This document provides definitions and an overview of earthquake engineering. It defines earthquake engineering as the branch of engineering devoted to mitigating earthquake hazards. It discusses definitions of key terms like earthquakes, faults, and earthquake hazards. Specifically, it describes how earthquakes are caused by the sudden movement of tectonic plates or faults within the earth's crust. It also summarizes some of the main hazards caused by earthquakes like building and bridge collapses, landslides, fires, and tsunamis. Finally, it outlines the layout of the course which will cover topics like seismicity, earthquake analysis methods, earthquake-resistant design of structures, and practical considerations.

1. EARTHQUAKE
ENGINEERING
1.1. Introduction
1.1.1. Definitions
1.1.2. Earthquake Hazards
1.1.3. Course Layout

2. 1.1.1. DEFINITIONS
■ Earthquake Engineering
• can be defined as the branch of engineering devoted to mitigating
earthquake hazards. In this broad sense, earthquake engineering
covers the i
h investigation and solution of the problems created b
i i d l i f h bl d by
damaging earthquakes, and consequently the work involved in the
practical application of these solutions, i.e. in planning, designing,
constructing and managing earthquake resistant structures and
earthquake‐resistant
facilities.
■ Scope
• Seismicity ,Nature, Measures and Recording of earthquakes.
• Planning for Seismic Risk Assessment & Mitigation
• Analysis, Design and Construction of Earthquake Resistant Structures
• Evaluation of Buildings for Earthquake Resistance
• Retrofitting f Earthquake d
R t fitti of E th k damaged St t
d Structures
• Earthquake Management and Security

3. 1.1.1. DEFINITIONS
■ An Earthquake
• is the motion or vibration, sometimes violent, of the earth’s surface that follows
a release of energy in the earth’s crust. This energy can be generated by a
sudden dislocation of segments of the crust, by a volcanic eruption, or even by
sudden dislocation of segments of the crust by a volcanic eruption or even by
manmade explosions.
■ Sources of Ground Movements
• Tectonic Earthquakes
• Volcanoes
l
• Explosions
• Collapse of Mines & Large Reservoirs
• Tsunami

4. 1.1.2. EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS
■ Failure of Slopes

5. 1.1.2. EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS
■ Occurrence of Fire

6. 1.1.2. EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS
■ Building Collapse

7. 1.1.2. EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS
■ Building Collapse

8. 1.1.2. EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS
■ Building Collapse

9. 1.1.2. EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS
■ Bridge Collapse

10. 1.1.2. EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS
■ Land Slide

11. 1.1.2. EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS
■ Disturbance

12. 1.1.2. EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS
■ Specific Failures
•
Collapse of the first storey and damage
due to pounding between adjacent
Collapse of a high-rise building because of buildings during the Kocaeli
failure of the columns at the first storey earthquake, Turkey, August 17, 1999,
during the Chi-Chi
d i th Chi Chi earthquake, T i
th k Taiwan, Magnitude 7 4
7.4
September 20, 1999, Magnitude 7.6

13. 1.1.2. EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS
May 2008 China Earthquake
y q
Date : May 12, 2008, 14:28
Magnitude : 8 0 Richter Scale Earthquake
8.0
Location : Sichuan, China
Death : 69,016
Missing :18,627
Injured : 373,573
Displaced :15,006,341
:15 006 341
School Destroyed : 6,898
Rescue workers : 130,000
Prof.Dr. Osman Shaalan Earthquake Engineering Dr. Tharwat Sakr

14. 1.1.2. EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS
4.5M homes destroyed
4 5M h d d
Some counties completely
wiped off the map
More than 11M people Displaced
At this moment
Prof.Dr. Osman Shaalan Earthquake Engineering Dr. Tharwat Sakr

15. 1.1.2. EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS
Thousands of tents are needed
Food and water are needed
Medical supplies are needed
Prof.Dr. Osman Shaalan Earthquake Engineering Dr. Tharwat Sakr

16. 1.1.3. COURSE LAYOUT
1 ■ Introduction
2 ■ Seismicity : Nature, Measures and Characteristics of
Earthquakes
3■ Methods of Earthquake Analysis of Structures
y
Time History
Response Spectrum
Equivalent Static Loads
According to the Egyptian Code – UBC - IBC
4■ Earthquake Design of Structures
5■ P ti l and A hit t l C
Practical d Architectural Considerations
id ti

17. EARTHQUAKE
ENGINEERING
1.2. N
Nature of
f
Earthquakes
1.2.1. Causes of Earthquakes
1.2.2. Faults
1.2.3. Earthquake Effects

18. 1.2.1. Causes of Earthquakes
Tectonic Earthquakes
are caused by the sudden dislocation of large rock masses along
geological faults within the earth's crust. The Earth is formed of
several l
l layers that h
h have very diffdifferent physical and chemical
h i l d h i l
properties. The outer layer, which averages about 70 kilometers
in thickness, consists of about a dozen large, irregularly shaped
plates that slide over under and past each other on top of the
over,
partly molten inner layer .Most earthquakes occur at the
boundaries where the plates meet .
Plate Tectonic Interactions
Flash movie
Dr. Osman Shalan Dr. Tharwat Sakr

19. 1.2.1. Causes of Earthquakes
Volcanic Earthquakes
Earthquakes that can be
reasonably associated with
volcanoes are relatively rare
and fall into three categories:
(i) volcanic explosions,
(ii) shallow earthquakes from
magma movements, and
(iii) sympathetic tectonic
earthquakes
Dr. Osman Shalan Dr. Tharwat Sakr

20. 1.2.1. Causes of Earthquakes
Explosions
Earthquakes may be produced
q y p
by the underground
detonation of chemical or
nuclear devices When a
devices.
nuclear device is detonated in
a borehole underground,
enormous nuclear energy is
released .
Dr. Osman Shalan Dr. Tharwat Sakr

