This document discusses seismic waves, earthquakes, and seismology. It begins by listing the objectives of describing seismic wave types, finding earthquake epicenters, earthquake magnitude scales, and challenges predicting earthquakes. It then defines earthquakes and seismology, the study of earthquakes. It describes how seismographs are used to record seismic waves from earthquakes. It discusses elastic rebound theory, earthquake focus and epicenter, where earthquakes occur, and the different types of seismic waves. The document concludes by covering earthquake classification, damage causes, challenges predicting earthquakes, earthquake prone areas, and safety tips before, during, and after an earthquake.
WHAT IS AN EARTHQUAKE?
Where Do Earthquakes Happen?
Why Do Earthquakes Happen?
How Are Earthquakes Studied?
How To Locate The Earthquake's Epicenter?
SCALES FOR EARTHQUAKE MEASUREMENT
What Are Earthquake Hazards?
WHAT IS AN EARTHQUAKE?
Where Do Earthquakes Happen?
Why Do Earthquakes Happen?
How Are Earthquakes Studied?
How To Locate The Earthquake's Epicenter?
SCALES FOR EARTHQUAKE MEASUREMENT
What Are Earthquake Hazards?
This presentation gives detailed information about earthquake , its types , waves , faults , especially in asian countries .A detailed case study of earthquake In NEPAL in 2015 is also covered in this with pictures . Also how it is measured and its warning system , vulnerability, deployment and future aspects has been covered .
HOPE YOU LIKE IT AND GET FULL INFORMATION!!!!!
This presentation contains the brief introduction to earthquake,its effect,causes etc..
And case study of kuchha(bhuj),Gujarat Earthquake on 26th january,2001
Earthquakes are the shaking, rolling or sudden shock of the earth’s surface. They are the Earth's natural means of releasing stress. Earthquakes can be felt over large areas.
Earthquakes cannot be predicted, although scientists are working on it.
What is fault?
Fault terminology
Fault plane:
Hanging wall
Foot wall
Slip and separation:
Separation
Classification of faults
Apparent movement as basis
Normal faults
Graben
Reverse faults:
Strike – slip faults
On the basis of altitude (dip and strike)
Mode of occurrences as basis
Parallel faults
Enechelon faults
Peripheral faults
Radial faults
On the basis of slip
Engineering consideration of faults
Seismic waves are the waves of energy caused by the sudden breaking of rock within the earth or an explosion.
Response of material to the arrival of energy fronts released by rupture.
Energy that travels through the earth and is recorded on seismographs.
This presentation gives detailed information about earthquake , its types , waves , faults , especially in asian countries .A detailed case study of earthquake In NEPAL in 2015 is also covered in this with pictures . Also how it is measured and its warning system , vulnerability, deployment and future aspects has been covered .
HOPE YOU LIKE IT AND GET FULL INFORMATION!!!!!
This presentation contains the brief introduction to earthquake,its effect,causes etc..
And case study of kuchha(bhuj),Gujarat Earthquake on 26th january,2001
Earthquakes are the shaking, rolling or sudden shock of the earth’s surface. They are the Earth's natural means of releasing stress. Earthquakes can be felt over large areas.
Earthquakes cannot be predicted, although scientists are working on it.
What is fault?
Fault terminology
Fault plane:
Hanging wall
Foot wall
Slip and separation:
Separation
Classification of faults
Apparent movement as basis
Normal faults
Graben
Reverse faults:
Strike – slip faults
On the basis of altitude (dip and strike)
Mode of occurrences as basis
Parallel faults
Enechelon faults
Peripheral faults
Radial faults
On the basis of slip
Engineering consideration of faults
Seismic waves are the waves of energy caused by the sudden breaking of rock within the earth or an explosion.
Response of material to the arrival of energy fronts released by rupture.
Energy that travels through the earth and is recorded on seismographs.
Another re-imagined and refined presentation. Thanks to all the staff & pupils for allowing me the time and space to work on this.
Any feedback would be really useful.
Thanks
Simon
Prezentarea notiunilor de baza din seismologie realizata de Prof. Marijan - HerakDepartment al Facultatii de Geofizica din cadrul Universitatii de Stiinte din Zagreb, Croatia.
An earthquake is a violent and abrupt shaking of the ground, caused by movement between tectonic plates along a fault line in the earth's crust. Earthquakes can result in the ground shaking, soil liquefaction, landslides, fissures, avalanches, fires and tsunamis.
How do you describe an earthquake?
A large earthquake far away will feel like a gentle bump followed several seconds later by stronger rolling shaking that may feel like sharp shaking for a little while. A small earthquake nearby will feel like a small sharp jolt followed by a few stronger sharp shakes that pass quickly.
Civil Engineering
Earth Quake Data
Earth Layers
Plate Tectonics
Seismic Waves
Effects of Earthquake
Epicenter of Earthquake
Damages by Earthquake
This presentation focuses on What is an Earthquake,measurement of Earthquake,Terminologies in earthquakes,Seismic waves and its prediction & forecasting.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
2. OBJECTIVES
List the different types of seismic waves, their
different properties and describe how seismologists
can use them to learn about earthquakes and the
Earth's interior.
Describe how to find an earthquake epicenter.
Describe the different earthquake magnitude scales
and what the numbers for moment magnitude
mean.
Describe how earthquakes are predicted and why
the field of earthquake prediction has had little
success.
3. WHAT ARE EARTHQUAKES?
The shaking or trembling caused by the
sudden release of energy.
Usually associated with faulting or
breaking of rocks.
4. STUDYING EARTHQUAKES
Seismology --The study of earthquakes and
the waves they create.
