This document provides information on various geological hazards including earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, and tsunamis. It defines an earthquake as the shaking of the earth's surface from a sudden release of energy in the lithosphere. It describes the focus and epicenter of an earthquake and different types of volcanic eruptions and associated hazards. It also outlines different types of landslides and tsunamis, explaining they are large waves caused by displacement of water.
1) The document presents information on geological hazards, specifically earthquakes. It discusses different types of earthquakes including volcanic and tectonic, and describes the primary and secondary effects of earthquakes.
2) Primary effects include damage to buildings and infrastructure that can kill people, as well as shock and panic among those affected. Secondary effects consist of fires caused by damaged gas and electric lines, tsunamis triggered by undersea quakes, landslides, and disease outbreaks due to disrupted water supplies.
3) The presentation was submitted by Umair Khan to Madam Sana for a geology course at Bacha Khan University, covering the geological hazard of earthquakes.
Geologically active faults within 50 to 500km distance from Dhaka. Dhaka is among the 20 major world cities that are the greatest risk from earthquakes. Some of these earthquakes especially the 1762, 1812, 1865, 1885 and 1897 happened in Dhaka. If 7-8 grade in Richter Scale earthquake happen in Dhaka 70-80 percent concrete structures would just collapse and 30,00,000 peoples will die.
Earthquake: A Tragedy to life and propertyVanshika Singh
An earthquake is the shaking of the Earth's surface caused by a sudden release of energy in the Earth's lithosphere. This social science project discusses earthquakes, including what they are, their causes, effects, and protection against them. Some key points made are that earthquakes result from the movement of tectonic plates and built-up pressure being released. Their effects include ground shaking, ground ruptures, landslides, tsunamis, and fires. Protection involves earthquake-resistant building construction and safety precautions during shaking. Some of the deadliest earthquakes mentioned caused thousands of deaths, such as in Nepal in 2015 and Japan in 2011.
The document discusses earthquakes and tsunamis, their causes and effects. Earthquakes are caused by shifting tectonic plates and can damage structures, cause landslides and flash floods. Tsunamis are large sea waves typically caused by underwater earthquakes that can damage property, cause flooding and loss of life. The document recommends remedies like responsible planning, seismic retrofitting and high seawalls to minimize damage from these disasters.
This document provides information about different natural disasters including earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis, and mine disasters. It defines each disaster, describes how they occur, how they are measured or classified, safety precautions to take during each one, and methods to prevent or mitigate future risks. Key details covered include how seismic waves cause earthquakes, common causes and types of landslides, how tsunamis are generated by earthquakes and volcanic eruptions under water, and important accident causes and prevention recommendations for mine disasters.
Earthquakes are caused by both natural and human factors. Naturally, they result from the slow buildup of pressure along tectonic plate boundaries. Human causes include coal mining, construction of tall buildings, and dams. There are four main types of earthquakes classified by their origin. Earthquakes produce different types of seismic waves that cause damage. Mitigation efforts aim to reduce risks through regulations, education, and preparedness. At personal and government levels, precautions include earthquake-proof building techniques, emergency plans, and response coordination. Scientists study various prediction methods but cannot reliably forecast specific quakes. Developing countries often experience greater losses due to infrastructure and resources. Historic quakes in Haiti, San Francisco, and Chile caused
A series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a large lake. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions (including detonations, landslides, glacier calvings, meteorite impacts and other disturbances) above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami. Unlike normal ocean waves, which are generated by wind, or tides, which are generated by the gravitational pull of the Moon and the Sun, a tsunami is generated by the displacement of water by a large event.
This document provides information on various geological hazards including earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, and tsunamis. It defines an earthquake as the shaking of the earth's surface from a sudden release of energy in the lithosphere. It describes the focus and epicenter of an earthquake and different types of volcanic eruptions and associated hazards. It also outlines different types of landslides and tsunamis, explaining they are large waves caused by displacement of water.
1) The document presents information on geological hazards, specifically earthquakes. It discusses different types of earthquakes including volcanic and tectonic, and describes the primary and secondary effects of earthquakes.
2) Primary effects include damage to buildings and infrastructure that can kill people, as well as shock and panic among those affected. Secondary effects consist of fires caused by damaged gas and electric lines, tsunamis triggered by undersea quakes, landslides, and disease outbreaks due to disrupted water supplies.
3) The presentation was submitted by Umair Khan to Madam Sana for a geology course at Bacha Khan University, covering the geological hazard of earthquakes.
Geologically active faults within 50 to 500km distance from Dhaka. Dhaka is among the 20 major world cities that are the greatest risk from earthquakes. Some of these earthquakes especially the 1762, 1812, 1865, 1885 and 1897 happened in Dhaka. If 7-8 grade in Richter Scale earthquake happen in Dhaka 70-80 percent concrete structures would just collapse and 30,00,000 peoples will die.
