This document discusses scrap metal, which is a key raw material for steelmaking. It describes scrap metal as recyclable materials left over from product consumption. Scrap metal is divided into ferrous and nonferrous types, with ferrous scrap being iron and steel materials. Ferrous scrap is widely used in steelmaking as a raw material input and its use conserves natural resources. The document provides details on how scrap metal is collected, sorted, processed and used in steel production.

1. - a Raw Material for
Steelmaking
•Pawandeep Singh
•Pratyush Srivastava

2.  Scrap is recyclable and other materials left over from
every manner of product consumption.
 Scrap has significant monetary value.
 Scrap metal is divided into two types: ferrous and
nonferrous.
 Ferrous scrap is scrap iron and steel.
 It is key input material that is used in steel making
process.
 Use of scrap conserves raw material.
 EAFs(Electric Arc Furnace) allows steel to be made
from a 100% scrap metal feedstock.
 EAFs are better due to flexibility, less energy
consumption; although there are some issues like
environmental pollution and low purity production.

3.  Usage of scrap conserves raw material and
energy.
 Also, it reduces the burden on landfill disposal
facilities and prevents the accumulation of
abandoned steel products in the environment.
 The steel and foundry industries are also highly
dependent upon scrap.

4.  Scrap metal is divided into two types: ferrous and
nonferrous.
 Ferrous scrap is scrap iron and steel.
 This includes scrap from old automobiles, farm
equipment, household appliances, steel beams,
railroad tracks, ships, and food packaging and
other containers.
 Ferrous scrap accounts for the largest volume of
metal scrapped.
 Ferrous scrap is classified into almost 80 grades;
additionally, there are another 40 grades of
railroad ferrous scrap and even more grades of
alloy scrap.

5. Scrap
Home Scrap: Steel scrap Purchased Scrap
that is utilized within the
plant where it originates
Industrial (also called prompt or Obsolete scrap:
new scrap). scrap that is worn
Eg: piece of metal that is cut or out or unwanted in
drilled. its
form

6. Metal recycling is a pyramid industry with many small companies at the
bottom feeding scrap to large multinationals at the top.
 Sorting: Because magnets attract steel, this metal can be easily
separated from other recyclables like paper in a recycling facility with
magnetic belts. Different kinds of steel do not need to be separated.
 Shredding: Shredders incorporate rotating magnetic drums to extract
iron and steel from the mixture of metals and other materials.
 Media separation: Further separation is achieved using electrical
currents, high-pressure air flows and liquid floating systems. Other
processes may be necessary in cases such as steel cans which have a
protective layer of tin that must be removed and recycled separately.
 Shearing: Hydraulic machinery capable of exerting enormous pressure is
used to cut thick heavy steel recovered from railways and ships. Other
cutting techniques, such as the use of gas and plasma arch, are
sometimes employed.
 Baling: Iron and steel products are compacted into large blocks to
facilitate handling and transportation.

8.  Aeronautical and aerospace equipment, including airplanes and rockets;
 Aluminium siding, doors, and window frames;
 Appliances;
 Automobiles;
 Bed frames and mattress springs;
 Bicycles;
 Bridges;
 Cast iron sinks and bathtubs;
 Computers;
 Cooking pots and pans;
 Electrical wire;
 Elevators;
 Eyeglass frames;
 Farm equipment;
 Food and beverage containers;
 Hospital equipment;
 Industrial cuttings;
 Industrial machinery;
 Locks and doorknobs;
 Office equipment and furniture;
 Park and playground equipment;
 Pipe;
 Railroad and subway cars;
 Roadbed reinforcing bars;
 Roofing;
 Ships;
 Structural steel building frames;
 Telephone wire;
 Tools; and
 Toys.

9. Scrap recyclers purchase recyclables from various sources like:
 Manufacturers of metal products
 Airlines and railroad companies
 Apartment complexes
 Automobile dismantlers
 Auto mechanics
 Builders, roofers, and other construction sources
 Demolition contractors
 Factories;
 Mills
 Foundries
 Fabricators
 Farmers
 Municipal government agencies
 hospitals
 Universities
 Schools
 Machinists
 Appliance repair shops
 Municipal curbside collection programs
 Offices
 Stores
 Hotels and restaurants
 Plumbers and electricians
 The general public

10.  Heavy melting steel (HMS) or heavy melting scrap, is a
designation for recyclable steel and wrought iron.
 It is broken up into two major categories: HMS 1 and HMS 2.
 HMS 1 does not contain galvanized and blackened steel,
whereas HMS 2 does.
 Both HMS 1 and HMS 2 are available in different grades.
 Both HMS 1 & 2 comprise obsolete scrap only.
 This density, sizing and preparation makes for efficient
furnace operation by minimising the time to charge enough
scrap for a full melt. In contrast, thin mixed scrap greatly
increases charging time, cutting furnace productivity.
 HMS is usually traded as a blend of 1 & 2, either a premium
blend (80:20) or lower grade mixes (70:30) and (60:40).

11.  Cleanliness: grades shall be free of dirt,
nonferrous metals,
 or foreign material of any kind, and excessive
rust and corrosion.
 Off-grade material
 Residual Alloys
 Specifications as per Institute of Scrap Recycling
Industry
http://www.seas.columbia.edu/earth/RRC/docu
ments/scrap-specifications-circular-2007.pdf
page-16

12. Source:
http://www.eurofer.org/eurofer/docs/EurSteelScrapSpec.pdf

14.  Almost 40% of the world’s steel production is
made from scrap
 The recycled steel scrap users in India are
increasing at a rapid pace.
 India imports around 4-5 million tonnes per
annum.
 Steel scrap is one of the most price sensitive
commodities.
 Overseas seller doubt the credibility of buyer
 Indian mill face issues like quality, pricing,
logistics, financing, reliability.
 These factors lead to inclusion of traders and
agents in supply chain.

15.  Annual global scrap use in steelmaking has been
between 460m and 540m tonnes; while that
consumed in foundries is 56m and 76m tonnes.
 In the U.S. alone, scrap metal processors handle 56
million tons of scrap iron and steel yearly out of
which 10 million tons of scrap is from automobiles.
 According to McKinsey, until 2013 steel scrap
consumption will increase world-wide by 20%.
 India imports scrap steel mainly from U.S. and
Europe.