The document discusses earthquakes, including their causes, effects, measurement, prediction, and mitigation. Earthquakes result from the sudden release of energy stored in the Earth's crust. They can be measured on the Richter scale or Mercalli scale. Major earthquakes in recent history caused extensive damage and loss of life, such as the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake which killed over 280,000 people. Mitigation efforts aim to lessen earthquake impacts through building design, preparation, and education. Earthquake prediction and management seeks to anticipate quakes and coordinate emergency response.

1. EARTHQUAKE
Azra Qaseem
Student of M.Sc.(final year)
Department of Environmental Sciences
Kamla Nehru Institute of Physical and Social Sciences,
Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh.

2. Content
• Earthquake
• Terminology
• Cause of Earthquake
• Measuring of Earthquake
• Classification of Earthquake
• Effect of Earthquake
• Prediction of Earthquake
• Mitigation
• Management of Earthquake
• Conclusion

3. Earthquake
• The vibration in Earth crust with sudden release of
energy with displacement of mass due to strain at
faults by virtue of gravity is known as earthquake.
• An earthquake is a phenomenon that results from the
sudden release of stored energy in the Earth's crust
that creates seismic waves. At the Earth's surface,
earthquakes may manifest themselves by a shaking or
displacement of the ground and sometimes tsunamis,
which may lead to loss of life and destruction of
property.
• Earthquakes may occur naturally or as a result of
human activities. In its most generic sense, the word
earthquake is used to describe any seismic event—
whether a natural phenomenon or an event caused by
humans—that generates seismic waves.

4. Terminology
• Focus: The plane or point of origin of an earth quake below the surface of the earth
is terminal as its hypocenter or focus or point of origin.
• Epicenter: The point or place on the surface vertically above the focus of a
particular earthquake is termed as its epicenter.
• Seismic wave: The energy release from the focus is travels in the form of elastic
waves at different periodical intervals is known as seismic waves. It is of three
different types:
WAVES
P-WAVES S- Waves L- Waves

6. P-Waves/ Primary waves
• These are the high speed seismic wave, which
move in straight line sound wave. The speed
of these waves are maximum in solid.
Vp = √ λ+2µ/ρ
λ and µ= elastic constant
ρ= density

7. P-Waves

8. S- Wave / Secondary waves / Transverse wave
• The nature of these waves resemble with
water and light waves. These waves passes at
perpendicular from the direction of particles
movement.
Vs = √ µ/ρ
µ= elastic constant
ρ= density

9. S- Wave

10. L- Waves/Longitudinal waves/ surface waves
• These waves more slowly near the surface layers of earth. In
character, these waves are of two types.

11. Movement of
Tectonic Plates
Volcanic Activity
Cosmic Activity
Fracturing and
Faulting
(Mega-thrust)

12.  Injection & Extraction of fluids
 Nuclear testing
 Deep Mining
 Large dam reservoirs

13. Boundaries and Movements

14. Global Distribution of Plate Tectonic

15. Measuring of Earthquake
• There are two different ways to measure the
intensity of earthquake:
Mercalli intensity scale Richter Magnitude Scale

17. Richter Magnitude Scale

18. Richter Magnitude Scale

19. Earthquake
classification
Magnitude Range Number of
Earthquake per
Year
Great ≥8 1
Major 7-7.9 18
Strong 6-6.9 120
Moderate 5-5.9 800
Light 4-4.9 6,200
Minor 3-3.9 49,000
Tremors 2-2.9 3,00,000

20. Magnitude
What Controls the Level of Shaking?
The more energy released, the greater potential for damage, regardless of all other factors (and
greater areal extent).
Distance
Shaking decays with distance
Local soils and bedrock geology
Soil characteristics may amplify the shaking.
(seasonal climatic variations can impact this)
Complex geology tends to dampen waves
FACTORS EFFECTING THE DESTRUCTIVENESS OF
AN EARTHQUAKE
Building codes and materials

21. Damage to human
structures
Damages to the towns and
cities
Loss of human lives and
property
Deformation of ground
surface
Fires
Landslide
Flash flood
Tsunami

22. 18
September 2011, 6.9 magnitude, killing about 118
people
 10 August
2009, 7.7 magnitude, 26 killed
26 December
2004, 9.3 magnitude, 283,106 killed
26 January 2001,
7.6 magnitude, 20,000 killed
September
30, 1993, 6.4 magnitude, Over 20,000 people were
killed,

23. BHUJ EARTHQUAKE OF 26 JANUARY 2001
IN GUJRAT
Magnitude - 7.6
Death - 19,727
Injured - 166,000
Left Homeless - 600,000
Destroyed House – 348,000
Damaged - 844,000
The Indian state department estimates that the
earthquake affected directly or indirectly 15.9
million people out of a total population of 37.8
millions. More than 20,000 cattle are reported
killed.

24. 26 December 2004
9.1–9.3 magnitude
280,000 deaths
Affected areas -
Indonesia , Sri
Lanka, India (mostly
in Tamil Nadu),
Thailand, Maldives,
Somalia

25.  8 October 2005,
7.6 magnitude,
100,000 died,
 138,000 injured,
 3.5 million displaced
 Areas affected -
Pakistan, India,
Afghanistan

26. 11 March 2011 ,
9.0 magnitude,
Duration-6 minutes
15,889 deaths,
6,152 injured,
2,609 people missing

27. NEPAL EARTH QUAKE 25 APRIL 2015
• Time= 11:56:26
Depth= 8.2 km
Magnitude= 7.8
Affected Countries=
India, China, Bangladesh
Casualties =8,857 dead
in Nepal and 9,018 total
death 21,952 injured

28. Prediction of Earthquakes
New technology introduced regarding predication of
earthquake:
1 – Thermal Infra Red Satellite Data
2 – Analysis of ULF/ VLF Electromagnetic signal
(ULF= Ultra Low Frequency / VLF= Very Low Frequency)
3 – Change in Magnetic properties of rocks
4 – Concentration of Radio Active gases in ground water
(Radon)
5 – Change in electrical sensitivity of the earth
6 – Advance assessment of anomalous behavior of animals
(Snakes, Cats, Dogs, Birds, Fishes, etc. )

29. Mitigation
You can’t stop an earthquake. But you can
lessen the effects of that earthquake:
• Making pentagonal houses
• If you are indoors, stay there. Get under a table
or a desk. If you don’t have a table to hide under,
drop to the floor in a sitting position and cover
your head
• Stay away from windows , the glass may shatter
and cut you
• Use steel rod in the place of iron rod in building
material

30. MANAGEMENT OF EARTHQUAKE
• Risk assessment and analysis of earthquake hazards
• Preparation of earthquake vulnerability and risk zones
maps
• Prediction of occurrence of earthquakes
• Earthquake disaster preparedness exercises
• Search and rescue operation exercises
• Relief operation after the occurrence of earthquake
disaster
• Recovery of disaster- affected people from mental,
economics and social problems
• Rehabilitations of displaced peoples, etc.

31. The earthquake cause more damage and kill people
include deformation of ground surface ,damage and
destruction of human structure such as buildings rails,
roads,bridges,dams,factories,destruction of town and
cities,loss of human and animal lives and
property,voilent fires,landslides,floods,disturbance in
groundwater etc. Thus,we can say that earthquake
disaster is very dangerous for all living beings.
CONCLUSION

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