Earthquake: A Tragedy to life and propertyVanshika Singh
An earthquake is the shaking of the Earth's surface caused by a sudden release of energy in the Earth's lithosphere. This social science project discusses earthquakes, including what they are, their causes, effects, and protection against them. Some key points made are that earthquakes result from the movement of tectonic plates and built-up pressure being released. Their effects include ground shaking, ground ruptures, landslides, tsunamis, and fires. Protection involves earthquake-resistant building construction and safety precautions during shaking. Some of the deadliest earthquakes mentioned caused thousands of deaths, such as in Nepal in 2015 and Japan in 2011.
The document discusses earthquakes and tsunamis, their causes and effects. Earthquakes are caused by shifting tectonic plates and can damage structures, cause landslides and flash floods. Tsunamis are large sea waves typically caused by underwater earthquakes that can damage property, cause flooding and loss of life. The document recommends remedies like responsible planning, seismic retrofitting and high seawalls to minimize damage from these disasters.
This document provides information about different natural disasters including earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis, and mine disasters. It defines each disaster, describes how they occur, how they are measured or classified, safety precautions to take during each one, and methods to prevent or mitigate future risks. Key details covered include how seismic waves cause earthquakes, common causes and types of landslides, how tsunamis are generated by earthquakes and volcanic eruptions under water, and important accident causes and prevention recommendations for mine disasters.
Earthquakes are caused by both natural and human factors. Naturally, they result from the slow buildup of pressure along tectonic plate boundaries. Human causes include coal mining, construction of tall buildings, and dams. There are four main types of earthquakes classified by their origin. Earthquakes produce different types of seismic waves that cause damage. Mitigation efforts aim to reduce risks through regulations, education, and preparedness. At personal and government levels, precautions include earthquake-proof building techniques, emergency plans, and response coordination. Scientists study various prediction methods but cannot reliably forecast specific quakes. Developing countries often experience greater losses due to infrastructure and resources. Historic quakes in Haiti, San Francisco, and Chile caused
A series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a large lake. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions (including detonations, landslides, glacier calvings, meteorite impacts and other disturbances) above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami. Unlike normal ocean waves, which are generated by wind, or tides, which are generated by the gravitational pull of the Moon and the Sun, a tsunami is generated by the displacement of water by a large event.
Causes, Effects and Precautions against Earthquakesaqlain_01
1. Earthquakes are caused by the movement of tectonic plates deep below the Earth's surface. As the plates shift and grind against each other, they release energy in the form of seismic waves.
2. Major earthquakes can cause widespread damage to infrastructure like buildings, bridges and dams, resulting in loss of life and property. They can also trigger secondary hazards such as landslides, tsunamis and fires.
3. Pakistan is prone to earthquakes, with major fault lines running along its western border. Some of the deadliest quakes in the country's history include the 2005 Kashmir earthquake that killed over 80,000 people and the 2013 Balochistan earthquake that killed 825.
The key factors that influence how hazardous an earthquake can be are:
1. The magnitude of the earthquake, with larger earthquakes causing more damage.
2. The distance from the earthquake's epicenter, with those closer experiencing greater shaking.
3. The population density of the affected area, increasing risks to human life and infrastructure in more populated locations.
4. The level of preparedness, as damage is reduced when populations have taken measures to prepare for earthquakes.
The document provides information about natural disasters, specifically earthquakes and tropical cyclones. It defines earthquakes and tropical cyclones, describes their causes and effects, and lists measures to minimize damage. For example, it explains that earthquakes are caused by plate tectonic movement and can cause infrastructure damage, while tropical cyclones derive energy from warm ocean waters and can bring strong winds and flooding to coastal areas.
Disaster Management Earthquake by ujjwal patelUjjwal Patel
This document provides information about earthquakes and disaster management. It defines an earthquake as the sudden release of energy in the earth's crust that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes are caused by movements in tectonic plates and faults in the earth's surface. Disaster management involves preparing for disasters, emergency response during disasters, and recovery after disasters. The effects of earthquakes can include loss of life, property damage, and disruption to infrastructure and economic activities. Proper safety measures during and after earthquakes can help reduce risks to people.
1. An earthquake occurs when built-up tension along fault lines in the Earth's crust is suddenly released, causing the ground to shake.
2. The effects of an earthquake depend on several factors, including its magnitude on the Richter scale, distance from the epicenter, and the level of development in the affected area.
3. The 1995 Kobe earthquake in Japan caused over 30,000 injuries, left over 300,000 homeless as buildings collapsed, and led to long-term economic and social impacts as the city was rebuilt.
This document discusses earthquake hazards and mitigation. It notes that approximately 500,000 earthquakes occur each year, with around 100 being potentially dangerous. Major earthquakes typically occur annually and can release large amounts of seismic energy. Earthquakes cause damage through ground shaking, liquefaction, landslides, fires, and tsunamis. Mitigation strategies include avoiding hazard areas, building earthquake resistant structures using special materials and construction techniques, improving weak soils, and reducing seismic demand on structures. Proper architectural design and reinforcement of masonry and reinforced concrete buildings can also improve earthquake resistance.
