The document discusses the history and key concepts of cognitive science, including how different sensory systems process information and how perception is constructed. It covers early pioneers like Ebbinghaus who studied memory and Pavlov who demonstrated classical conditioning. Pavlov's work showed how a neutral stimulus could elicit a response through repeated pairing with an unconditional stimulus. Later, theorists like Watson focused on observable behaviorism while cognitive psychology emphasized that perception depends on internal representation and mental structures.