Drug administration is an important but dangerous duty for medical assistants. They must understand pharmacology principles, fundamentals of administration including various routes, dosage calculations, and the seven rights of medication administration. When preparing to administer a drug, medical assistants must pay close attention to dose, route, form and follow rules like preparing in a well-lit area, properly identifying the patient, having the physician in office, observing the patient after, and documenting properly. Special considerations must be made for pediatric, pregnant, breastfeeding and elderly patients due to alterations in drug metabolism and absorption. Proper documentation of drug administration in the patient's chart is also essential.
INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION
IM Injection (Introduction, Definition, Purpose, Technique, Rights of Medication, Z-Track Method, Equipment, Procedure and Responsibilities)..
The intramuscular injection is most common type of drug administration. Because of a single mistake we can do harm to our patient. So, we should know about the right way to administer IM injection. Here, in this slides we discuss details about the topic. It will increase your skill proficiently.
Thanks
Nurses are primarily involved in the administration of medication across various settings. Nurses are also involved in both dispensing and preparation of medication. Research on medical administration errors (MAEs) shows an error rate of 60%, 34 mainly in the form of wrong time, wrong rate, or wrong dose.
There are many ways to prevent medication errors and one way of which is understanding the 10 “rights” of drug administration:
Here, we discuss about the intake output chart.
The intake output chart is a vital in patient care. By maintaining intake output chart we can monitor the improvement of the patient. So, here we provide about the intake output chart, indications, procedure, precautions, maintaining chart and more.
Please read it attentively and upgrade your professional knowledge and apply it to practice.
Thanks
INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION
IM Injection (Introduction, Definition, Purpose, Technique, Rights of Medication, Z-Track Method, Equipment, Procedure and Responsibilities)..
The intramuscular injection is most common type of drug administration. Because of a single mistake we can do harm to our patient. So, we should know about the right way to administer IM injection. Here, in this slides we discuss details about the topic. It will increase your skill proficiently.
Thanks
Nurses are primarily involved in the administration of medication across various settings. Nurses are also involved in both dispensing and preparation of medication. Research on medical administration errors (MAEs) shows an error rate of 60%, 34 mainly in the form of wrong time, wrong rate, or wrong dose.
There are many ways to prevent medication errors and one way of which is understanding the 10 “rights” of drug administration:
Here, we discuss about the intake output chart.
The intake output chart is a vital in patient care. By maintaining intake output chart we can monitor the improvement of the patient. So, here we provide about the intake output chart, indications, procedure, precautions, maintaining chart and more.
Please read it attentively and upgrade your professional knowledge and apply it to practice.
Thanks
It will provide you a complete journey through the routes of drug administration, with all the basics covered I hope this presentation will make your fundamentals crystal clear.
Patient Rights, Patients Bill, ConSumer Protection Act, Nurse and Patient Bill of Rights,
Hospital and Bill of Rights for Patient, Rights of the Pateint, Legal Issues for Patients
This ppt is for pharmacology students of MBBS UG&PG and other healthcare persons who needs basic science like BDS, Nursing Ayurveda unani homeopathy etc.
This is a lecture by Ruth S. Hwu, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
Describes in detail the concept of compliance to therapeutic regimen, difference between adherence and compliance, factors which influence compliance, methods of assessing, reasons for non-compliance and strategies to improve compliance to the therapy.
Nurses must administer numerous drugs daily in a safe and efficient manner. The nurse should administer drugs in accord with nursing standards of practice and agency policy. The safe storage and maintenance of an adequate supply of drugs are other responsibilities of the nurse.
The nurse documents the actual administration of medications on the medication administration record. The MAR is a medical record form that contains the drug’s name, dose, route, and frequency of administration
This power point presentation will be helpful for pharmacy students to learn about good drug dispensing practices. you will learn about drug dispensing, various requirements for good drug dispensing, steps to be followed during drug dispensing, importance of drug dispensing to promote rational use of medicine.
Clinical errors by nursing / paramedic staffMohit Changani
Nursing staff care is very critical for the management of any patient. Nursing staff need to be specific and punctual in providing care. This presentation deals with common clinical errors that might be occurring on the care provided by nursing or paramedic staff
Medication Adherence- Introduction
Definition
Causes of medication non-adherence
Pharmacist role in the medication adherence
Monitoring of patient medication adherence.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
The Importance of Community Nursing Care.pdfAD Healthcare
NDIS and Community 24/7 Nursing Care is a specific type of support that may be provided under the NDIS for individuals with complex medical needs who require ongoing nursing care in a community setting, such as their home or a supported accommodation facility.
