Earthquakes are caused by the release of energy in the Earth's crust due to movements of tectonic plates. The main types of fault that cause earthquakes are normal, reverse thrust, and strike-slip. Earthquakes produce seismic waves that damage buildings and infrastructure, endangering human life. They can also trigger tsunamis, which are large ocean waves that inundate coastal areas. Scientists are still working on predicting earthquakes, but earthquake-proofing of buildings has helped reduce risks in places like Japan and California that experience frequent seismic activity.

1. Earthquakes
Fernando Viscarret
Pablo Pueyo
Xavi Viñeta
Pablo Visiers

2. Why they occurs:
• An earthquake (also
known as a quake, or
tremor) is a violent
movement of rocks in
the Earth crust.
• Earthquakes are
usually quite brief, but
may repeat over a
long period of time.
The release of energy.

3. What causes?
• Earthquakes are
caused by tectonic
movements in the
Earth crust.
• The main cause are
the tectonic plates.
• One rides over the
other, causing
orogeny (mountain Earthquakes shake buildings in
building), earthquakes California.
and volcanoes.

4. The earthquake fault types
• There are three main
types of fault that may
cause an earthquake:
normal, reverse thrust
and strike- slip.
Normal faults occur
mainly in areas where
the crust is being
extended. The three
basic fault
types of
earthquakes.

5. The earthquake clusters
• Most earthquakes
clusters form part of a
sequence, related to each
other in terms of location
and time. Most
earthquake clusters
consist of small tremors
which cause little to no
damage, but there is a
theory that earthquakes
can recur in a regular
pattern.

6. The effects and the precipitation of
earthquakes.
The earthquake produces
• Earthquakes are caused seismic waves, Human impacts:
when a massive amount Loss of life
Building collapse
of Energy is the Earth’s Loss of amenity/basic necessities
crust is released at one water, electricity, shelter
time. Fires
Disease
• They cause seismic Road / bridge damage
waves that then go on to
cause damage. This is a
summary of their effects,
causes and prediction

7. Which are the cities that suffer the
earthquakes
• Jakarta and much of
Indonesia suffered
from a major
earthquake, this year
in September.
• Mexico is prone to Indonesia Earthquake 2009
earthquakes, and
Mexico city is very
densely populated
with many poorly
designed structures.
Earthquake Strkes Mexico's Pacific Coast

8. The aftershocks
• An aftershock is an
earthquake that
occurs after a
previous earthquake,
the mainshock.
• are formed as the
crust adjusts to the
effects of the main
shock

9. Earthquake swarms
• Are sequences of • By the fact that no
earthquakes striking single earthquake in
in a specific area the sequence is
within a short period obviously the main
of time.
shock, therefore none
• They are different
have notable higher
from earthquakes
because they magnitudes than the
followed by a series other.
of aftershocks.

10. Earthquake storms
• A series of earthquakes
occur in a sort of
earthquake storm,
• Are Similar to
aftershocks but on
adjacent segments of
fault.
• These storms occur over
the course of years, and
with some of the later
earthquakes as damaging
as the early ones.

11. Earthquake-proofing
• Some countries , such
as Japan or parts of a
country like California in
the United States, have
a lot of earthquakes.
• In these places it is a
good practice to build
houses and other
buildings so they will not
collapse when there is
an earthquake.
• This is called seismic India's high earthquake risk and
design or "earthquake- vulnerability is evident from the
fact.
proofing"

12. Earthquake (Tsunami)
• The tsunami of fast
waves in the ocean
caused by powerful
earthquakes. Is a very
serious challenge for
people´s safety and
for earthquake
engineering.

13. Tsunami 1.2.
• Those waves can inundate
coastal areas destroy houses
and even swipe away whole
towns.
• Unfortunately, tsunami can not
be prevented.
• However, there are warning
systems which may warn the
population before the big
waves reach the land to let
The remolino formed after the
them enough time to rush and tsunami of japan 2011.
to safety.

14. Can we predict earthquakes?
• So far, earthquake
prediction is highly
contoversial as there is
little or mutually
acceptable evidence to
link observable
phenomena to
subsequent seismicity.
The frequent practice of
publishing predictions
Scientists still a long way from
after the fact. being able to predict when occur
earthquakes.

15. The tectonic plates
Tectonic plates are
• The tectonic plates is a composed of oceanic
scientific theory that lithosphere and thicker
continental lithosphere,
describe the large-scale each topped by its own
motions of earth´s kind of crust. Along
lithosphere. The theory convergent boundaries,
subduction carries plates
builds on the concepts of into the mantle; the
continental drift developed material lost is roughly
balanced by the formation
during the first decades of of new (oceanic) crust
the 20th century. along divergent margins by
seafloor spreading.

16. Tectonic plates 1.2.
• Tectonic plates are able to
move because the Earth's
lithosphere has a higher
strength and lower density
than the underlying
asthenosphere. Lateral density
variations in the mantle result
in convection. Their movement
is thought to be driven by a
combination of the motion of
seafloor away from the
spreading ridge (due to
variations in topography and
density of the crust that result
in differences in gravitational
forces) and drag, downward
suction, at the subduction
zones.
Tectonic plates pushing
together.

17. Types of tectonic plates
• These seven plates
comprise the bulk of the
seven continents and the
Pacific Ocean. African
Plate
• Antarctic Plate
• Eurasian Plate
• Indo-Australian Plate
• North American Plate
• Pacific Plate
• South American Plate
Types of Plate Boundaries