Earthquake is a natural vibration of the earth's crust caused by the sudden slip of tectonic plates past one another or by volcanic or magmatic activity. There are different types of earthquakes including tectonic, volcanic, collapse, and explosions. Earthquakes can cause damage through effects like landslides, ground displacement, and liquefaction. Proper seismic design of structures aims to allow buildings to withstand earthquakes and minimize risks.

1. • What is Earthquake?
• A natural vibration of the ground or the earth crust produced by forces is called
earthquake.
• An earthquake is what happens when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past one
anther.
• Types of earthquake:
1.Tectonic
Earthquake: The
earthquake that is
experienced when
there is a tectonic
activity like converging
or diverging
of continental or
oceanic plates is
known as 'tectonic
2.Volcanic
Earthquake: When there
is an eruption of
a volcano, tremors are
felt in the surrounding
region. These tremors
are referred to as a
volcanic earthquake.
3.Collapse
Earthquake: When a
rock beneath the surface
of the Earth collapses
due to pressure, tremors
are felt over the surface.
This type of earthquake
is called a collapse
earthquake.
4.Explosion
Earthquake: These
earthquakes occur mainly
due to human
activities of detonation
and blasts carried out for
various purposes.

2. • Causes and Effects of Earthquake:
1. Earthquakes are causally related to compression or tensional stresses.
2. Volcanic eruptions, rock fall, landslides, and explosions can also cause a quake.
• Effect of earthquake:
1. Loss of life and property
2. Damage to transport system i.e.
3. Roads, railways, highways, airports
4. Damage to infrastructure
5. Chances of floods – develop cracks in dams
6. Chances of fire short – circuit
7. Communications such as telephone wires are damaged
8. Water pipes , sewers are disrupted
9. Economic activities like agriculture , industry , trade and transport are severely affected

3. What are Seismometers
• A seismometers is the internal part of the seismograph, which may be a pendulum
or a mass mounted on a spring, however it is often used synonymously with
“Seismograph” .
• Seismographs are instruments used to record the motion of the ground during an
earthquake.
• Measuring the size of earthquake:
• 1. Magnitude: Richter Scale
• a) Measures the energy released by fault movement.
• b) Logarithmic-scale; quantitative measure.

4. Improving Earthquake Resistant Of The Minor
Building
1) Size of building
“Simpler the Plan,
Better the
Performance”
2) Construction
materials “R.C.C.
preferable than P.C.C”
3) “Strong-column,
weak-beam”
4) “ Avoid soft storey-
continue walls in
ground storey

5. • What is Earthquake?
• A natural vibration of the ground or the earth crust produced by forces is called
earthquake.
• An earthquake is what happens when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past one
anther.
• Types of earthquake:
1.Tectonic
Earthquake: The
earthquake that is
experienced when
there is a tectonic
activity like
converging or
diverging
of continental or
oceanic plates is
2.Volcanic
Earthquake: When there
is an eruption of
a volcano, tremors are
felt in the surrounding
region. These tremors
are referred to as a
volcanic earthquake.
3.Collapse
Earthquake: When a
rock beneath the surface
of the Earth collapses
due to pressure, tremors
are felt over the surface.
This type of earthquake
is called a collapse
earthquake.
4.Explosion
Earthquake: These
earthquakes occur mainly
due to human
activities of detonation
and blasts carried out for
various purposes.

6. What is Earthquake?
Earthquake is a term used to describe both sudden slip on a fault,
and the resulting ground shaking and radiated seismic energy
caused by the slip, or by volcanic or magmatic activity, or other
sudden stress changes in the earth. They are natural disasters of a
generally unpredictable nature.
Types of Earthquake:
1) Inter plate earthquake :
An interplate earthquake is an earthquake that occurs at the boundary
between two tectonic plates.
2) Intra-plate earthquake :
The term intraplate earthquake refers to a variety of earthquake that
occurs within the interior of a tectonic plate

7. Causes and Effects of Earthquake:
1) Earthquakes are causally related
to compression or tensional
stresses.
2) Volcanic eruptions, rock fall,
landslides, and explosions can
also cause a quake.
Effects of Earthquake
1) Landslides
2) Ground displacement
3) Liquefaction
4) Tsunamis

8. SEISMIC DESIGN
Seismic design is a vital process of structural analysis while
designing a building, which is subjected to Earthquake ground
motions, such that the facility continues to function and serve its
purpose even after an Earthquake
The objectives of seismic design:
1) To predict the consequences of strong earthquakes on urban
areas and civil infrastructures.
2) To design, build and maintain structures that are able to
withstand earthquakes.