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Meaning, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Mor...The Lifesciences Magazine
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis occurs when a blood clot forms in one or more of the deep veins in the legs. These clots can impede blood flow, leading to severe complications.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
Telehealth Psychology Building Trust with Clients.pptxThe Harvest Clinic
Telehealth psychology is a digital approach that offers psychological services and mental health care to clients remotely, using technologies like video conferencing, phone calls, text messaging, and mobile apps for communication.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
2. INTRODUCTION
• Drug administration is
very important and can
be a dangerous duty
– Given correctly – restore
patient to health
– Given incorrectly –
patient’s condition can
worsen
• Medical assistant must
– Understand principles of
pharmacology
– Understand fundamentals of
drug administration
• Routes
• Dosage calculations
• Techniques for injection
• Seven rights
• Patient education
You should be familiar with the medications frequently
prescribed in your practice.
3. Preparing to Administer a Drug
• Drugs
– Local effect – applied
directly to skin, tissue, or
mucous membranes
– Systemic effect – given
by routes that allow the
drug to be absorbed or
distributed into the
bloodstream
• Pay close attention
– Dose
– Route
– Form of medication
4. • Rules for administration
– Give only drugs the doctor orders – use drug reference, if
necessary
– Wash your hands
• Prepare in a well-lit area
• Focus on task; avoid distractions
– Calculate the dose carefully
– Do not leave a prepared drug unattended – never give a
drug that someone else has prepared
Preparing to Administer a Drug (cont.)
5. • Rules for administration
– Identify patient properly
– Physician should be in the office
– Observe patient following administration
– Discard any ungiven medications properly
– Report error to physician immediately
– Document properly
Preparing to Administer a Drug (cont.)
6. RIGHTS OF MEDICATION
ADMINISTRATION
1) Right Patient
2) Right Medication
3) Right Dosage
4) Right Route
5) Right Time
6) Right Documentation
7) Right Client Education
8) Right to Refuse
9) Right Assessment
10) Right Evaluation
7. RIGHTS OF MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION
1. RIGHT PATIENT
Check the name on the order and the patient.
Use 2 identifiers.
Ask patient to identify himself/herself.
When available, use technology (for example,
bar-code system).
2. RIGHT MEDICATION
Check the medication label.
Check the order.
8. 3. RIGHT DOSE
Check the order.
Confirm appropriateness of the dose using a
current drug reference.
If necessary, calculate the dose and have another
nurse calculate the dose as well.
4. RIGHT ROUTE
Again, check the order and appropriateness of
the route ordered.
Confirm that the patient can take or receive the
medication by the ordered route.
9. 5. RIGHT TIME
Check the frequency of the ordered medication.
Double-check that you are giving the ordered dose at
the correct time.
Confirm when the last dose was given.
6. RIGHT DOCUMENTATION
Document administration AFTER giving the ordered
medication.
Chart the time, route, and any other specific
information as necessary. For example, the site of an
injection or any laboratory value or vital sign that
needed to be checked before giving the drug.
10. 7. RIGHT REASON
Confirm the rationale for the ordered medication. What
is the patient’s history? Why is he/she taking this
medication?
Revisit the reasons for long-term medication use.
8. RIGHT RESPONSE
Make sure that the drug led to the desired effect. If an
antihypertensive was given, has his/her blood pressure
improved? Does the patient verbalize improvement in
depression while on an antidepressant?
Be sure to document your monitoring of the patient and
any other nursing interventions that are applicable.
11. Apply Your Knowledge
How do you properly identify the patient before
administering a drug?
ANSWER: To ensure that you have the right patient, you should
check the name and date of birth on the patient record and ask
the patient to state his/her name and date of birth.
12. Standards for administering medicines
Revision:
Correct drug
At correct time
Given to the correct patient
Has expected and desired outcome, with no ill
effects
13. Standards for administering medicines
The accountable nurse must therefore ensure that he/she:
Has an understanding of the drug they are giving, this
includes understanding its therapeutic purpose
Must be able to justify their actions
Is prepared to be accountable for their actions
14. Is certain of the identity of the patient
Aware of current patient needs, the programme of
care and other drugs the patient is currently
receiving
Pay due regard to the environment in which care is
being given
Ensure prescription/medicine container agree and
all writing is clear, unambiguous and complete
15. That the patient is not allergic to the drug
That the drug has not reached its expiry
date
If there has been a withdrawal notice
issued by pharmacy, that it does not relate
to the drug being given
16. Techniques for
Administering Drugs
• Oral
– Tablets, capsules, lozenges, and
liquids
– Slower absorption through GI tract
• Buccal or sublingual
– Buccal – placed between the cheek and
gum
– Sublingual – placed under the tongue
– Faster absorption; bypasses GI tract
17. • Parenteral
– Administration of substance into a muscle or vein
– Fast absorption; bypasses GI tract
– Safety risks
• Rapid administration; rapid action
• Exposure to bloodborne pathogens
– Methods of injection
• Intradermal (ID)
• Subcutaneous (SC)
• Intramuscular (IM)
• Intravenous (IV)
Techniques for
Administering Drugs (cont.)