This document discusses tsunamis, including their generation, propagation, hazards, and mitigation strategies. It defines tsunamis and distinguishes them from tidal waves and storm surges. It then discusses tsunami hazards in the Philippines and the science behind tsunami formation, movement, and inundation. The remainder of the document outlines strategies for tsunami hazard assessment, warning systems, education, and land use planning to reduce risks from these deadly waves.
This document discusses environmental hazards such as earthquakes and volcanoes. It defines earthquakes as sudden movements caused by faults or volcanic activity. Earthquake waves are categorized into body waves (P and S waves) and surface waves (Love and Rayleigh waves). Volcanoes form when magma rises from the earth's crust and erupts. Volcanic eruptions can be effusive or explosive depending on gas and viscosity levels. Monitoring seismic activity, ground deformation, and gas outputs provides signs of impending volcanic eruptions. Volcanic flows also pose hazards, though spraying water can help slow them.
Earthquakes are caused by movements within the earth's crust or volcanic action. There are several types of earthquakes including tectonic, volcanic, collapse, and explosion earthquakes. Tectonic earthquakes occur due to geological forces on rocks and plates, volcanic earthquakes are induced by movement of magma, collapse earthquakes happen in underground mines and caverns, and explosion earthquakes result from nuclear or chemical explosions. Earthquakes are a natural result of the earth cooling, but human activities like dams, groundwater extraction, geothermal plants, and injection wells can also induce quakes. Earthquakes cause both primary effects like collapsed buildings that kill people directly, and secondary effects like tsunamis, landslides,
A tsunami is a series of waves caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or large lake. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, underwater explosions, landslides, glacier calvings, meteorite impacts and other disturbances above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami. When an earthquake moves the seafloor upward, it also pushes the water upward forming tsunami waves that grow higher as they reach shallower waters. In 2011, a magnitude 9 earthquake in Japan unleashed a tsunami that caused a nuclear disaster and displaced over 230,000 people, many of whom were still living in temporary housing four years later.
Study of earthquake hazards or disaster Jahangir Alam
Earthquake Hazards
Definition of Hazard
Liquefaction
Ground Shaking
Ground Displacement
Flooding
Tsunami
Fire
Types of Hazard
Natural Hazards as Earthquakes
What Are Earthquake Hazards?
Ground Shaking:
about the formation and causes and impacts of the cyclone formation in the earth. and cyclone formed in the INDIA region whole about the briefly explained about cyclone
1) Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy from movement along geological faults in the earth's crust, generating seismic waves.
2) Larger earthquakes can trigger tsunamis if located offshore by displacing seabed, as well as landslides and volcanic eruptions.
3) Earthquake shaking causes loss of life and property destruction from building collapse and landslides burying infrastructure.
Ground shaking during earthquakes can cause significant damage depending on factors like magnitude, distance from epicenter, and duration of shaking. Strong shaking can collapse buildings, especially those constructed poorly or on weak foundations. Areas with thick unconsolidated sediments are susceptible to liquefaction, where shaking causes soils to lose strength and behave like liquid. This can damage structures and cause ground failures like lateral spreading. Mapping of soil types, groundwater levels, and historical liquefaction helps identify hazard zones to inform construction practices.
1) Earthquakes occur when tectonic plates collide or move along fault lines. Different types of plate movement can cause different geological effects, such as creating mountains, volcanoes, or transform faults.
2) Earthquakes can cause widespread damage and disruption due to their unpredictable nature and ability to instantly affect large areas. Proper preparation, emergency response, and long-term recovery efforts are needed before, during, and after earthquakes.
3) Key aspects of earthquake preparation and response include creating emergency plans and kits, securing hazardous items, knowing contact information, taking shelter, turning off utilities, providing first aid, and listening to instructions from authorities.
I do not have enough context to answer those specific questions. The document provided discusses different types of earthquake hazards and their effects, but does not mention fault types in the Philippines or bringing cookies to class.
This document discusses several types of natural hazards including atmospheric, terrestrial, and aquatic hazards. It provides examples of different types of natural hazards such as tropical cyclones, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and tsunamis. It explains key concepts about these hazards such as the definitions of hurricanes, typhoons, and tropical cyclones, different types of volcanic eruptions and lava, and how tsunamis differ from ordinary wind waves in having much longer wavelengths and periods. Images and diagrams are included to illustrate volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, and the damage they can cause.
