Drugsandthe Brain Part7 Psychedelics
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Psychedelics like LSD, psilocybin, and mescaline alter sensory perception and consciousness. They were originally derived from natural substances like peyote, magic mushrooms, and ergot fungus. While their exact mechanisms are unknown, psychedelics mimic neurotransmitters like serotonin and norepinephrine. Research shows they may activate the locus coeruleus brain region, intensifying sensory processing and potentially explaining altered states of awareness. Multiple brain systems involving serotonin and other receptors are likely involved.
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The hippie movement began in the United States in the early 1960s and was influenced by beatnik culture. Hippies advocated for peace, love, freedom, and an alternative lifestyle. They listened to psychedelic rock and folk music and some used drugs like marijuana and LSD. By the late 1960s, aspects of hippie fashion and culture had been assimilated into mainstream society. While the hippie movement declined, elements of their philosophy and culture still influence society today.
Music in the 1960’s
The 1960s saw major changes in the musical landscape and the acceptance of African American music. Initially, many black artists were underrepresented and faced racial barriers. The British Invasion introduced new styles but also reduced the popularity of some black artists. However, soul music remained important to the black community. Later in the decade, after events like the Civil Rights Act of 1964, African American genres like soul and styles of artists like Aretha Franklin, Jimi Hendrix, and James Brown became more widely accepted and popular with broader audiences. The decade was a time of social and musical rebellion and change.
LSD: The Basics
LSD is a hallucinogenic drug developed in 1938 that distorts the user's sense of time and identity. It was used in the 1940s to treat mental illnesses but causes unpredictable effects like delusions, hallucinations, panic attacks and impaired judgment. LSD is typically sold as liquid on blotter paper, gelatin squares or sugar cubes with a dose of 25 micrograms, though only 1% reaches the brain. Effects can last 8-12 hours and include altered visual perception, emotions and thought patterns.
Mescaline (peyote) & psilocybin (mushrooms)
Mescaline and psilocybin mushrooms are hallucinogenic substances that have been used for thousands of years. Mescaline is derived from cacti and psilocybin is found in certain mushroom species. Both substances cause visual hallucinations and altered sensory experiences that can last from 3 to 12 hours depending on dosage. Studies have shown that psilocybin in particular may help treat conditions like anxiety and depression with no risk of addiction when used responsibly.
Addictive substances - LSD
LSD was first synthesized in 1938 and introduced as a drug in 1947 under the name Delysid to treat conditions like alcoholism and pain. It was believed to be useful for psychotherapy by unblocking repressed memories. However, possession of LSD was made illegal in the US in 1968. Chemically, LSD is similar to serotonin and its formula is C20H25N3O. It produces strong physical effects like increased blood pressure and psychological effects like altered senses and losing one's identity that can last up to 14 hours. While generally not dangerous, multiple uses can cause brain damage and flashbacks can occur months later.
60's movement counter culture
The document discusses the 1960s counter-culture movement led by hippies. Inspired by figures like Timothy Leary who advocated drug use and dropping out, thousands of young people left mainstream society to live communally and experiment with sex, drugs and rock music. Communes sprung up like in Haight-Ashbury but the movement declined by the 1970s as many succumbed to drug addiction. However, the counter-culture left a lasting impact by popularizing liberal attitudes around sex, appearance and lifestyle that still influence modern culture today.
X ray
Wilhelm Röntgen discovered X-rays in 1895 and their first medical use was to image his wife's hand. X-rays are electromagnetic waves capable of penetrating some matter and have important medical and security uses. In medicine, X-rays are produced by stopping fast electrons in metal and used to detect abnormalities in bones, soft tissues, gallstones, and kidney stones. They are also used in dental imaging. Higher energy X-rays are used in radiation therapy to control cancer cell growth by damaging them.
DMT
An introduction about DMT, its chemical structure, mode of action, effects and much more.
The presentation's effects and the video can't be displayed here.
Hippie Movement
The hippie movement began in the 1960s in San Francisco as a youth counterculture that rejected mainstream values and embraced peace, love, and natural living. Hippies were typically young, wealthy individuals who chose a simple, rustic lifestyle focused on breaking down social barriers. They popularized psychedelic drugs like LSD and marijuana as a way to achieve enlightenment and promoted "flower power" philosophy against war and hatred. Musically inspired by artists like Janis Joplin and The Beatles, hippies gathered at events and traveled widely, spreading their ideals through America and the world. However, the commercialization of the movement and problems with drug use led to its decline by the late 1960s.