18. • Parenteral drug packaging
– Ampule – glass or plastic container that is sealed
and sterile (open with care)
– Cartridge – small barrel prefilled with sterile drug
– Vial – small bottle with rubber diaphragm that can
be punctured by needle
Techniques for
Administering Drugs (cont.)
19. • Methods of injection
– Intradermal
• Into upper layer of skin
• Used for skin tests
– Subcutaneous
• Provides slow, sustained
release and longer
duration of action
• Rotate sites
– Intramuscular
• More rapid absorption
• Less irritation of tissue
• Larger amount of drug
• Z-track method
– Intravenous
• Not usually given by
medical assistants
Techniques for
Administering Drugs (cont.)
20. • Inhalation – administered through the mouth or nose
• Topical
– Direct application of a drug on the skin
– Transdermal – use of a medication patch that will release
medication slowly and evenly
• Urethral – instill liquid drugs directly into the bladder
• Vaginal and rectal
• Eye or ear – creams, ointments, drops, or irrigations
Techniques for
Administering Drugs (cont.)
21. Apply Your Knowledge
Matching:
___ Absorption through GI tract A. Topical drug
___ Under the tongue B. Oral drug
___ Small bottle with rubber diaphragm C. Intramuscular drug
___ Less irritation of tissue D. Subcutaneous drug
___ Direct application to skin E. Sublingual drug
___ Need to rotate sites F. Vial
ANSWER:
F
E
D
C
B
A
22. Educating the Patient About
Drug Administration
• How to read the prescription drug label
• Interactions
– Drug-drug interactions
– Drug-food interactions
23. • Adverse effects
– Report changes
– Recognize significant adverse
effects
• Instructions on taking the drug
– At the right time
– In the right amount
– Under the right circumstances
Educating the Patient About
Drug Administration (cont.)
24. Apply Your Knowledge
What should you instruct the patient about drug
administration?
ANSWER: The patient should be taught how to read the
prescription label, drug-drug and drug-food interactions,
adverse effects, and how to take the drug correctly.
Bravo!
25. Special Considerations
• Pediatric patients
– Physiology and immature body systems may make
the drug effects less predictable
– Require dosage adjustments and careful
measurements of doses
– Observe pediatric patients closely for adverse
effects and interactions
– Administration sites and techniques may differ
26. • Pregnant patients
– Remember that you are caring
for two patients
– Giving the mother a drug also gives
it to the baby
– Check drug information sources for
pregnancy drug risk categories
Special Considerations (cont.)
27. • Patients who are breast-feeding
– Some drugs are excreted in
breast milk
– Ingestion can be dangerous
because baby can’t metabolize or
excrete drugs
– Check drug information sources
for contraindication during
lactation
Special Considerations (cont.)
28. • Elderly patients
– Age-related changes
affect
• Absorption
• Metabolism
• Distribution
• Excretion
– May have increased risk of
• Drug toxicity
• Adverse effects
• Lack of therapeutic effects
Special Considerations (cont.)
29. Apply Your Knowledge
What do children and the elderly have in
common in relation to drug administration?
ANSWER: Both have alterations in metabolism and
absorption of drugs requiring adjustments in dosages.
Fantastic!
30. Charting Medications
• Progress notes
– Administration
– Special problems
• New symptoms
• Patient’s statements
• Patient tolerance
• Be sure to have the right chart
• Be specific and accurate
31. Apply Your Knowledge
1. You administer a medication to Mr. Max. What and where
should you chart?
ANSWER: You should chart in the progress notes the date,
time, dosage, route, and name of the medication, as well
as how well the patient tolerated it.
I
M
P
R
E
S
S
I
V
E
!
32. Giving of drugs in Emergency
situations
A local protocol agreed by Medical Practitioners, Nurses,
Midwives and pharmacists may allow a Qualified Nurse
to give a specific Dose of a specific drug in emergency
situations.
33. Documentation of Drug Administration
• A critical element of drug administration is
documentation.
• The standard is “if it was not documented it was
not done.”
• The nurse should document that a drug has been
given after the client has received the drug.
34. Responsibilities of Nurses Regarding
Drug Administration
• Nurses are both legally and morally responsible
for correct administration of medications. They
must:
– Follow institutional policy.
– Consider clients’ desires and abilities.
– Foster compliance.
– Correctly document all actions related to medication
administration and medication errors.