This document discusses earthquakes and seismic activity. It defines key terms like earthquake, seismic waves, focus, and epicenter. Earthquakes are caused by disequilibrium in the earth from factors like plate tectonics and volcanic activity. They are classified as natural or artificial based on their cause. Natural earthquakes result from processes inside the earth, while artificial earthquakes are human-induced. Earthquakes most commonly occur along plate boundaries and zones of geological faulting or folding. When an earthquake occurs, it generates primary, secondary, and surface seismic waves that propagate outward from the focus/epicenter.
The document discusses earthquakes in Bangladesh. It provides background on what causes earthquakes, the tectonic positioning of Bangladesh which makes it prone to quakes, and the historical earthquakes that have impacted the country. It notes several faults near Bangladesh that could produce significant quakes and says that a major quake could severely damage Dhaka due to weak infrastructure and building construction. The document outlines organizations working on earthquake mitigation and their programs, which include developing building codes, training, and strategies around land use planning and risk analysis.
An earthquake is caused by a sudden release of energy in the earth's crust that creates seismic waves. The intensity and magnitude of an earthquake is measured on the Richter scale. Seismometers measure earthquake motions, and seismic waves include body waves that travel through the earth and surface waves that travel along the surface. Most major earthquakes occur at plate boundaries and are caused by the buildup and sudden release of pressure between tectonic plates. Earthquake effects include loss of life and property damage. Early warning systems aim to detect earthquakes quickly through primary seismic waves to warn of impending stronger secondary waves.
Geohazards are natural hazards caused by geological processes of the Earth, such as earthquakes, volcanoes, floods, landslides, and tsunamis. These events can cause significant loss of life and property damage when they occur. Some geohazards like volcanoes and cyclones may be predicted by monitoring warning signs like changes in gases, small earthquakes, and swelling of the volcano. Major earthquakes typically occur along fault lines and are followed by aftershocks. Volcanic eruptions pose hazards from pyroclastic flows, lahars, and tsunamis they can trigger. Landslides involve the breakdown and downhill movement of rock and debris. Tsunamis are gravity waves
Causes, Effects and Precautions against Earthquakesaqlain_01
1. Earthquakes are caused by the movement of tectonic plates deep below the Earth's surface. As the plates shift and grind against each other, they release energy in the form of seismic waves.
2. Major earthquakes can cause widespread damage to infrastructure like buildings, bridges and dams, resulting in loss of life and property. They can also trigger secondary hazards such as landslides, tsunamis and fires.
3. Pakistan is prone to earthquakes, with major fault lines running along its western border. Some of the deadliest quakes in the country's history include the 2005 Kashmir earthquake that killed over 80,000 people and the 2013 Balochistan earthquake that killed 825.
The key factors that influence how hazardous an earthquake can be are:
1. The magnitude of the earthquake, with larger earthquakes causing more damage.
2. The distance from the earthquake's epicenter, with those closer experiencing greater shaking.
3. The population density of the affected area, increasing risks to human life and infrastructure in more populated locations.
4. The level of preparedness, as damage is reduced when populations have taken measures to prepare for earthquakes.
The document provides information about natural disasters, specifically earthquakes and tropical cyclones. It defines earthquakes and tropical cyclones, describes their causes and effects, and lists measures to minimize damage. For example, it explains that earthquakes are caused by plate tectonic movement and can cause infrastructure damage, while tropical cyclones derive energy from warm ocean waters and can bring strong winds and flooding to coastal areas.
Disaster Management Earthquake by ujjwal patelUjjwal Patel
This document provides information about earthquakes and disaster management. It defines an earthquake as the sudden release of energy in the earth's crust that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes are caused by movements in tectonic plates and faults in the earth's surface. Disaster management involves preparing for disasters, emergency response during disasters, and recovery after disasters. The effects of earthquakes can include loss of life, property damage, and disruption to infrastructure and economic activities. Proper safety measures during and after earthquakes can help reduce risks to people.
1. An earthquake occurs when built-up tension along fault lines in the Earth's crust is suddenly released, causing the ground to shake.
2. The effects of an earthquake depend on several factors, including its magnitude on the Richter scale, distance from the epicenter, and the level of development in the affected area.
3. The 1995 Kobe earthquake in Japan caused over 30,000 injuries, left over 300,000 homeless as buildings collapsed, and led to long-term economic and social impacts as the city was rebuilt.
This document discusses earthquake hazards and mitigation. It notes that approximately 500,000 earthquakes occur each year, with around 100 being potentially dangerous. Major earthquakes typically occur annually and can release large amounts of seismic energy. Earthquakes cause damage through ground shaking, liquefaction, landslides, fires, and tsunamis. Mitigation strategies include avoiding hazard areas, building earthquake resistant structures using special materials and construction techniques, improving weak soils, and reducing seismic demand on structures. Proper architectural design and reinforcement of masonry and reinforced concrete buildings can also improve earthquake resistance.
