTM A 653M (Grade
33), EN 10327 supersedes EN 10142
15. - All of the hot-dip products are to the tolerances as set down in EN 10143:1993
- Hot rolled substrate
Due to the nature of the hot rolling process, surface blemishes such as surface
scratches and coil breaks which may be high lighted by the zinc coating, can
occur on materials with a thickness of greater than 2.01 mm. Neither of these
defects will affect the functionality of the materials.
- Wet storage corrosion “white rust”
Normally light white staining on galvanized steel is not a reason for concern.
Either under a heterogeneous film of water, or under permanent condensation,
white rust appears on the surface of the steel sheets.
It is a precipitation of basic salts of zinc Zn (OH)2 that combines with CO2 to
form a protective layer called Zinc Hydroxycarbonate.
16. Period for first maintenance
- In case of ASTM specification, the specification of hot-dip galvanized steel
sheet was unified as ASTM A653.
- However the former specifications likely to ASTM A526, A527, A528 are also
used.
- Bending Quality of EN specification is called Lock Forming Quality (LFQ) in JIS
or ASTM.
17. D. Electro Galvanized Steel (Electrolytic Coating)
/ DC01 + ZE
The base material for electrolyticaly coated steel is cold
rolled, annealed, lightly temper – rolled strip
Designations and comparison between designations
19. Surface finish :
m = normal
r = rough
Surface quality
A = normal quality / standard
B = best quality / full finish
Notes :
- ZE = Pure Zinc electrolytic coating
- Tolerances : on dimensions and shape to
DIN EN 10131
20. Surface treatment
P = Phosphated
PC = Phosphated & Chemically Passivated
PO = Phosphated & Oiled
C = Chemically Passivated
CO = Chemically Passivated & Oiled
O = Oiled
U = Untreated
23. Surface
Appearance
M = Normal rose pattern
Quality
A- Normal surface. Errors on surface can occur
B- Improved surface. Small errors are allowed
Treatment
26. Stress-Strain Curve
(Stainless steels differ from mild steels in that these stainless
steels do not exhibit a well defined yield
point when exposed to tensile load)
28. Notes :
- Type 304 – the most common grade; the classic 18/8 stainless
steel. Also referred to as “A2” in accordance with ISO 3506.
- Type 304 L – the 304 grade but specially modified for welding
- Type 316 – the second most common grade (after 304), alloy
addition of molybdenum prevents specific forms of corrosion. Also
referred to as “A4” in accordance with ISO 3506.
- Type 316L – the 316 grade but specially modified for welding.
- Modulus of Elasticity 193,000 (N/mm2
)
- Density 7.92 to 7.94 g/cm3
29. Effect of Cold Work
The working of austenitic stainless steel significantly
increases the Proof Strength. Localized cold working arises
during the forming of angle and channel sections.
The benefits of this cold working are
not taken into account in SFSP’s
designs, but provide additional
reserves of strength.
30. F.1 Stainless Steel Fasteners
Stainless steel fasteners are specified to BS EN ISO 3506. Part 1 covers bolts,
screws and studs. Part 2 covers nuts.These specifications now replace BS 6105.
Grade A2 = 304
Grade A4 = 316
Mechanical Properties
32. Notes:
- Property class 50 represents the steel in the annealed condition
- Property class 70 represents a “cold drawn” for the bar stock
from which the fasteners are made.
- All tensile stress values are calculated and reported in terms of
the nominal tensile stress area of the thread.
33. ALUMINIUM
Aluminum is one of the most abundant metals and therefore cost - efficient.
High strength – to – weight ratio combined
with extraordinary corrosion resistance
and flexibility make aluminum a desirable
solution to product design.
Some AluminiumAlloys:
-5052 Aluminium
- 6063Aluminium
34. G.1- 5052 Aluminum
5052 is the alloy most suited to forming operations
with good workability and higher strength than that of the 1100 or
3003 alloys that are commercially available.
5052 has very good corrosion resistance, and can be easily
welded. 5052 is not a good choice for extensive machining
operations, as it has only a fair mach inability rating.
