This document provides an introduction to earthquake resistant design. It discusses how adopting building codes with seismic design and construction requirements helps communities protect citizens from earthquakes. It also describes methods to construct earthquake resistant buildings, such as using base isolators with layers of rubber and steel to absorb earthquake energy. Engineers aim to increase structures' natural periods, install energy dissipating devices, and use reinforcement like securing buildings to foundations. The document outlines the basics of earthquake engineering and importance of minimizing earthquake impacts. It discusses seismic waves, seismographs, potential ground failures, and indirect quake effects like tsunamis. Historical earthquakes are also summarized along with the causes and forces of earthquakes.
Introduction of earthquake
focus and epicenter of an earthquake.
Relate earthquake activity to plate tectonics
Describe the types of waves emitted during an earthquake.
Distinguish between earthquake intensity and magnitude.
Review some current methods of earthquake prediction.
Preparation and steps during and after earthquake.
Introduction of earthquake
focus and epicenter of an earthquake.
Relate earthquake activity to plate tectonics
Describe the types of waves emitted during an earthquake.
Distinguish between earthquake intensity and magnitude.
Review some current methods of earthquake prediction.
Preparation and steps during and after earthquake.
Introduction of earthquake
focus and epicenter of an earthquake.
Relate earthquake activity to plate tectonics
Describe the types of waves emitted during an earthquake.
Distinguish between earthquake intensity and magnitude.
Review some current methods of earthquake prediction.
Preparation and steps during and after earthquake.
this paper tells about reasons for earthquakes, how the earthquakes happen,earthquake effects on buildings,how the buildings are respond to the earthquakes and design methods to be fallowed while designing a structure to resist earthquakes
About the most commonly occuring and life threatening natural disaster "Earthquake" with its common causes and effects.
Also, a brief about earthquake-resistant structures .
Introduction of earthquake
focus and epicenter of an earthquake.
Relate earthquake activity to plate tectonics
Describe the types of waves emitted during an earthquake.
Distinguish between earthquake intensity and magnitude.
Review some current methods of earthquake prediction.
Preparation and steps during and after earthquake.
this paper tells about reasons for earthquakes, how the earthquakes happen,earthquake effects on buildings,how the buildings are respond to the earthquakes and design methods to be fallowed while designing a structure to resist earthquakes
About the most commonly occuring and life threatening natural disaster "Earthquake" with its common causes and effects.
Also, a brief about earthquake-resistant structures .
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
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Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
2. INTODUCTION TO EARTHQUAKE
RESISTANT DESIGN
One of the primary ways a community protects itself and its
individual citizens from potential earthquake disasters is by
adopting and enforcing a building code with appropriate
seismic design and construction requirements.
4. EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT STRUCTURES
While it is not possible to accurately predict earthquakes, measures
can be taken to reduce the devastation by constructing earthquake-
resistant structures.
In earthquake-prone areas, buildings are now being constructed with
moorings filled with alternating layers of rubber and steel. These are
called base isolators. The rubber acts as an “earthquake absorber.”
Buildings with these types of moorings are designed to withstand a
magnitude 8.3 earthquake.
5. In attempts to reduce damage to
structures, engineers try to
1. Increase the natural period of the
structure through “base isolation.”
2. Install “energy dissipating devices”
to dampen the system.
3. Simple reinforcement methods used by
engineers include using large bolts to
secure buildings to their foundations,
as well as providing supporting walls,
or shear walls, made of reinforced
concrete. This can help to reduce the
rocking effect of a building during and
after a seismic event.
6. EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
- a branch of civil engineering that provides the
principles and procedures for planning, analysis and design
of structures and facilities that are capable of resisting effect
of earthquakes
7. IMPORTANCE OF EARTHQUAKE
ENGINEERINNG
• with this principles and techniques, societies can atleast minimized if not
completely eliminate earthquake catastrophes.
• Provides different principles and procedure for:
a. the selection of proper location of structures
b. the estimation of earthquakes force in a given time intervals
c. analysis of maximum stresses and deformation in affected structure
and environment
d. improvement of soil and stabilization of natural slope
8. It is based on the concepts from :
• Seismology
• Geology
• Probability theory
• Geotechnical Engineering
• Structural Engineering
• Structural Dynamics
9. EARTHQUAKE
• It strike w/o warning
• occur within the Earth’s crust along faults that suddenly release
large amounts of energy that have built up over long periods of time.
• Damage for inhabited areas due to natural hazard
• is manifested as ground shaking caused by the sudden released of
energy in earth crust.
10.
11. SEISMIC WAVES
- are generated when rock within the crust breaks, producing a
tremendous amount of energy. The energy released moves out in all
directions as waves, much like ripples radiating outward when you drop
a pebble in a pond.