This document discusses tsunamis, including their generation, propagation, hazards, and mitigation strategies. It defines tsunamis and distinguishes them from tidal waves and storm surges. It then discusses tsunami hazards in the Philippines and the science behind tsunami formation, movement, and inundation. The remainder of the document outlines strategies for tsunami hazard assessment, warning systems, education, and land use planning to reduce risks from these deadly waves.
This document discusses environmental hazards such as earthquakes and volcanoes. It defines earthquakes as sudden movements caused by faults or volcanic activity. Earthquake waves are categorized into body waves (P and S waves) and surface waves (Love and Rayleigh waves). Volcanoes form when magma rises from the earth's crust and erupts. Volcanic eruptions can be effusive or explosive depending on gas and viscosity levels. Monitoring seismic activity, ground deformation, and gas outputs provides signs of impending volcanic eruptions. Volcanic flows also pose hazards, though spraying water can help slow them.
Earthquakes are caused by movements within the earth's crust or volcanic action. There are several types of earthquakes including tectonic, volcanic, collapse, and explosion earthquakes. Tectonic earthquakes occur due to geological forces on rocks and plates, volcanic earthquakes are induced by movement of magma, collapse earthquakes happen in underground mines and caverns, and explosion earthquakes result from nuclear or chemical explosions. Earthquakes are a natural result of the earth cooling, but human activities like dams, groundwater extraction, geothermal plants, and injection wells can also induce quakes. Earthquakes cause both primary effects like collapsed buildings that kill people directly, and secondary effects like tsunamis, landslides,
A tsunami is a series of waves caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or large lake. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, underwater explosions, landslides, glacier calvings, meteorite impacts and other disturbances above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami. When an earthquake moves the seafloor upward, it also pushes the water upward forming tsunami waves that grow higher as they reach shallower waters. In 2011, a magnitude 9 earthquake in Japan unleashed a tsunami that caused a nuclear disaster and displaced over 230,000 people, many of whom were still living in temporary housing four years later.
Study of earthquake hazards or disaster Jahangir Alam
Earthquake Hazards
Definition of Hazard
Liquefaction
Ground Shaking
Ground Displacement
Flooding
Tsunami
Fire
Types of Hazard
Natural Hazards as Earthquakes
What Are Earthquake Hazards?
Ground Shaking:
about the formation and causes and impacts of the cyclone formation in the earth. and cyclone formed in the INDIA region whole about the briefly explained about cyclone
1) Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy from movement along geological faults in the earth's crust, generating seismic waves.
2) Larger earthquakes can trigger tsunamis if located offshore by displacing seabed, as well as landslides and volcanic eruptions.
3) Earthquake shaking causes loss of life and property destruction from building collapse and landslides burying infrastructure.
Ground shaking during earthquakes can cause significant damage depending on factors like magnitude, distance from epicenter, and duration of shaking. Strong shaking can collapse buildings, especially those constructed poorly or on weak foundations. Areas with thick unconsolidated sediments are susceptible to liquefaction, where shaking causes soils to lose strength and behave like liquid. This can damage structures and cause ground failures like lateral spreading. Mapping of soil types, groundwater levels, and historical liquefaction helps identify hazard zones to inform construction practices.
1) Earthquakes occur when tectonic plates collide or move along fault lines. Different types of plate movement can cause different geological effects, such as creating mountains, volcanoes, or transform faults.
2) Earthquakes can cause widespread damage and disruption due to their unpredictable nature and ability to instantly affect large areas. Proper preparation, emergency response, and long-term recovery efforts are needed before, during, and after earthquakes.
3) Key aspects of earthquake preparation and response include creating emergency plans and kits, securing hazardous items, knowing contact information, taking shelter, turning off utilities, providing first aid, and listening to instructions from authorities.
I do not have enough context to answer those specific questions. The document provided discusses different types of earthquake hazards and their effects, but does not mention fault types in the Philippines or bringing cookies to class.
This document discusses several types of natural hazards including atmospheric, terrestrial, and aquatic hazards. It provides examples of different types of natural hazards such as tropical cyclones, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and tsunamis. It explains key concepts about these hazards such as the definitions of hurricanes, typhoons, and tropical cyclones, different types of volcanic eruptions and lava, and how tsunamis differ from ordinary wind waves in having much longer wavelengths and periods. Images and diagrams are included to illustrate volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, and the damage they can cause.
This document discusses earthquakes and seismic activity. It defines key terms like earthquake, seismic waves, focus, and epicenter. Earthquakes are caused by disequilibrium in the earth from factors like plate tectonics and volcanic activity. They are classified as natural or artificial based on their cause. Natural earthquakes result from processes inside the earth, while artificial earthquakes are human-induced. Earthquakes most commonly occur along plate boundaries and zones of geological faulting or folding. When an earthquake occurs, it generates primary, secondary, and surface seismic waves that propagate outward from the focus/epicenter.