Grade Designation:
Aluminum 5052; UNS A95052; ISO AlMg 2.5
36. G.2-6063 Aluminum
6063 is often called architectural aluminum for two reasons – first,
it has a surface finish that is far smoother than the other
commercially available alloys, and second, its strength is
significantly less (roughly half the strength of 6061), making it
suited for applications where strength is not the foremost
consideration.
6063 is rated “Good” for forming and cold working operations,
“Excellent” for anodizing, and “Fair” for machining.
39. Surface Finish
Natural metallic finish
Bi – Metallic Contact
When two dissimilar metals are in contact in the presence
of an electrolyte, bi-metallic corrosion may occur, this may
result in the corrosion of the base metal while the ‘noble’
metal is protected.
The table indicates which metals may, in certain
circumstances, be used together.
40. Metals
StainlessSteel
MildSteel
AluminiumBronze
PhosphorBronze
Copper
CastIron
Aluminium
Zinc
Stainless Steel √√ X √ √ √ X X √
Mild Steel X √√ X X X √ X X
Aluminum Bronze √ X √√ √√ √√ X X X
Phosphor Bronze √ X √√ √√ √√ X X X
Copper √ X √√ √√ √√ X X X
Cast Iron X √ X X X √√ X X
Aluminum X X X X X X √√ √
Zinc √ X X X X X √ √√
Key
√√ Can be used in contact under all conditions
√ Can be used in contact under dry conditions ( i.e. cast-in, or within a cavity above d.p.c. level
except where the cavity is used for free drainage)
X Should not be used in contact
41. •Hot - Dip Galvanization (H.D.G) After Fabrication
ISO 1461 / ASTM A 123
H.D.G process consists of dipping steel in melted zinc at 450° Celsius temperature at
which iron and zinc share great affinity, and allowing an alloy to form where pure zinc
prevails to the outside.
Due to the difference of electrochemical potential between zinc and steel (catholic
protection), a zinc coating can protect steel in such a way that vigorous forces, such
as cutting, scratching or piercing, are equally protected against corrosion.
What considerably affects the appearance and gauge of galvanization is the contents
of alloy able elements that are generally present in steel: Carbon, magnesium, and
silicon. If the contents of these elements increase, the coating gauge also increases
and it becomes matte grey. The greatest effect is produced by silicon in concentrations
higher than 0.12%.
42. Hot - Dip Galvanizing at SFSP
Surface Preparations Galvanizing Inspections
Rinsing
Flux
Solution
Molten
Zinc Bath
Cooling and
Cleaning
Caustic
Cleansing
Pickling
43. Comparison on
Various Standards
HOT DIP
GALVANIZATION
Minimum zinc weight
Standard Products to be Galvanized Minimum Zinc Weight
On each Specimen of the Sample
Nature Thickness (mm) g/m² Thickness (µm)
International
Standard ISO
1461
Steel e<1
1≤e<3
3≤e<5
e≥5
250
325
395
505
35
45
55
70
United States
ASTM A-123
Steel 0.76≤e<1.6
1.6≤e<3.2
3.2≤e<6.4
e≥6.4
259
381
549
610
37
54
77
86
United Kingdom
BS 729
Steel 1≤e<2
2≤e<5
e≥5
-
-
-
-
-
-
Germany
DIN 50976
Steel e<1
1≤e<3
3≤e<6
e≥6
325
360
430
540
45
50
60
75
European
Standard
CEN
Steel e<1.5
1.5≤e<3
3≤e<6
e≥6
250
325
395
505
35
45
55
70
France
NFA 91-121
Steel e<1
1≤e<3
3≤e<5
e≥5
300
350
400
450
42
49
56
63
Italy
UNI 5744
Steel 1≤e<3
3≤e<6
e≥6
360
470
540
50
65
75
g/m² = µm x 7.067;
44. ASTM A 123 / A 123 M Requirements
•Coating Thickness / Weight – dependent upon material category and steel
thickness
•Finish – continuous, smooth, uniform
•Appearance – free from uncoated areas, blisters, flux deposits and gross dross
inclusions as well as having no heavy zinc deposits that interfere with intended use
•Adherence – the entire coating should have a strong adherence throughout the
service life of galvanized steel
Table.1 Minimum Average CoatingThickness Grade by Material Category
Material Category
All Specimen Test
Steel Thickness Range (Measured), in (mm)
<1.6 mm 1.6 to < 3.2
mm
3.2 to 4.8 mm >4.8 to < 6.4
mm
≥ 6.4
mm
Structural Shapes and
plate
45 65 75 85 100
Strip and Bar 45 65 75 85 100
Pipe and Tubing 45 45 75 75 75
Wire 35 50 60 65 80
46. The values in micrometer (µm) are based on the Coating
Grade.The other values are based on conversions using the
following formulas:
mils = µm x 0.03937; oz / ft² = µm x 0.02316;
g/m² = µm x 7.067; oz / ft² = g/m² x 0.00327
1 mil = 0.001 inch, 1 µm = 0.001 mm = 0.00003937 inches
51. •Zinc Electroplating After Fabrication
ASTM B633
In the electroplating process, the part to be zinc coated is
immersed in a solution of zinc ions.
