Albert Hofmann invented LSD in 1938 while working on ergotamine synthesis. He experienced hallucinations after accidentally absorbing some through his skin. LSD is made from ergotamine, a fungus that grows on grains, and is one of the most commonly used synthetic hallucinogens. It is usually taken orally on blotter paper and causes trips that can involve visual hallucinations, altered perceptions, euphoria or anxiety, lasting 6-12 hours. Benzodiazepines are used to treat negative reactions while supportive care is important for any medical complications.

1. By,
Arunraj
Group-10
Tbilisi state medical university

2.  Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) was invented in 1938
by Albert Hofmann.
 Story of Hofmann’s hallucinations
 Experimentation process, 25th synthesized molecule,
analeptic
 LSD is made from ergotamine, a grain fungus.

3. - Also called psychedelics or psychomimetics
- Classic synthetic hallucinogens
- LSD
- Some “designer” amphetamines (i.e. MDA,
MDMA)
- Classic natural hallucinogens
- Psilocybin (“magic mushrooms”)
- Mescaline
- Schedule I Drugs based on the FDA
classification system
- Salvia - most powerful natural hallucinogen.
Legal. Grows throughout the Americas,
including the US. In mint family.

4. - LSD is the most commonly used synthetic
hallucinogen.
- LSD is a white or clear, odorless, water-
soluble crystal that can be crushed into a
powder and dissolved.
- The most common form of LSD is as a
liquid that has been transferred onto a
small paper square known as “blotter”
- Experiences on LSD are known as “trips”
lasting from 6-12 hours.
- Can be dried on gelatin sheets, put into
capsules or on sugar cubes, or laced with
other drugs.

5.  LSD is not addictive.
 However, adverse psychiatric reactions such as anxiety,
paranoia, and delusions are possible.
 LSD is sensitive to oxygen, ultraviolet light, and chlorine,
though it may last for years if it is stored away from light and
moisture at low temperature.
 In pure form it is odorless and clear or white in color.
 As little as 20–30 micrograms can produce an effect.

6. • Acid
• Battery acid
• Boomers
• Doses
• Dots
• Golden
Dragon
• Hippie
• Loony toons
• Lucy in the
sky with
diamonds
• Microdot
• Pane
• Superman
• Tab
• Window pane
• Yellow
sunshine
• Zen
and many others

9. - 1st hour of trip – anxiety, tingling feelings, nausea, colors
appear brighter
- 3rd hour – peak - Extreme visual, open and closed eyes,
hallucinations. Vivid colors and seeing things that are not
there.
- Epiphanies or internal revelations.
- Can go from periods of giddiness, to extreme insight.
- Can become extremely paranoid, especially when put in a
situation with people who are not tripping.

10.  “Good trips” are simulating pleasurable, and typically
involve feeling as if one is floating, disconnected from
reality, feelings of joy or euphoria, decreased inhibitions,
and the belief of superpowers.
 Negative experiences, referred to as "bad trips", produce
intense negative emotions, such as irrational fears and
anxiety, panic attacks, paranoia, rapid mood swings,
intrusive thoughts of hopelessness, wanting to harm
others, and suicidal ideation.

12.  Visual hallucinations and illusions ("trips")
 Trips usually start within 20–30 minutes of taking LSD by
mouth (less if snorted or taken intravenously), peak three to
four hours after ingestion, and last up to 12 hours.

13. Physical
effects
• Dilated pupils
• Higher or lower
body temperature
• Sweating or
chills (“goose
bumps”)
• Loss of appetite
• Sleeplessness
• Dry mouth
• Tremors
Mental Effects
• Delusions
• Visual hallucinations
• An artificial sense of
euphoria or certainty
• Distortion of one’ssense of
time andidentity
• Impaired depth
perception
• Impaired timeperception,
distorted perception of the
size and shape of objects,
movements, color, sounds,
touch
and the user’s
own body image
• Severe, terrifying
thoughts and
feelings
• Fear of losing
control
• Panic attacks
• Flashbacks, or a
recurrence of the
LSD trip, often
without warning
long after taking
LSD
• Severe depression
or psychosis

14.  On April 19th Albert Hofmann (the inventor of LSD) ingested 250 micrograms of the
drug , today 20 micrograms is the general dose given.
 Ray Charles LSD usage “made the blind man see”
 Eric Clapton used every night throughout the 60s, 70s and 80s.
 Chris Farley (Actor)
 Fat Boy Slim (Recording Artist)
 Doc Ellis (Baseball)
 Bill Hicks (Comedian)
 Steve Jobs (Apple)
 John Belushi (Actor)
 Eminem (Rapper)
 Jack Nicholson (Actor)
 Cary Grant (Actor)
 Angelina Jolie (Actress)
 Francis Crick (Scientist)
 Aldous Huxley (Writer)
 Jimmy Hendrix (Musician)

15. Supportive care
Massive ingestions of LSD should be treated
with supportive care, including respiratory
support and endotracheal intubation if needed.
Hypertension, tachycardia, and hyperthermia
should be treated symptomatically.
Hypotension should be treated initially with
fluids and subsequently with pressors if required.

16. Ergotism therapy
Ergotism is treated with discontinuation of any
inciting drugs and supportive care.
Intravenous administration of anticoagulants,
vasodilators, and sympatholytics may be useful.
The use of balloon percutaneous transluminal
angioplasty in severe cases has been reported.

17.  A benzodiazepine (lorazepam or diazepam) is the
medication of choice, especially in patients with dysphoric
reactions.
 Benzodiazepines decrease central and peripheral
sympathomimetic drug effects.

18.  The antihypertensive agent clonidine has been shown to
attenuate some signs and symptoms of LSD toxicity.
 Clonidine has been found to decrease the severity of
flashbacks and hallucinogen persisting perception disorder
(HPPD) and to attenuate increased sympathetic activity
associated with LSD use.