The document discusses earthquakes in Bangladesh. It provides background on what causes earthquakes, the tectonic positioning of Bangladesh which makes it prone to quakes, and the historical earthquakes that have impacted the country. It notes several faults near Bangladesh that could produce significant quakes and says that a major quake could severely damage Dhaka due to weak infrastructure and building construction. The document outlines organizations working on earthquake mitigation and their programs, which include developing building codes, training, and strategies around land use planning and risk analysis.
An earthquake is caused by a sudden release of energy in the earth's crust that creates seismic waves. The intensity and magnitude of an earthquake is measured on the Richter scale. Seismometers measure earthquake motions, and seismic waves include body waves that travel through the earth and surface waves that travel along the surface. Most major earthquakes occur at plate boundaries and are caused by the buildup and sudden release of pressure between tectonic plates. Earthquake effects include loss of life and property damage. Early warning systems aim to detect earthquakes quickly through primary seismic waves to warn of impending stronger secondary waves.
Geohazards are natural hazards caused by geological processes of the Earth, such as earthquakes, volcanoes, floods, landslides, and tsunamis. These events can cause significant loss of life and property damage when they occur. Some geohazards like volcanoes and cyclones may be predicted by monitoring warning signs like changes in gases, small earthquakes, and swelling of the volcano. Major earthquakes typically occur along fault lines and are followed by aftershocks. Volcanic eruptions pose hazards from pyroclastic flows, lahars, and tsunamis they can trigger. Landslides involve the breakdown and downhill movement of rock and debris. Tsunamis are gravity waves
This document provides information about earthquakes and earthquake disaster management. It defines what an earthquake is, discusses the causes of earthquakes including tectonic and volcanic causes. It describes earthquake terms like focus, epicenter, magnitude, intensity. It discusses the different types of faults and seismic waves generated by earthquakes. The document also provides safety tips during and after an earthquake and summarizes some historical earthquakes in India.
EARTHQUAKEs and Volcanoes, intensity and magnitude of an epicenterWawaMan1
Earthquakes are caused by movements in the Earth's crust or by volcanic eruptions. There are two main types of earthquakes: tectonic, caused by faults and plate boundaries, and volcanic, caused by underground magma. Earthquakes can cause immediate health impacts like injuries and deaths from building collapses. They also have long-term environmental effects like landslides and ground failures. Economically, earthquakes require rebuilding infrastructure and housing, causing long-term impacts. While earthquakes cannot be prevented, their effects can be mitigated through hazard identification, safer construction, and education.
An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is is the shaking of the surface of the Earth, resulting from the sudden release of energy in the Earth's lithosphere that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes can range in size from those that are so weak that they cannot be felt to those violent enough to the people around and destroy whole cities.
Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy in the earth's crust that creates seismic waves. The primary cause is faults between blocks of rocks in the crust that move in response to stress. Major causes of earthquakes include surface events like explosions, volcanic eruptions that produce displacements of lava, and tectonic activity along fault zones. Effects include loss of life and property damage, as well as damage to infrastructure and transportation systems. Safety rules during and after an earthquake include moving away from windows, avoiding buildings and power lines that could collapse, and waiting for instructions before reentering damaged structures.
This document summarizes information about earthquakes, including what causes them, how they are measured, and examples of major earthquakes. It begins by defining an earthquake as a sudden release of energy in the earth's crust that creates seismic waves. It then discusses focus, epicenter, fault lines, and fault types. Major causes of earthquakes include surface phenomena, volcanic activity, and tectonic plate movement. The Richter scale is explained for measuring earthquake strength. Details are given on the 2001 Bhuj earthquake in Gujarat, India that caused over 20,000 deaths. Reconstruction efforts are also summarized.
The document provides information about earthquakes, including what causes them, how they are measured, and effects. It discusses that earthquakes are caused by movements within the earth's crust along faults. They produce different types of seismic waves that can be measured to determine the earthquake's location, size, and intensity. Larger earthquakes can cause significant damage through ground shaking and secondary effects like tsunamis or landslides. Predicting earthquakes precisely remains difficult, but changes in animal behavior, groundwater levels, and other factors may provide some warning. The document also offers safety tips during earthquakes.
The document discusses tectonic plate processes and earthquakes. It describes how earthquakes occur at plate boundaries due to stresses from plate movements. Earthquakes at divergent boundaries pose little risk while those at convergent boundaries can be very hazardous, as seen in the 1985 Mexico City earthquake that killed over 10,000 people. The document also discusses earthquake measurement scales, the different types of seismic waves, and secondary hazards like tsunamis, landslides and liquefaction that can amplify earthquake damage.
Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy along fault lines in the earth's crust. The effects of earthquakes vary based on their magnitude and can include widespread destruction and loss of life. Seismic waves, including compressional P-waves and shear S-waves, travel outward from the hypocenter or focus of the earthquake. The location of the epicenter at the earth's surface directly above the focus can be determined using seismic data from multiple monitoring stations. Earthquakes are measured on scales such as the Richter scale and Modified Mercalli intensity scale.