Lsd & Other Hallucinogens
Hallucinogens are a category of drugs that can cause altered perceptions such as sights, sounds, feelings, and the sense of time. They have been used throughout history by various cultures for spiritual purposes or medical use. Common hallucinogenic drugs include LSD, psilocybin mushrooms, PCP, mescaline, ketamine, and ecstasy. While some can be physically dangerous, all can potentially cause psychological dependence or long-term mental health issues from continued use. Side effects range from changes in mood to more severe reactions like convulsions or death.
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Hallucinogens are substances that cause powerful changes in sensory perception and induce hallucinations. Common hallucinogens include LSD, mescaline, psilocybin, and MDMA. Hallucinogen use has been associated with panic attacks, persisting perception disorders, psychosis, and mood disorders. The discovery of LSD in 1943 increased misuse due to its potency and ease of production. Hallucinogens work by interfering with neurotransmitter action or binding to receptor sites. Effects of LSD and PCP include hallucinations, altered cognition and mood, feelings of detachment, and psychosis. Flashbacks and persisting disorders may occur after hallucinogen use.
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Hallucinogens gina tag eldin
This document provides information about hallucinogenic drugs. It defines hallucinogens as chemical substances that alter thoughts, mood and perception. Several classes of hallucinogens are described, including indolealkylamines like LSD and psilocybin, phenylethylamines like mescaline, and anticholinergics like atropine. The neuropharmacology of hallucinogens is discussed, with many acting as agonists or antagonists of serotonin receptors. Designer drugs are mentioned as structurally altered analogs of controlled substances designed to mimic effects while avoiding legal classification. Historical and religious uses of hallucinogens are briefly outlined.
Lsd
LSD is a synthetic hallucinogenic drug discovered in 1938 that was widely experimented with and used recreationally in the 1960s but is now illegal; it produces vivid visual hallucinations and alters thinking when taken in doses of 100-200 micrograms but can also cause anxiety, paranoia, and flashbacks, with rare potential long-term psychological risks if used heavily or by those with mental illness. Harm reduction principles for guiding someone on an LSD trip focus on creating a safe environment without interference while talking through the experience afterwards.
Lsd
LSD, also known as acid, is a hallucinogenic drug that was first synthesized in 1938. It alters the user's perceptions and mental state by agonizing D2 receptors in the brain. Some key points about LSD include:
- It is administered orally and its effects can last 8-12 hours, causing visual hallucinations and distorted senses of time and identity.
- Potential short-term side effects include anxiety, panic attacks, depression, while long-term effects may include flashbacks or psychosis.
- While it was once used experimentally in psychotherapy, its medical uses are limited due to its strong psychoactive effects. Mixing LSD and alcohol can potentially cause respiratory
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LSD is a potent hallucinogenic drug synthesized from lysergic acid. It was first synthesized in 1938 but its effects were not realized until years later. It sparked interest as a psychiatric drug to treat mental illness and enhance therapy or creativity. While hundreds of thousands were prescribed it, it ultimately found no real medical use. LSD takes effect within an hour, causing unpredictable changes in sensory perception and emotions that can last over 12 hours. It carries risks of dangerous physical effects and "bad trips" involving extremely distressing hallucinations, paranoia, or trauma.
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lysergic acid diethylamide is a hallucinogen
Hallucinogens are also called psychedelics or psychotomimetic agents.
Hallucinogens are substances that induce changes in thought, perception, and mood, without causing major disturbances in the autonomic nervous system.
Perceptual alterations can take the form of illusions, synaesthesias, or hallucinations.
Illusion: Misinterpretation of an actual experience
Synaesthesias: Sensory misperceptions (e.g. hearing colour or seeing sounds).
Both require external stimuli for their institution.
Hallucinations differ from them in this important respect, since they are perceptual alterations without any external stimulation.