Seismologists --Scientists who study and
measure earthquakes to learn more about
them and to use them for geological
discovery.
5. SEISMOGRAPHS
Modern day
scientists use a
instrument called a
seismograph to
record earthquakes.
Seismogram is
a graph output by a
seismograph.
This instrument
records earthquakes
using waves.
The larger the waves
the larger the
earthquake.
6. ELASTIC REBOUND THEORY
Explains how energy is
stored in rocks
Rocks bend until the
strength of the rock is
exceeded.
Rupture occurs and
the rocks quickly
rebound to an
undeformed shape.
Energy is released in
waves that radiate
outward from the fault.
7. The Focus and Epicenter of an
Earthquake
The point within Earth
where faulting begins
is the focus, or
hypocenter.
The point directly
above the focus on
the surface is the
epicenter.
8. WHERE DO EARTHQUAKES
OCCUR AND HOW OFTEN?
Abt 80% of all earthquakes occur in the circum-Pacific
belt.
Most of these result from convergent margin activity.
Abt 15% occur in the Mediterranean-Asiatic belt.
Remaining 5% occur in the interiors of plates and on
spreading ridge centers.
9. SEISMIC WAVES
Seismic waves are waves of
energy that travel through
the Earth's layers, and are a
result of an earthquake.
Two types:
Body waves
-- Primary(p) waves and
-- Secondary(s) waves
Surface waves
-- Love waves and
-- Rayleigh waves
10. BODY WAVES
Primary waves (p)
fastest waves.
travel through solids, liquids, or gases.
compressional wave, material movement is in the
same direction as wave movement.
Secondary waves(s)
slower than P waves.
travel through solids only.
shear waves - move material perpendicular to
wave movement.
11.
12. SURFACE WAVE
Two types
Love waves-- are horizontally polarized shear waves
existing only in the presence of a semi-infinite
medium overlain by an upper layer of finite
thickness.
travel slightly faster than Rayleigh waves.
Rayleigh waves--travel as ripples with motions that
are similar to those of waves on the surface of water
They are slower than body waves.
In the layered medium (like the crust and upper
mantle) it depends on their frequency and
13.
14. TYPES OF EARTHQUAKES
Tectonic Earthquakes --occur when rocks in
the earth's crust break due to geological forces
created by movement of tectonic plates.
Volcanic Earthquakes occur in conjunction
with volcanic activity.
Explosive Earthquakes result from the
explosion of nuclear and chemical devices.
Collapse Earthquakes are small earthquakes
in underground caverns and mines.
15. CLASSIFICATION OF EARTHQUAKE
Earthquakes are usually classified on the following
bases:
(a) Cause of origin;
(b) Depth of focus; and
(c) Intensity and magnitude of earthquake.
16. (A) CAUSE OF ORIGIN:
(i) Tectonic
Earthquakes occur when the plates move against
one another. This movement can create stress that
causes the Earth's exterior shell, the lithosphere, to
shift or break.
(ii) Non-tectonic earthquakes.
The non-tectonic earthquakes are mainly of three
types due to surface causes, volcanic causes and
collapse of cavity roofs .
17. (B) DEPTH OF FOCUS
(i) Surface-earthquakes : Surface-earthquakes are
those in which the depth of the focus is less than
10,000 metres.
(ii) Shallow-earthquakes : The earthquakes with the
hypocentre at a depth of 10 to 50.
(iii) Intermediate-focus earthquakes : When the
earthquake is originated at a depth of 50 to 300
Kms.
(iv) Deep-focus earthquakes : The deep-focus
earthquakes or the plutonic earthquakes are those
with hypocentres located at depths more than 300
kms. Majority of the deep focus earthquakes
originate between 500 and 700 kms.
18. (C) INTENSITY AND MAGNITUDE OF
EARTHQUAKES
Rossi-Forrel's Scale
Mercalli Scale
Richter Scale
19. (I) ROSSI-FORREL'S SCALE
The 1873 version of the Rossi–Forel scale had
10 intensity levels:
I. Microseismic tremor
II. Extremely feeble tremor.
III. Feeble tremor.
IV. Slight tremor
V. Moderate tremor
VI. Strong tremor
VII. Very strong tremor.
VIII. Damaging tremor
IX. Devastating tremor.
X. Extremely high intensity tremor.
21. Magnitude
Richter scale measures
total amount of energy
released by an
earthquake; independent
of intensity.
Amplitude of the largest
wave produced by an
event is corrected for
distance and assigned a
value on an open-ended
logarithmic scale .
25. CAN EARTHQUAKES BE PREDICTED?
With the present state of scientific knowledge, it is
not possible to predict earthquakes and certainly
not possible to specify in advance their exact date,
time and location.
However, a great deal of research is being
conducted to develop reliable prediction methods
such as
Unusual behavior of animal.
Radon gas emission.
Electro-magnetic variations, etc .
29. TO DO BEFORE ,DURING ,AFTER
EARTHQUAKE
Before the Earthquake:
-- Learn first aid,Be prepared to act.
-- Stock up on emergency supplies.
-- Arrange your work area for safety.
During an Earthquake:
-- Remain calm as the quake occurs.
-- Don't use elevators.
-- Drop down; take cover under a desk or table and hold on.
After an Earthquake:
--Remain calm and reassuring.
-- ready to act without electricity or lights.
-- If you must leave a building, use extreme caution
-- Use telephones only to report a life-threatening
emergency.
30. HELPLINE GIVEN
North and Central America UNESCO-HELP
Basins.
Brazil National Water Agency Delegation.
USACE Global and Climate Scientists Featured.
PIANC USA Commissions.
U.S. Geological Survey.
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation and Sandia
National
Upper Rio Grande Commissions.