The document summarizes information about earthquakes, including:
1) Earthquakes are caused by a sudden release of energy in the earth's crust that creates seismic waves. The effects vary based on magnitude and intensity and can cause widespread destruction.
2) Key terms are defined, such as focus, epicenter, fault lines, and different types of seismic waves.
3) Earthquakes are measured on the Richter scale based on energy released. Different zones in India are classified by seismic activity.
4) Major earthquakes discussed include the 2001 Gujarat earthquake that killed over 20,000 people and left hundreds of thousands homeless.
Earthquake and earthquake resistant designPARVEEN JANGRA
This document discusses earthquake-resistant design of structures. It begins with an overview of earthquakes, including their characterization, causes, waves, and effects. It then covers earthquake-resistant design principles, retrofitting existing structures, and analysis of structural response. Key points include:
- Earthquakes are caused by tectonic plate movements or other surface events like volcanic eruptions. They generate P, S, and L waves that damage structures.
- Structures should be designed to resist earthquake forces through seismic bands, interlocking walls, and other techniques. Retrofitting improves existing structures.
- Analysis considers single-degree-of-freedom and multi-degree-of-freedom structural models subjected
Earthquakes are caused by tectonic movements within the Earth that release stress and cause seismic waves. There are three main belts where earthquakes commonly occur - the Circum-Pacific belt, Mid-Atlantic belt, and Mid-Continental belt. Earthquakes can cause damage through ground shaking, liquefaction, landslides, and tsunamis. Their intensity is measured using the Modified Mercalli scale while their magnitude is measured using the Richter scale. Regions are classified into seismic zones based on their likelihood of experiencing damaging earthquakes.
The 2001 Gujarat earthquake caused widespread destruction, killing over 20,000 people. The earthquake occurred on January 26th near Bhuj, Gujarat with a magnitude of 7.7. The cities of Bhuj and Bhachau were most severely damaged, with over 90% of buildings destroyed in Bhuj. Over 600,000 people were left homeless. The Indian government and relief organizations from around the world provided emergency aid, while long-term reconstruction projects were launched with support from international organizations.
This document discusses earthquakes and their causes. It defines key terms like epicenter, focus, fault lines, and fault planes. The primary causes of earthquakes are movements along faults in the earth's crust due to accumulating stress. There are three main types of causes: surface causes, volcanic causes, and tectonic causes. Earthquakes produce different types of seismic waves, including primary (P) waves, secondary (S) waves, and surface waves like Love waves and Rayleigh waves. India is divided into different seismic zones based on earthquake activity. While earthquake prediction remains difficult, some signs like unusual animal behavior can provide warning. Major effects of earthquakes include loss of life, property damage, and disruption to infrastructure and
This document provides information about earthquakes. It defines an earthquake as a sudden shaking of the earth's crust caused by the release of energy stored in rocks below the surface. Earthquakes typically occur when two blocks of earth's crust slip past each other, releasing seismic waves. The severity of earthquakes is measured on the Richter scale from 1 to 10. Major effects of earthquakes include ground shaking, landslides, tsunamis, structural damage, fires, and disrupted infrastructure. The document also discusses the different types of earthquakes and their causes, as well as precautions people can take.
This document discusses different types of natural disasters such as floods, tsunamis, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and thunderstorms. It provides definitions and examples of each type of disaster. Earthquakes are described as causing shaking and ground displacement due to slippage within geological faults. Tsunamis are defined as a series of waves caused by displacement of water, often due to earthquakes or volcanic eruptions, which can have waves up to 30 meters high. Flooding is defined as an overflow of water that submerges normally dry land.
The document discusses tsunamis, including their causes, characteristics, and damage potential. Tsunamis are caused by underwater events that displace large volumes of water, such as earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, and asteroid impacts. They have long wavelengths, travel at high speeds in deep water, and slow down and grow taller as they reach shallow coastal areas. Notable tsunamis include the 2004 Sumatra event that killed over 200,000 people and the devastating 2011 Tohoku tsunami in Japan triggered by a 9.0 magnitude earthquake.
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9. Introduction
Earthquakes constitute one of the worst natural hazards
which often turn into disaster causing widespread
destruction and loss to human life.
The effects of earthquake vary upon the magnitude and
intensity. Earthquakes occur every now and then all
round the world. except in some places where
earthquakes occur rarely. The devastation of cities and
towns is one of the effects of earthquake.
10. An Earthquake is the result of a sudden release of
energy in the earth's crust that creates seismic waves.
The seismic activity of an area refers to the frequency.
type and size of earthquakes experienced over a period
of time.
For example
If you throw stone in a pond of still water. Series of
waves are produced on the surface of water. These
waves spread out in all directions from the point where
the stone strikes the water.
Similarly any sudden disturbances in the earth's crust
may produce vibration in the crust which travel in all
direction from point of disturbances.