An electric current causes the zinc to be deposited on the
part.
Zinc plated parts typically have a zinc coating of 0.2 to 0.5
mil (5µm to 25 µm) and are recommended for dry indoor
use.
52. Classification* Service Condition** Thickness Minimum µm (inch)
Fe / Zn 5 SC1 (mild) 5 (0.0002˝)
Fe / Zn 8 SC2 (moderate) 8 (0.0003˝)
Fe / Zn 12 SC3 (severe) 12(0.0005˝)
Fe / Zn 25 SC4 (very severe) 25(0.001˝)
* Iron or steel with zinc electroplate. Numerical thickness in micrometers
* * Where service conditions are valid only for coatings with chromate conversion coating.
Type II for SC4 and SC3 and type III for SC2 and SC1.
Thickness classes for Coatings for Zinc Plating
53. Zinc plated products have an attractive appearance when new, as the
zinc coating is bright and smooth, where a hot-dip galvanized
coating has a duller and less smooth surface. There is typically about
10 times as much as zinc applied to small parts in the hot-dip
galvanizing process as with zinc plating. But zinc plating will not
provide adequate corrosion resistance and will rarely provide more
than 12 months protection in most of the coastal population centers.
54. Standard Thickness
BS EN 12329:2000 FE / ZN SA 5 µm
BS EN 12329:2000 FE / ZN 12A & 12/C 12 µm
BS 1706 FE ZN 8c 2c 8 µm
BS 1706 FE ZN 5c 2c 5 µm
BS 3382 parts 1&2 1961 10 µm
Standards
Related Standards
ISO 2081-NEQ, NF A91-052, DIN 50961, ASTM B633
55. • Powder Coating
•Epoxy Coating powder types (EP)
•Polyester coating powder (SP)
•Polyester / epoxy coating powder (SP / EP)
•Epoxy coating powder types (EP) (5-15 µm) / Internal
EP coating powders possess very good chemical resistance and excellent
mechanical values such as high elasticity or impact resistance. Epoxy powders are
used for corrosion – resistant applications. They have no physiologically negative
characteristics. One disadvantage is their tendency to “ go chalky” and turn
yellow under external factors.
56. •Polyester coating powder (SP) (25 µm) / External
Polyester coating powders are weather proof and do not “go chalky”, so
they can be used out – doors. They have good mechanical properties
such as blow and impact resistance and
good adherence, which means that such
later processes as sawing, drilling, or
machining are also possible.
57. •Polyester / epoxy coating powder (SP / EP) / Internal & External
The mixing ratio between epoxy resin
and polyester resin varies between
60 / 40 and 10 / 90. The resultant
powder films are far more resistant to
yellowing and less liable to “go chalky”,
and also have excellent mechanical
qualities.
The range of colors includes the
whole of the standard RAL pallet and
many others.
58. •Specific Gravity: 1.20 – 1.90 g/cm3 depending on color and type.
RAL Colors
RAL 1013
BEIGE
RAL 1003
YELLOW
RAL 3020
RED
RAL 8014
BROWN
RAL 9003
BEIGE
RAL 7004
GREY
RAL 5015
BLUE
RAL 6005
GREEN