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This document provides information about lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) poisoning. It begins with an introduction to hallucinogens and their effects. It then discusses the physical and chemical properties of LSD, its various formulations, modes of intake, and mechanisms of action in the brain. The document outlines the toxicokinetics, clinical features of acute and chronic poisoning, methods of diagnosis and treatment recommendations. Treatment involves supportive care and use of benzodiazepines to decrease sympathomimetic effects, while avoiding restraints or procedures to enhance elimination given LSD's short half-life and minimal medical reactions.
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Altered States of Consciousness discusses various drugs and their effects. Drugs can be agonists that combine with receptors to produce physiological responses, or antagonists that counteract other drugs' effects. Reuptake inhibitors block the release of serotonin. If a drug is used often, tolerance develops requiring more of the drug to feel the same effect. Stopping a drug can cause withdrawal symptoms. Depressants like alcohol impair skills while stimulants like caffeine and nicotine provide energy. Hallucinogens like LSD and marijuana can cause hallucinations. Cocaine prevents neurotransmitter reuptake, producing a brief euphoric rush followed by a crash.
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The document discusses different types of hallucinogenic drugs. It defines hallucinogens as drugs that can profoundly alter perception and consciousness. Hallucinogens are divided into 4 main classes: serotonergic, methylated amphetamines, anticholinergic, and dissociative anesthetics. Specific drugs are described within each class, along with their chemical makeup and effects on the brain and nervous system. Common and slang names for hallucinogens are also provided. The document details various hallucinogenic experiences and health risks of hallucinogen use.
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This document discusses various hallucinogenic drugs, including their origins, effects, and historical uses. It covers plant-based hallucinogens like peyote, psilocybin mushrooms, and anticholinergic plants. It also examines synthetic drugs such as LSD, PCP, ketamine, and DMT. The effects of hallucinogens range from euphoria and enhanced senses to anxiety, panic, and psychosis. Some hallucinogens have been used medically or in religious rituals throughout history, while others like LSD and PCP became popular recreationally before being regulated.
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1) Brain morphometry measures brain structures and changes over time using neuroimaging data from MRI scans analyzed with statistical techniques.
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This document discusses hallucinogenic drugs like LSD and marijuana. It defines hallucinogens as drugs that cause hallucinations by altering perceptions and mood. The document categorizes hallucinogens and describes popular types like LSD and marijuana. It discusses the pharmacokinetic mechanisms of how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes and excretes these drugs. The document also covers signs and symptoms of use, drug interactions, and treatment options for hallucinogen abuse which include cognitive behavioral therapy and counseling.
Physiological Basis of Behavior
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The document describes the effects of several hallucinogenic drugs:
- LSD causes hallucinations and distortions lasting around 12 hours and can potentially cause flashbacks later. Its effects are due to blocking serotonin.
- Mescaline causes intensified sensory experiences lasting around 12 hours and sometimes flashbacks. It is found in peyote cacti.
- Psilocybin causes milder hallucinations lasting 6 hours. It is found in magic mushrooms.
- THC is the active compound in marijuana causing relaxation and enhanced senses acutely and potential apathy long term.
The structures of LSD, mescaline and psilocybin are similar to serotonin, enabling effects by binding its
Hallucinogens.ppt
The document discusses several classes of hallucinogenic drugs, including indole amines like LSD and psilocybin, phenylalkylamines like mescaline and ecstasy, arylcyclohexyl amines like phencyclidine, and cannabinoids like tetrahydrocannabinol. It provides details on LSD, noting it was discovered by Hofmann and is one of the most potent psychedelic drugs, and on ecstasy/MDMA, which has stimulant and hallucinogenic properties and is abused recreationally for its euphoric effects. Repeated or high doses of amphetamines can also cause psychosis.
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The auditory system allows humans to perceive sound. Sound waves enter the outer ear and vibrate the eardrum, transmitting vibrations through three small bones to fluid in the inner ear. Hair cells in the cochlea convert vibrations into nerve signals about sound frequencies and intensities. The brain processes these signals to perceive qualities like pitch and loudness. Damage to hair cells or nerves can cause hearing loss while cortical damage may impact speech understanding.
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Yeah, i'm too lazy to open up adobe...
enjoy!
(I hear NSHS has a record number of students attending this year!)
[which means that ass kicking is mandatory]
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