11. The primary cause of an earthquake is faults on the crust of the
earth.
"A Fault is a break or fracture b/w two blocks of rocks in
response to stress."
This movement may occur rapidly, in the form of an
earthquake or may occur slowly, in the form of creep.
Earth scientists use the angle of the fault with respect tot eh
surface (known as the dip) and the direction of slip along the fault
to classify faults.
12. Some major causes of earthquakes on basic of its causes
are :
Surface causes
Volcanic causes
Tectonic causes
Surface Cause :
Great explosion, landslides, slips on steep coasts, dashing
of sea waves, avalanches, railway trains, heavy trucks, some
large engineering projects cause minor tremors. Some of them
are man made, other are natural.
13. Volcanic Cause :
Volcanic eruptions produce
earthquakes. Earthquakes may
precede, accompany and frequently
follow volcanic eruptions.
They are caused by sudden
displacements of lava within or
beneath the earth crust.
There are two general categories of
earthquakes that can occur at a
volcano :
volcano-tectonic earthquakes
Long period earthquakes.
14. Tectonic Cause :
Structural disturbances resulting in the parts of the
lithosphere is the main cause of this type of earthquake.
Most of the disastrous earthquakes belong to this
category and occur in areas of great faults and fractures.
Sudden yielding to strain produced on the rocks of
accumulating stress causes displacements especially
along old fault zones known as great transform faults.
15. Seismic waves produced due to earthquake are
basically divided into two major types :
Body waves
Surface waves
Body waves :
Body waves travels through the interior
(body) of earth as they leave the focus. Body
waves are further divided into following types
:
Primary (P) waves
Secondary (s) waves
Waves produced due to Earthquake
16. Surface Wave :
Surface waves travels parallel to the earth's surface and
these waves are slowest and most damaging. Surface
wave are divided into following types :
Love waves
Rayleigh waves
17. Seismometer-The measurement of
earthquake
Seismometers are instruments
that unmeasured motions of the
ground, including those of
seismic waves generated by
earthquakes, volcanic eruptions,
and other seismic sources.
Seismometers may be
deployed at Earth's surface, in
shallow vaults, in boreholes, or
underwater.
18. Earthquake Prediction
Earthquake prediction is usually defined as the
specification of the time, location, and magnitude of a
future earthquake within stated limits.
But some evidence of upcoming Earthquake are
following :
Unusual animal behavior
Water level in wells
Large scale of fluctuation of oil flow from oil wells
Foreshocks or minor shocks before major
earthquakes
Temperature change
Uplifting of earth surface
Change in seismic wave velocity
19. Effect of Earthquake
Loss of life and property
Damage to transport system i.e. roads. railways,
highways, airports, marine
Damage to infrastructure.
Chances of Floods - Develop cracks in Dams
Chances of the fire short-circuit
Communications such as telephone wires are
damaged
Water pipes, sewers are disrupted
Economic activities like agriculture, industry, trade
and transport are severely affected.
21. Earthquake Safety Rules
If you are in house :
Don't use lift for getting down from building.
Be prepared to move with your family.
If you are in shop school or office :
Don't run for an exit.
Take cover under a disk/table.
Move away from window glass.
Do not go near electric point and cable. Keep away from weak Portion of the building and false
ceiling.
If you are outside :
Avoid high buildings, walls, power lines and other objects that could fall and create block.
Don't run through streets.
If possible, move on to an open area away from hazard including trees.
If you are in vehicle :
Stop in a safe open place.
Remain inside vehicle.
Close window, doors and vents.
22. Bhuj Earthquake- 26th January 2001
Date : 26th January 2001
Origin line : 08 hrs. 46 min. 42.9 sec. IST
Epicenter : Latitude 23.40 N Longitude 70.28 E
Magnitude : 7.7
Focal Depth : 25 kms.
• On the morning of January 26, 2001, the Nation's
52nd Republic Day, a devastating earthquake occurred
in the Kutchh district of the state of Gujarat.
• The earthquake was felt as far away as Delhi in the
north, Kolkata in the east.
• Bhuj town and the village Bhachau, 60 km east of
Bhuj, were the worst affected and many other areas of
Gujarat including its state headquarters Ahmedabad,
were badly affected.
32. MeasurestakenbeforeTsunami
When in coastal areas, stay
alert for tsunami warnings.
Plan an evacuation route that
leads to higher ground.
Know the warning sings of
tsunami like, rapidly rising or
falling coastal waters &
rumblings of an offshore
earthquake.
Never stay near shore to
watch a tsunami come in
35. Climate Prediction Center (19 December 2005). "FrequentlyAsked
Questions about El Niño and La Niña". National Centers for
Environmental Prediction. Retrieved 17 July 2009.
"Historical El Niño and La Niña Events"
Significant Earthquake Database National
Geophysical Data Center NOAA