12. SEISMOGRAPH
• Seismographs are stationed on the flanks of the volcano
• These record the frequency, duration and intensity of the earthquakes
and report it back to the volcano observatory.
13.
14. DAMAGING EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKES
by causing ground failure
producing other effect that may indirect affect the
structure
By shaking the ground on which the structure rest
15. POSSIBLE GROUND FAILURES
• Surface Faulting
• Ground Cracking
• Ground Subsidence
• Land Slides
• Soil Liquefaction
16. • Earthquake Faulting- during an earthquake the side of a fault may slip
relative to one another.
• Ground Cracking- is possible when the soil at the same surface losses it’s
support and sinks or when it is transported to a different location.
• Ground Subsidence- is a phenomenon in w/c the ground surface of the sites
settles or depresses as a result of the compaction induced by the vibratory effect
of the earthquake. Involves a uniform soil deformation , usually cause only
minor damage to a building .
• Landslides – failure of a slope that are marginally stable before the
earthquake and become unstable as a result of a violent shaking generated by
earthquake.
• Soil Liquefaction- soil temporary change from solid to liquid state and it’s
loose.
18. • Tsunami – are large sea waves generated by a sudden depression of the
ocean floor.
19.
20.
21. • Seiches- are long period oscillating waves generated by
distant earthquakes in enclosed body of water such as bays,
lakes, reservoir, and even swimming pools.
22. SOURCES OF EARTHQUAKE
1.Orogenic movements such as mountain building
2. Subduction and plate convection followed by geothermal and
mechanical disturbances
3. Volcanic activity
4. Land erosion
23. Orogenic movements
• Orogenic movements and crust convection are mainly responsible for mountain
building and valley forming—in other words, the constant changes affecting the
surface of the earth.
Subduction
As the ocean floor exerts pressure on the coastline of the continent, the leading
edge of the ocean floor is pushed under the continent, carrying down sea deposits,
including the remains of organisms
26. DESIGN FOR EARTHQUAKE FORCES
• Identification of the source of earthquakes
• Determine the probable size of future earthquakes
• Orientation of seismic source with respect to structures
location
• Analysis and improvement of foundation soil to asses it’s
susceptibility to earthquakes effect.
27. HISORICAL BACKROUND
Robert Mallet – an Irish civil Engineer ,is often cited as the first earthquake
engineer and his report on the 1857 Naples Earthquake is consider to be the
first scientific investigation that included observation of the seismological,
geological, and engineering aspect of earthquakes.
Nobi Earthquake ( Japan in 1891)- modern earthquakes on earthquake
resistant structure began ,produce 7000 deaths : also known as Mino-Owari
Earthquakes, first proposed the used of a lateral force equal to a fraction of the
total weight of a building to account for the forces exerted on building by
earthquakes.
28. Messina Earthquake(1908)
- in Italy this earthquakes produced 58000 deaths, lead to the opponent of
a committee composed of practicing and academic engineers to study the
earthquakes and the formulation of practical recommendation for the seismic
design of buildings.
29. HISTORY OF MAJOR INTERNATIONAL AND
PHILIPPINE EARTHQUAKE
• SOME OF THE PHILIPPINES’ NOTABLE EARTHQUAKE
EXPERIENCES
COTOBATO: DAMAGED BRIDGE
Unfortunately, there was no time for the Pacific Tsunami Warning
Center to issue a warning before a large local tsunami struck the
region just minutes after the earthquake,
33. • The earthquake occurred on the Philippine fault system, a well-known strike-slip
fault zone.
• The rupture produced a 125 km-long surface scarp stretching from Dingalan,
Aurora to Cuvapo, Nueva Eciia.
INTERNATIONAL HISTORY
One of the most devastating earthquakes in history occurred on 23
January 1556 in the Shaanxi province, China, killing more than 830,000
people (see 1556 Shaanxi earthquake). Most of the population in the
area at the time lived in yaodongs, artificial caves in loess cliffs, many of
which collapsed during the catastrophe with great loss of life. The 1976
Tangshan earthquake, with death toll estimated to be between 240,000
to 655,000, is believed to be the largest earthquake of the 20th century
by death toll.
39. • "Ring of Fire" is a circular arc of active volcanoes that surrounds the Pacific
Ocean basin.
• Also known as Circum-pacific Seismic- Belt
Zones that includes Ring of Fire
1. A zone that extends from the Aleutian Islands through Alaska; the Pacifi c
side of Canada, the United States, and Mexico; Central America; the Pacifi c
side of Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru all the way down to Chile
2. A zone that goes from the Kamchatka Peninsula in Russia; through the Kuril
Islands, Japan, Taiwan, the Philippines; to New Guinea, Indonesia, and New
Zealand .
40. “
”
THERE IS NO PERFECT DESIGN IN THE
WORLD EXCEPT IN GOD’S DESIGN