21. 1.2.1. Causes of Earthquakes
Collapse Earthquakes
Collapse earthquakes are small earthquakes occur in
regions of underground caverns and mines. The immediate
cause of ground shaking is the sudden collapse of the roof
g g p
of the mine or cavern.
Dr. Osman Shalan Dr. Tharwat Sakr

22. 1.2.1. Causes of Earthquakes
Large Reservoir-induced Earthquakes
Reservoir-
The idea that earthquakes might be triggered by impounding
q g gg y p g
surface water is not new. The first detailed evidence of such an
effect came with the filling of Lake Mead behind Hoover Dam
(height 221 m. After impounding began , reports of local shaking
became prevalent.
b l t
Dr. Osman Shalan Dr. Tharwat Sakr

23. 1.2.1. Causes of Earthquakes
Tsunami
Underwater earthquakes,
volcanoes, or landslides
can produce a tsunami or
tidal wave. This wave can
travel very rapidly
thousands of miles across
the ocean. In deep water
the tsunami may only raise
the ocean level by a few
centimeters,
centimeters hardly enough
to notice. But as it
approaches land, the
shallower water causes the
wave to build in height to
as much as 10-20 meters
or more and suddenly
flood coastal areas
Dr. Osman Shalan Dr. Tharwat Sakr

24. 1.2.2. Faults
Definition
A fault is a fracture within some
particular rocky mass within the
earth's crust. Th d h and
h' The depth d
length of faults vary greatly.
Faults may range in length from
few meters to many kilometers
and are drawn on a geological
map as continuous or broken
lines. Earthquakes are caused by
q y
active faults, that is, faults along
faults
which the two sides of the
fracture move with respect to
each other. S an earthquake i
h th So, th k is
caused by the sudden movement
of the two sides of a fault with
respect to another .
Dr. Osman Shalan Dr. Tharwat Sakr

25. 1.2.2. Faults
Active Faults
Prof.Dr. Osman Shaalan Dr. Tharwat Sakr

26. 1.2.2. Faults
Tectonic Plates
Dr. Osman Shalan Dr. Tharwat Sakr

27. 1.2.2. Faults
Types of Faults
a) Normal faults
These occur in response to pulling
or tension: the overlying bl k
i h l i block
moves down the dip of the fault
plane. movie
b) Thrust (reverse) faults
These occur in response to
squeezing or compression: the
overlying block moves up the dip
y g p p
of the fault plane. movie
c) Strike‐slip (lateral) faults
Strike‐
These occur in response to either
type of stress: th bl k move
t f t the blocks
horizontally past one another .
movie
Prof.Dr. Osman Shaalan Earthquake Engineering Dr. Tharwat Sakr

28. 1.2.2. Faults
Earthquake Generation (Theory of Elastic Rebound
Rebound)
Elastic Rebound Model of Earthquake
Elastic Rebound Model of Earthquake
movie
Prof.Dr. Osman Shaalan Earthquake Engineering Dr. Tharwat Sakr

29. 1.2.2. Faults
Earthquake Focus
The point on the fault where
rupture initiates is referred to
as the f
h focus or h hypocentert
of an earthquake.
The hypocenter of an
earthquake is described by
q y
its depth in kilometers, its
map location in latitude and The term epicenter is the
longitude, its date and time point on the earth’s surface
earth s
of occurrence, and i
f d its directly above the
magnitude hypocenter
Prof. Dr. Osman Shaalan Earthquake Engineering Dr. Tharwat Sak

30. 1.2.3. Earthquake Effects
How do Earthquakes affect Structures?
q
1‐ By inertial forces
generated b severe
d by
ground shaking
Overturning collapse of a high-rise building
Chi Chi
Chi-Chi earthquake, Taiwan, September 20,
1999, Magnitude 7.6
Prof.Dr. Osman Shaalan Earthquake Engineering Dr. Tharwat Sakr

31. 1.2.3. Earthquake Effects
How do Earthquakes affect Structures?
q
2. By earthquake‐
induced fires:
i d d fi
Damage caused by the earthquake induced fires
Hanshin (Kobe) earthquake, January 17, 1995, Japan,
Magnitude 6.9
Prof.Dr. Osman Shaalan Earthquake Engineering Dr. Tharwat Sakr

32. 1.2.3. Earthquake Effects
How do Earthquakes affect Structures?
q
3. By changing the physical properties of the foundation soils such as
Liquefaction:
Overturning due to liquefaction
g q
Damage due to liquefaction
Kocaeli earthquake, Turkey, 1999, Magnitude 7.4
1964 Niigata, Japan, earthquake.
Prof.Dr. Osman Shaalan Earthquake Engineering Dr. Tharwat Sakr

33. 1.2.3. Earthquake Effects
How do Earthquakes affect Structures?
q
4. By direct fault displacement at the site of a structure:
Prof.Dr. Osman Shaalan Earthquake Engineering Dr. Tharwat Sakr

34. 1.2.3. Earthquake Effects
How do Earthquakes affect Structures?
q
5. By landslides, or other movement:
Prof.Dr. Osman Shaalan Earthquake Engineering Dr. Tharwat Sakr

35. 1.2.3. Earthquake Effects
How do Earthquakes affect Structures?
q
6. By seismic sea waves (tsunamis) or fluid motions in
reservoirs and lakes (seiches):
Prof.Dr. Osman Shaalan Earthquake Engineering Dr. Tharwat Sakr

36. 1.2. Nature of Earthquakes
Questions (refer to Project Group Pageِ Assignment (1))
Pageِ (1
Prof. Dr. Osman Shaalan Earthquake Engineering Dr. Tharwat Sakr